PTE Writing: Linking Words for Summarize Written Text (SWT) & Essays

PTE Writing: Linking Words for Summarize Written Text (SWT) & Essays

With Synonyms, Nepali Meanings, and Detailed Examples

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PART 1: SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT (SWT)

Key Rule for SWT

You must write ONE SINGLE SENTENCE between 5–75 words. You cannot use full stops (periods) except at the very end. Therefore, linking words are essential to join multiple ideas into one grammatically correct sentence.

The safest structure is:

Clause 1 ; linking word , Clause 2 ; linking word , Clause 3 .

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1.1 Cause & Effect Linking Words

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Register
therefore	thus, hence, consequently, as a result	त्यसैले, त्यसकारण	Formal
consequently	as a result, therefore, thus	परिणामस्वरूप	Formal
as a result	consequently, therefore, hence	फलस्वरूप	Neutral
thus	therefore, hence, consequently	यसरी, यसैले	Very Formal
hence	therefore, thus, consequently	त्यसकारण	Very Formal

Detailed Examples:

Example 1 — therefore:

The research methodology was flawed ; therefore , its conclusions cannot be trusted .

Example 2 — consequently:

Deforestation increased rapidly in the region ; consequently , local biodiversity declined significantly .

Example 3 — as a result:

The government reduced subsidies ; as a result , food prices rose sharply .

Example 4 — thus:

The hypothesis was rejected after testing ; thus , the original theory requires revision .

Example 5 — hence:

The sample size was too small ; hence , the findings lack statistical significance .

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1.2 Contrast & Concession Linking Words

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Register
however	nevertheless, nonetheless, yet	तर, यद्यपि	Neutral/Formal
nevertheless	nonetheless, however, even so	तैपनि	Formal
nonetheless	nevertheless, however, still	तैपनि	Formal
while	whereas, although	जबकि	Neutral
although	though, even though, while	यद्यपि	Neutral
whereas	while, in contrast	जबकि (तुलनामा)	Formal

Detailed Examples:

Example 1 — however:

The policy was designed to reduce poverty ; however , its implementation has been inconsistent .

Example 2 — nevertheless:

The initial costs are extremely high ; nevertheless , the long-term benefits justify the investment .

Example 3 — while:

While renewable energy is environmentally friendly , its production remains expensive .

Example 4 — although:

Although the vaccine proved effective in trials , distribution challenges persist in rural areas .

Example 5 — whereas:

Urban populations have access to advanced healthcare , whereas rural communities often lack basic medical facilities .

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1.3 Addition & Reinforcement Linking Words

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Register
moreover	furthermore, in addition, additionally	यसका साथै	Formal
furthermore	moreover, in addition, besides	थप रूपमा	Formal
in addition	moreover, furthermore, additionally	थप रूपमा	Neutral
additionally	moreover, furthermore, in addition	अतिरिक्त रूपमा	Neutral

Detailed Examples:

Example 1 — moreover:

The plan is economically unfeasible ; moreover , it poses serious environmental risks .

Example 2 — furthermore:

The evidence supporting this claim is weak ; furthermore , it contradicts established scientific consensus .

Example 3 — in addition:

The new legislation reduces tax burdens ; in addition , it simplifies regulatory compliance .

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1.4 Complete SWT Model Answer

Source text (simulated): A passage about remote work discussing increased productivity, reduced commuting costs, and challenges in team collaboration.

Model SWT Answer:

Although remote work has increased individual productivity and reduced commuting expenses ; however , it has created significant challenges in team collaboration and company culture ; therefore , organizations must develop new strategies to maintain cohesion .

Word count: 38 words ✓ | Sentences: 1 ✓

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PART 2: ESSAY WRITING

Essay Structure Overview

Paragraph	Purpose	Key Linking Words
Introduction	Paraphrase question + thesis	Firstly, To begin with
Body 1	First main argument	Furthermore, Moreover, For example
Body 2	Second main argument / counter	However, On the other hand, Nevertheless
Conclusion	Summarize + final position	In conclusion, To sum up, Overall

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2.1 Introduction & Sequencing Words

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
Firstly	First of all, To begin with, Initially	पहिलो कुरा	Firstly , education is a fundamental human right that every nation must protect.
To begin with	Firstly, Initially, First and foremost	सुरुमा	To begin with , the economic benefits of globalization are undeniable.
First and foremost	Primarily, Above all, Chiefly	सबैभन्दा पहिले	First and foremost , climate change demands immediate international cooperation.
Secondly	Second, Next, Then	दोस्रो कुरा	Secondly , the social implications must be carefully evaluated.
Finally	Lastly, Ultimately, In the end	अन्तमा	Finally , sustainable solutions require long-term commitment.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

Firstly , governments must invest in renewable energy infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions.

