ATI TEAS VERSION 7 Reading Practice Mixed questions
1 (Primary vs. Secondary Source)
A nursing student is writing a research paper on the history of hand hygiene in
medicine. Which of the following is a primary source?
A) A textbook
chapter about Ignaz Semmelweis’s work
B) A published letter written by Ignaz Semmelweis to a hospital director in 1847
C) A peer-reviewed journal article analyzing Semmelweis’s impact on modern
infection control
D) A documentary video summarizing Semmelweis’s discoveries
Answer: B
Reason: A primary source is an original, firsthand document. Semmelweis’s own
letter (1847) is a primary source; the others interpret or summarize his work
(secondary).
2 (Identifying an
Author’s Claim)
Read the excerpt:
“Mandatory
vaccination policies in healthcare settings not only protect vulnerable
patients but also reduce community transmission. Despite concerns about
personal autonomy, the ethical duty to do no harm must take priority.”
What is the
author’s claim?
A) Vaccines
sometimes cause side effects
B) Personal autonomy is more important than public health
C) Mandatory vaccination policies are justified because they prevent harm
D) Healthcare workers should have the right to refuse vaccines
Answer: C
Reason: The author argues that mandatory vaccination is justified based on
preventing harm (duty to do no harm). The claim is the main position.
3 (Identifying
Evidence)
Which of the following would be the strongest evidence to support the claim:
“Regular handwashing reduces hospital-acquired infections”?
A) A nurse’s
personal opinion that handwashing feels effective
B) A randomized controlled trial showing a 40% reduction in infections after
implementing a handwashing protocol
C) A blog post by a patient who recovered from an infection
D) A statement from a hospital administrator that handwashing is important
Answer: B
Reason: A randomized controlled trial provides objective, scientific,
statistical evidence (facts/data), which is stronger than opinion or anecdote.
4 (Counterargument
& Rebuttal)
Read the excerpt:
“Critics argue
that hospital visitor restrictions violate patients’ emotional well-being.
However, during severe respiratory outbreaks, limiting visitors reduces
transmission by up to 60%, protecting both patients and staff.”
What is the
counterargument?
A) Visitor
restrictions reduce transmission by 60%
B) Protecting staff is a priority
C) Visitor restrictions violate patients’ emotional well-being
D) Respiratory outbreaks are severe
Answer: C
Reason: The counterargument is the opposing view the author addresses: that
visitor restrictions harm emotional well-being. The author then rebuts with the
60% statistic.
5 (Logos,
Pathos, Ethos)
Read the sentence:
“According to
Dr. Jane Smith, a board-certified infectious disease specialist with 20 years
of experience, the new antiviral drug is safe and effective.”
This sentence
primarily uses which appeal?
A) Logos (logic)
B) Pathos (emotion)
C) Ethos (credibility/authority)
D) Bias (loaded language)
Answer: C
Reason: Ethos relies on the credibility of an expert. The sentence cites Dr.
Smith’s credentials to persuade the reader.
6 (Pathos
Example)
Which sentence primarily uses pathos (emotional appeal)?
A) Studies show
a 30% decrease in readmission rates with follow-up calls.
B) Imagine holding your child’s hand as they struggle to breathe — that is the
reality of RSV.
C) The American Medical Association supports this new guideline.
D) Statistically, 1 in 4 adults has hypertension.
Answer: B
Reason: Pathos appeals to emotion. The imagery of a struggling child evokes
fear, sympathy, and urgency.
7 (Compare
& Contrast – Two Texts)
Text 1: “Telehealth improves access for rural patients.”
Text 2: “Telehealth misses critical in-person assessments and can delay
diagnosis.”
These two texts
differ primarily in their:
A) Evidence type
B) Perspective on telehealth’s effectiveness
C) Use of primary sources
D) Publication date
Answer: B
Reason: Text 1 has a positive perspective (improves access); Text 2 has a
negative perspective (misses assessments). They disagree on telehealth’s
overall effectiveness.
8 (Integrate
Text & Chart)
Text: “Rates of hospital-acquired pressure injuries have changed over the past
four years.”
Chart:
Year 1: 12% | Year 2: 11% | Year 3: 8% | Year 4: 9%
Which statement
best integrates both the text and the chart?
A) Pressure
injuries increased every year.
B) Rates decreased from Year 1 to Year 3 but slightly increased in Year 4.
C) Year 4 had the lowest rate ever recorded.
D) The text is false because the chart shows no change.
Answer: B
Reason: The chart shows a steady decrease (12→11→8) then a slight rise to 9.
Option B accurately integrates text and data.
9 (Evaluating
Reliability)
A health article claims: “Vaccines cause autism.” The article is published on a
personal blog with no author credentials and no citations. This source is
likely:
A) Highly
reliable because blogs are free speech
B) Unreliable due to lack of author credentials and evidence
C) Reliable if it has many comments agreeing
D) Unreliable only if it contains spelling errors
Answer: B
Reason: Reliability requires authority (credentials) and evidence (citations).
A personal blog without these is not credible.
10 (Loaded
Language)
Which sentence contains loaded language (emotionally charged words intended to
manipulate)?
A) The
medication may cause mild drowsiness in some patients.
B) The dangerous, deadly drug poisons innocent patients for profit.
C) Clinical trials reported a 5% incidence of nausea.
D) Further research is needed to confirm these findings.
Answer: B
Reason: “Dangerous,” “deadly,” “poisons,” “innocent,” and “for profit” are
emotionally charged and manipulative, not objective.
11 (Primary vs.
Secondary – Healthcare Focus)
A nurse wants to understand a patient’s experience during a specific emergency
room visit. Which is a primary source?
A) A nursing
textbook chapter on ER protocols
B) The patient’s own written journal entry from that day
C) A hospital report summarizing ER visit trends
D) A doctor’s lecture about ER efficiency
Answer: B
Reason: The patient’s own firsthand account (journal entry) is a primary
source. The others are summaries or analyses (secondary).
12 (Identifying
Claim with Counterargument)
Read the excerpt:
“Some believe
that opioid prescribing should be severely limited in all cases. However, for
terminal cancer patients, opioids provide essential pain relief and improve
quality of life. Therefore, exceptions must be made.”
What is the author’s
claim?
A) Opioids are
always dangerous
B) Terminal cancer patients should not receive opioids
C) Exceptions to opioid limits should be made for terminally ill patients
D) All patients should have access to unlimited opioids
Answer: C
Reason: After presenting the counterargument (severe limits for all), the
author claims that exceptions are necessary for terminal cancer patients.
13 (Logos
Example)
Which sentence primarily uses logos?
A) Think of the
children who cannot sleep due to uncontrolled asthma.
B) As a pulmonologist for 30 years, I recommend this inhaler.
C) In a study of 10,000 patients, the new treatment reduced exacerbations by
45%.
D) This gentle, natural remedy has been trusted by mothers for generations.
Answer: C
Reason: Logos uses logic and data. A large study with a percentage is
objective, statistical evidence.
14 (Compare
& Contrast – Purpose)
Text A: Written by a pharmaceutical company promoting a new drug.
Text B: Written by an independent researcher analyzing the same drug’s side effects.
The primary
difference in purpose between the two texts is:
A) Text A
informs; Text B entertains
B) Text A persuades for profit; Text B informs/analyzes objectively
C) Text A is longer; Text B is shorter
D) Text A uses primary sources; Text B uses secondary sources
Answer: B
Reason: A pharmaceutical company’s purpose is to persuade/sell (bias toward
profit). An independent researcher’s purpose is objective analysis.
15 (Evaluating
Validity – Authority)
A website claims a new herbal cure reverses diabetes. The author is a certified
herbalist but has no medical degree. The site sells the product. This source
is:
A) Valid
because herbalists are experts
B) Invalid due to conflict of interest (selling product) and lack of medical
credentials
C) Valid if the product has good reviews
D) Invalid only if the spelling is poor
Answer: B
Reason: Credibility is weakened by financial conflict and lack of medical
credentials for disease treatment claims.
16 (Loaded
Language – TEAS style)
Which word in the following sentence is loaded language?