Example 2:

To begin with , access to quality healthcare should be guaranteed regardless of socioeconomic status.

Example 3:

First and foremost , the protection of children's rights must be prioritized in all policy decisions.

Example 4:

Secondly , educational institutions play a pivotal role in shaping future generations.

Example 5:

Finally , individuals also bear responsibility for reducing their environmental footprint.

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2.2 Adding Information (Body Paragraphs)

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
Furthermore	Moreover, In addition, Additionally	थप के कुरा	Furthermore , research consistently demonstrates a correlation between education and economic growth.
Moreover	Furthermore, Additionally, Besides	यसका अतिरिक्त	Moreover , the long-term consequences of inaction far outweigh short-term costs.
In addition	Furthermore, Moreover, Additionally	थप रूपमा	In addition , governments must provide adequate funding for public services.
Additionally	In addition, Moreover, Furthermore	अतिरिक्त रूपमा	Additionally , public awareness campaigns can significantly change consumer behaviour.
Besides	Moreover, Furthermore, In addition	यसका अलावा	Besides reducing costs, automation also improves workplace safety.
Not only... but also	Moreover, Furthermore	मात्र होइन... साथै	Not only does exercise improve physical health , but it also enhances mental well-being.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

Furthermore , countries with robust education systems consistently outperform others in innovation indices.

Example 2:

Moreover , the psychological impact of social media on teenagers cannot be overlooked.

Example 3:

In addition , employers benefit from a healthier workforce through reduced absenteeism.

Example 4:

Additionally , technological advancements have made remote healthcare consultations increasingly viable.

Example 5:

Besides offering financial rewards, volunteering provides a profound sense of purpose.

Example 6:

Not only does recycling reduce landfill waste , but it also conserves valuable natural resources.

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2.3 Contrast & Counter-Argument

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
However	Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Yet	तर, यद्यपि	However , this approach has significant limitations that must be acknowledged.
On the other hand	Conversely, In contrast, By contrast	अर्कोतर्फ	On the other hand , traditional teaching methods have proven effective for centuries.
Nevertheless	Nonetheless, However, Even so	तैपनि	Nevertheless , the benefits of technological integration outweigh the drawbacks.
Conversely	On the contrary, In contrast	विपरीत रूपमा	Conversely , some argue that strict regulation stifles innovation and entrepreneurship.
On the contrary	Conversely, In fact, Quite the opposite	यसको विपरीत	On the contrary , studies show that moderate regulation actually encourages responsible innovation.
Despite / In spite of	Notwithstanding, Regardless of	बावजुद	Despite significant progress , gender inequality persists in many industries.
While	Although, Whereas	जबकि	While technology offers convenience , it also raises serious privacy concerns.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

However , critics argue that standardized testing fails to measure creativity or critical thinking.

Example 2:

On the other hand , nuclear energy provides a reliable and low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels.

Example 3:

Nevertheless , the ethical implications of artificial intelligence demand careful consideration.

Example 4:

Conversely , countries with weaker economies may struggle to implement expensive environmental policies.

Example 5:

On the contrary , recent evidence suggests that immigration strengthens rather than weakens national economies.

Example 6:

Despite considerable investment in public health , disparities in healthcare access remain widespread.

Example 7:

While social media connects people globally , it simultaneously isolates individuals from face-to-face interaction.

Grammar Note:

• Despite / In spite of + noun or gerund → ✅ Despite the challenges, progress was made.
• Despite / In spite of + full clause → ❌ Despite the challenges were significant...
• Although / Even though + full clause → ✅ Although the challenges were significant, progress was made.

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2.4 Cause & Effect (Body & Conclusion)

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
Therefore	Thus, Hence, Consequently	त्यसैले	Therefore , immediate government intervention is required.
Consequently	As a result, Therefore, Thus	परिणामस्वरूप	Consequently , unemployment rates have declined steadily over the past decade.
As a result	Consequently, Therefore, Hence	फलस्वरूप	As a result , living standards improved significantly across the region.
Thus	Therefore, Hence, Consequently	यसैले	Thus , it can be concluded that early intervention produces better outcomes.
Hence	Therefore, Thus, Consequently	त्यसकारण	Hence , alternative strategies must be explored before implementing the policy.
Due to	Because of, Owing to, As a result of	कारणले	Due to rising sea levels , coastal communities face displacement.
Owing to	Due to, Because of, As a result of	कारणले	Owing to advances in medicine , life expectancy has increased globally.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

Therefore , governments should prioritize mental health funding alongside physical healthcare.