“The greedy corporation hid the dangerous side effects to protect its profits.”
A) corporation
B) side effects
C) greedy
D) profits
Answer: C
Reason: “Greedy” is an emotionally charged judgment, not neutral fact.
17 (Rebuttal Identification)
Read the excerpt:
“Opponents
claim that needle exchange programs encourage drug use. Yet decades of research
show no increase in drug use, but a significant decrease in HIV transmission.”
The rebuttal
is:
A) Opponents
claim needle exchange encourages drug use
B) Decades of research show no increase in drug use but a decrease in HIV
C) Needle exchange programs are expensive
D) HIV transmission is unrelated to needles
Answer: B
Reason: The rebuttal directly responds with evidence refuting the claim.
18 (Integrate
Text & Graph – Hypothetical)
Text: “Patient satisfaction scores improved after implementing bedside shift
reports.”
Graph: 65 → 78 → 82 (Months 1–6)
Which
conclusion is best supported?
A)
Satisfaction decreased over time.
B) Satisfaction was lowest at Month 6.
C) Satisfaction scores rose from Month 1 to Month 6.
D) There was no change in satisfaction.
Answer: C
Reason: The graph shows a steady increase.
19 (Ethos vs.
Pathos)
“As a cancer survivor, I know the fear of chemotherapy. Trust me when I say
this new treatment is gentler.”
This
statement combines:
A) Logos and
pathos
B) Pathos and ethos
C) Only logos
D) Only pathos
Answer: B
Reason: Emotional appeal (“fear”) + credibility from experience.
20 (Reliability
– Peer Review)
A study published in a peer-reviewed medical journal is generally considered
more reliable than a blog post because:
A) Peer
review involves independent experts evaluating the study before publication
B) Peer-reviewed journals have colorful graphs
C) Blogs never contain facts
D) Peer review guarantees the study is 100% correct
Answer: A
Reason: Peer review improves credibility through expert evaluation.
21 (Compare
Multiple Texts – Perspective)
Text 1: “Twelve-hour shifts improve continuity of care.”
Text 2: “Twelve-hour shifts increase burnout and medical errors.”
The texts
differ in:
A) The
definition of “shift”
B) Perspective based on stakeholder interest
C) The type of evidence used
D) Publication year
Answer: B
Reason: Different stakeholders emphasize different outcomes.
22
(Identifying Evidence Type)
“According to the CDC, hand hygiene prevents 1 in 3 healthcare-associated
infections.”
This sentence
provides evidence in the form of:
A) Expert
opinion
B) Personal anecdote
C) Emotional appeal
D) Hypothetical example
Answer: A
Reason: CDC is an authoritative source.
23 (Loaded
Language – Neutral Rewrite)
Loaded: “The lazy nurse ignored the critical alarm.”
A) The nurse
was relaxing when the alarm went off.
B) The nurse failed to respond to the alarm within the expected time.
C) The careless nurse didn’t care about the alarm.
D) The nurse was incompetent and rude.
Answer: B
Reason: Neutral, factual wording without judgment.
24 (Primary
Source – Historical)
A researcher studying the 1918 influenza pandemic wants a primary source. Which
is best?
A) A 2020
textbook chapter
B) A newspaper article from October 1918
C) A documentary film from 1998
D) A 2023 summary
Answer: B
Reason: It is a firsthand contemporary account.
25
(Counterargument Recognition)
Which sentence introduces a counterargument?
A) Therefore,
we must implement the new protocol immediately.
B) Some nurses worry that the new protocol will increase documentation time.
C) The data show a 20% reduction in falls.
D) In conclusion, benefits outweigh costs.
Answer: B
Reason: It presents opposing concern.
26 (Logos,
Pathos, Ethos Mix)
“If you don’t act now, another child will suffer. The American Academy of
Pediatrics states vaccines are safe.”
This sentence
uses:
A) Pathos only
B) Ethos only
C) Pathos and ethos
D) Logos only
Answer: C
Reason: Emotion + authority.
27 (Compare
& Contrast – Evidence Type)
Text A uses a randomized trial. Text B uses testimonials.
Main
difference:
A) Topic
B) Strength and objectivity of evidence
C) Publication date
D) Length
Answer: B
Reason: Trials are stronger evidence than testimonials.
28
(Evaluating Source – Currency)
A website last updated in 1998 about diabetes treatment is:
A) Reliable
because diabetes doesn’t change
B) Unreliable due to outdated information
C) Reliable if author is PhD
D) Unreliable only if ads exist
Answer: B
Reason: Medical guidelines change over time.
29 (Author’s
Claim – Implied)
“Detox diets lack scientific evidence. The liver and kidneys already remove
toxins naturally.”
Implied
claim:
A) Detox
diets work
B) Liver is inefficient
C) Detox diets are unnecessary
D) Websites should be banned
Answer: C
Reason: Body already detoxifies naturally.
30
(Integration – Text & Chart with Inference)
Text: “Staff morale declined after new scheduling system.”
Chart: Overtime increased from 5 to 12 hours/week.
Best
inference:
A) Increased
overtime may explain lower morale.
B) Morale increased.
C) Overtime reduced.
D) Nurses prefer overtime.
Answer: A
Reason: Higher workload likely affects morale.
Questions 1–10: Primary vs. Secondary Sources
1.
A student is
writing a paper on the history of the stethoscope. Which of the following is a
primary source?
A) A 2020 medical textbook chapter on diagnostic tools
B) A biography of René Laennec written by a modern historian
C) An original 1819 article written by René Laennec describing his invention
D) A documentary video summarizing the evolution of stethoscopes
2.
A nurse wants to
learn about a patient’s experience during a clinical trial in 1995. Which is a
primary source?
A) A 1996 newspaper article summarizing the trial results
B) The patient’s own diary written during the trial
C) A 2023 journal article re-analyzing the trial data
D) A hospital administrator’s memo about trial costs
3.
A researcher
cites a 2022 review article about COVID-19 treatments. This review article is a:
A) Primary source
B) Secondary source
C) Tertiary source
D) Raw data source
4.
Which of the
following is an example of a secondary source?
A) A photograph taken at the scene of a 1918 flu ward
B) An original government document from 1964 on smoking hazards
C) A peer-reviewed article analyzing multiple studies on hand hygiene
D) A letter written by Florence Nightingale
5.
A nursing student
quotes Florence Nightingale’s Notes
on Nursing (1859) directly in a paper. This book is a:
A) Secondary source
B) Primary source
C) Tertiary source
D) Fictional source
6.
Which of the
following would not be considered a primary source?
A) A patient’s medical record from a 1980 hospitalization
B) A recorded interview with a survivor of a 1975 hospital fire
C) A textbook chapter summarizing pain management theories
D) A video recording of a 1990 surgery
7.
A historian
studying the development of the polio vaccine uses Jonas Salk’s original
laboratory notes. These notes are a:
A) Secondary source
B) Primary source
C) Popular source
D) Biased source
8.
Which of the
following is a secondary source about the opioid crisis?
A) A 2024 government report containing raw overdose statistics
B) A letter written by a patient struggling with addiction in 2010
C) A 2023 book that analyzes multiple studies and policy papers on the crisis
D) A photograph of a 2015 community awareness event
9.
An article titled
“What We Learned from the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: A 15-Year Review” is a:
A) Primary source
B) Secondary source
C) Direct source
D) Fictional source
10. A nurse researcher uses a patient’s own informed
consent document from a 2005 trial. This document is a:
A) Secondary source
B) Primary source
C) Summary source
D) Interpretive source
Questions 11–20: Arguments,
Claims, Evidence, Counterarguments, Rebuttals
11. Read the excerpt: “All hospitalized patients should be
screened for depression because untreated depression worsens physical health
outcomes.” This is the author’s:
A) Evidence
B) Counterargument
C) Claim
D) Rebuttal
12. Which of the following is the strongest evidence to
support the claim “Handwashing reduces infection rates”?
A) A nurse’s personal opinion
B) A randomized controlled trial with 5,000 patients
C) A single patient’s story of recovery
D) An advertisement for hand soap
13. Read the excerpt: “Some say that electronic health
records reduce face-to-face time with patients. However, studies show that EHRs
improve medication safety and care coordination.” The counterargument is:
A) EHRs improve medication safety
B) Studies show improved care coordination
C) EHRs reduce face-to-face time with patients
D) Some say that electronic health records are expensive
14. In the same excerpt, the rebuttal is:
A) Some say that electronic health records reduce face-to-face time
B) Studies show EHRs improve medication safety and care coordination
C) Electronic health records are difficult to use
D) Face-to-face time is not important
15. Which sentence provides evidence for the claim
“Nurse-to-patient ratios affect patient mortality”?
A) I believe lower ratios are better.
B) A study of 100 hospitals found that each additional patient per nurse
increased mortality by 7%.
C) Nurses work very hard every day.
D) Patients prefer smaller hospitals.
16. Read the excerpt: “Critics argue that mandatory flu
shots for healthcare workers violate personal freedom. Yet mandatory
vaccination policies have reduced flu transmission in hospitals by over 50%.”
The author’s claim is:
A) Personal freedom is more important than infection control
B) Mandatory flu shots violate personal freedom
C) Mandatory vaccination policies reduce flu transmission and are justified
D) Flu transmission cannot be reduced
17. A writer states: “Because the study was small, its
results may not apply to all patients.” This is an example of:
A) A claim
B) A counterargument
C) A limitation or qualifier
D) A rebuttal
18. Which of the following is a fact (not an opinion) that
could be used as evidence?
A) Nurses are the most compassionate professionals.
B) The hospital should hire more nurses.
C) According to the CDC, 1 in 31 hospital patients has at least one
healthcare-associated infection.
D) Hand hygiene is easy to perform.
19. Read the excerpt: “Opponents claim that meditation has
no place in Western medicine. However, multiple randomized trials show that
meditation reduces anxiety and blood pressure.” The rebuttal is based on:
A) Personal belief
B) Tradition
C) Scientific evidence
D) Emotional appeal
20. An author includes this sentence: “To understand the
impact, consider Mr. Jones, a 65-year-old veteran who waited 8 hours in the
ER.” This is an example of:
A) Statistical evidence
B) Expert opinion
C) Anecdotal evidence
D) Logical fallacy
Questions 21–30:
Logos, Pathos, Ethos; Compare & Contrast Texts; Evaluate Sources
21. “According to the American Heart Association, this
diet reduces stroke risk.” This appeals primarily to:
A) Logos
B) Pathos
C) Ethos
D) Bias
22. “Imagine your own mother lying in a hospital bed,
unable to get a nurse to answer the call light.” This appeals primarily to:
A) Logos
B) Pathos
C) Ethos
D) Denotation
23. “In a 10-year study of 50,000 patients, the new
protocol reduced readmissions by 22%.” This appeals primarily to:
A) Logos
B) Pathos
C) Ethos
D) Anecdote
24. Text A says: “Telemedicine increases access for rural
patients.” Text B says: “Telemedicine misses important physical exam findings.”
These texts differ in:
A) Use of statistics
B) Perspective on telemedicine’s effectiveness
C) Publication year
D) Length
25. A website claims that a natural supplement cures
cancer. The author has no medical degree and sells the supplement. This source
is:
A) Highly reliable
B) Reliable if the supplement is natural
C) Unreliable due to conflict of interest and lack of credentials
D) Reliable if there are positive reviews
26. Which sentence contains loaded language (emotional
manipulation)?
A) The medication caused nausea in 8% of patients.
B) The dangerous, toxic poison is being pushed by greedy corporations.
C) Further studies are needed to confirm efficacy.
D) The patient reported mild discomfort.
27. A source is peer-reviewed. This means it is generally
more reliable because:
A) It has colorful graphs
B) Experts in the same field evaluated it before publication
C) It is never wrong
D) It contains only opinions
28. Which of the following is most important when
evaluating a source’s credibility?
A) The length of the article
B) Whether the author has relevant credentials and cites evidence
C) Whether the article has pictures
D) The font size
29. A study published in 2003 on antibiotic protocols is
used in a 2024 paper. The main concern is:
A) Denotation
B) Currency (outdated information)
C) Length of the study
D) Number of authors
30. Two articles discuss pain management. One uses patient
testimonials. The other uses a systematic review of randomized trials. The main
difference is:
A) The topic
B) The quality and strength of evidence
C) The conclusion
D) The number of pages
Questions 31–40:
Parentheses and Dashes (Additional or Interrupting Information)
31. The nurse reviewed the chart which was incomplete
before calling the doctor.
A) The nurse reviewed the chart (which was incomplete) before calling the doctor.
B) The nurse reviewed the chart which was incomplete (before calling the
doctor).
C) The nurse reviewed the chart which was incomplete before calling the doctor.
D) The nurse (reviewed the chart which was incomplete) before calling the
doctor.
32. The patient’s lab results unfortunately delayed by the
snow finally arrived.
A) The patient’s lab results unfortunately delayed by the snow finally arrived.
B) The patient’s lab results (unfortunately delayed by the snow) finally
arrived.
C) The patient’s lab results unfortunately delayed by the snow (finally
arrived).
D) The patient’s lab results (unfortunately delayed) by the snow finally
arrived.
33. The instructor made one thing perfectly clear the
final exam is mandatory.
A) The instructor made one thing perfectly clear the final exam is mandatory.
B) The instructor made one thing perfectly clear (the final exam is mandatory).
C) The instructor made one thing perfectly clear — the final exam is mandatory.
D) The instructor made one thing perfectly clear the final exam — is mandatory.
34. Which sentence uses dashes correctly?
A) The three symptoms — fever, cough, and fatigue — appeared suddenly.
B) The three symptoms — fever, cough, and fatigue appeared suddenly.
C) The three symptoms fever, cough, and fatigue — appeared suddenly.
D) The three symptoms fever — cough — and fatigue appeared suddenly.
35. Which sentence uses parentheses correctly?
A) The medication (which was prescribed twice daily) reduced symptoms.
B) The medication which was prescribed twice daily (reduced symptoms).
C) (The medication which was prescribed twice daily) reduced symptoms.
D) The medication which was prescribed (twice daily reduced symptoms).
36. The new nurse a recent graduate of the program handled
the emergency calmly.
A) The new nurse a recent graduate of the program handled the emergency calmly.
B) The new nurse (a recent graduate of the program) handled the emergency
calmly.
C) The new nurse a recent graduate of the program (handled the emergency
calmly).
D) The new nurse a recent (graduate of the program) handled the emergency
calmly.
37. Which sentence uses dashes to show an abrupt
interruption?
A) The patient — who had no prior symptoms — tested positive.
B) The results are clear — we must act now.
C) The three steps — assessment, diagnosis, planning — are critical.
D) All of the above.
38. The charge nurse everyone respected her called for a
team meeting.
A) The charge nurse everyone respected her called for a team meeting.
B) The charge nurse — everyone respected her — called for a team meeting.
C) The charge nurse (everyone respected her) called for a team meeting.
D) The charge nurse everyone respected — her called for a team meeting.
39. Which sentence uses parentheses incorrectly?
A) Please arrive by 7:00 PM (Eastern Time) for the orientation.
B) The lab results (see Table 2) confirm the diagnosis.
C) The patient reported no pain (the surgery was successful).
D) The study (published in 2021) included 500 participants.
40. The answer is simple we need more staff.
A) The answer is simple — we need more staff.
B) The answer is simple (we need more staff).
C) The answer is simple we need — more staff.
D) Both A and B are correct.
Questions 41–50:
Connotation vs. Denotation
41. The denotation of the word aroma is:
A) A pleasant smell
B) A bad smell
C) Any smell
D) A memory triggered by smell
42. The word thrifty has a generally _____ connotation,
while stingy has a _____ connotation.
A) positive / negative
B) negative / positive
C) neutral / neutral
D) positive / positive
43. Which word has a negative connotation?
A) Slender
B) Lean
C) Skinny
D) Fit
44. To describe someone who is firm in their decisions in
a positive way, use:
A) Stubborn
B) Obstinate
C) Resolute
D) Pigheaded
45. The words house and home have the same denotation but
different:
A) Spelling
B) Connotation (home = warm/positive; house = neutral)
C) Part of speech
D) Length
46. Which sentence uses a word with a positive connotation?
A) The child was nosy about the new equipment.
B) The child was curious about the new equipment.
C) The child was annoying about the new equipment.
C) The child was pushy about the new equipment.
47. A nurse writes: “The patient refused to take the
medication.” The word refused has a connotation of:
A) Cooperation
B) Defiance or resistance
C) Neutral action
D) Enthusiasm
48. Which word would be most neutral and professional in a
nursing note about a patient asking many questions?
A) The patient was demanding.
B) The patient was inquisitive.
C) The patient was annoying.
D) The patient was argumentative.
49. Slender and scrawny have similar denotations but
different:
A) Connotation (slender = positive; scrawny = negative)
B) Length
C) Part of speech
D) Spelling difficulty
50. Which statement about connotation and denotation is
true?
A) Connotation is the dictionary definition.
B) Denotation changes based on emotion.
C) Two words can have the same denotation but different connotations.
D) Connotation applies only to adjectives.
Questions 1–10: Primary vs. Secondary Sources
1.
C — Primary
source because it is an original 1819 firsthand document.
2.
B — Primary
source because it is the patient’s firsthand diary.
3.
B — Review
articles summarize research, so they are secondary.
4.
C — It analyzes
multiple studies, which makes it secondary.
5.
B — Nightingale’s
original book is a primary source.
6.
C — Textbooks
summarize information, so not primary.
7.
B — Original lab
notes are firsthand primary sources.
8.
C — It analyzes
studies and policies, so secondary.
9.
B — A review
article summarizing past events is secondary.
10. B — Informed consent is an original document, so
primary.
Questions 11–20:
Arguments, Claims, Evidence, Counterarguments, Rebuttals
11. C — It states the main position (claim).
12. B — Large randomized trial = strongest scientific
evidence.
13. C — That is the opposing viewpoint (counterargument).
14. B — It directly responds with supporting evidence
(rebuttal).
15. B — Uses statistical data, so strong evidence.
16. C — Main position supports mandatory vaccination.
17. C — It limits how far results can apply.
18. C — CDC statistic = factual evidence.
19. C — Based on research studies (scientific evidence).
20. C — A real-life example = anecdotal evidence.
Questions 21–30:
Logos, Pathos, Ethos; Compare & Contrast; Sources
21. C — Uses authority of AHA (ethos).
22. B — Appeals to emotions (pathos).
23. A — Uses data and statistics (logos).
24. B — They differ in viewpoint.
25. C — Conflict of interest + no credentials =
unreliable.
26. B — Emotionally charged/manipulative language.
27. B — Peer review means expert evaluation.
28. B — Credentials and evidence matter most.
29. B — Information may be outdated (currency issue).
30. B — Difference is strength/quality of evidence.
Questions 31–40:
Parentheses and Dashes
31. A — Correct use of parentheses for extra info.
32. B — Correct interruption placed in parentheses.
33. C — Dash correctly separates clause.
34. A — Proper use of paired dashes.
35. A — Correct non-essential information in parentheses.
36. B — Parentheses correctly add description.
37. D — All show interruption or emphasis correctly.
38. B — Dashes correctly insert extra information.
39. C — Incorrect because sentence structure is unclear.
40. D — Both A (dash) and B (parentheses) are correct.
Questions 41–50:
Connotation vs. Denotation
41. C — Denotation = any smell.
42. A — Thrifty positive, stingy negative.
43. C — “Skinny” has negative tone.
44. C — “Resolute” is positive and strong.
45. B — Same meaning, different feeling.
46. B — “Curious” is positive.
47. B — “Refused” implies resistance.
48. B — “Inquisitive” is neutral/professional.
49. A — Same meaning, different tone.
50. C — Same denotation, different connotation is true.