Example 2:

Consequently , students who receive early childhood education are more likely to attend university.

Example 3:

As a result , air pollution levels in major cities have dropped by 30% since the policy was introduced.

Example 4:

Thus , a balanced approach combining regulation and incentives appears most effective.

Example 5:

Due to the rapid pace of automation , many traditional jobs are becoming obsolete.

Example 6:

Owing to increased global connectivity , cultural exchange has accelerated dramatically.

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2.5 Exemplification

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
For example	For instance, To illustrate, As an example	उदाहरणका लागि	For example , Finland's education system consistently ranks among the world's best.
For instance	For example, To illustrate, Namely	उदाहरणका लागि	For instance , Singapore's healthcare model achieves excellent outcomes at low cost.
Such as	Including, Like, Namely	जस्तै	Countries such as Norway and Denmark have implemented successful parental leave policies.
To illustrate	For example, For instance, As proof	स्पष्ट पार्न	To illustrate , consider Japan's response to its aging population crisis.
Namely	Specifically, That is to say	अर्थात्	Some countries, namely Germany and Sweden, have embraced renewable energy fully.
A case in point	For example, An example of this	एउटा उदाहरण	A case in point is Costa Rica, which runs almost entirely on renewable energy.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

For example , countries that invest heavily in research and development tend to have stronger economies.

Example 2:

For instance , the introduction of seatbelt laws dramatically reduced road fatalities in Australia.

Example 3:

Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain are reshaping entire industries.

Example 4:

To illustrate , Sweden's waste-to-energy program converts over 2 million tonnes of waste annually.

Example 5:

Certain sectors, namely healthcare and education, require sustained government investment.

Example 6:

A case in point is Bhutan, which measures national progress through Gross National Happiness rather than GDP.

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2.6 Conclusion Linking Words

Linking Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example
In conclusion	To conclude, In summary, To sum up	निष्कर्षमा	In conclusion , while both perspectives have merit, the evidence strongly favours reform.
To sum up	In conclusion, In summary, Overall	संक्षेपमा	To sum up , the advantages of globalization clearly outweigh its disadvantages.
In summary	To sum up, In conclusion, Briefly	संक्षेपमा	In summary , education remains the most powerful tool for social mobility.
Overall	On the whole, Generally, All things considered	समग्रमा	Overall , a balanced approach combining prevention and treatment is most effective.
All things considered	On balance, Taking everything into account	सबै कुरा विचार गर्दा	All things considered , investing in renewable energy is both environmentally and economically sensible.
To conclude	In conclusion, Finally, In closing	निष्कर्ष निकाल्न	To conclude , governments and individuals must collaborate to address this crisis.

Detailed Examples:

Example 1:

In conclusion , although technology presents certain risks, its potential to improve education is undeniable.

Example 2:

To sum up , the evidence suggests that early intervention programs yield the greatest long-term benefits.

Example 3:

In summary , a combination of government regulation and individual responsibility is necessary to combat obesity.

Example 4:

Overall , the advantages of international trade far exceed its disadvantages.

Example 5:

All things considered , investing in renewable energy is both environmentally and economically sensible.

Example 6:

To conclude , the key to solving urban congestion lies in integrated public transport systems.

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PART 3: SYNONYM REPLACEMENT TABLE

Using synonyms demonstrates lexical resource. Golden Rule: Only replace a word when the meaning remains exactly the same.

Basic Word	Synonyms	Nepali Meaning	Example Sentence
important	crucial, significant, vital, essential, paramount	महत्त्वपूर्ण, निर्णायक	It is crucial to protect user data in the digital age.
big	substantial, considerable, significant, immense	ठूलो, उल्लेखनीय	The merger generated substantial cost savings.
small	minor, negligible, marginal, slight	सानो, मामूली	The impact on overall performance was negligible .
help	facilitate, bolster, assist, support, aid	सहयोग गर्नु, बलियो बनाउनु	Scholarships bolster equal access to higher education.
change	transform, alter, modify, shift	परिवर्तन गर्नु, रूपान्तरण	Automation will transform labour markets worldwide.
many	numerous, myriad, a multitude of, countless	धेरै, अनेकौं	The initiative attracted numerous international volunteers.
show	demonstrate, illustrate, reveal, indicate	देखाउनु, स्पष्ट पार्नु	The data demonstrates a clear upward trend.
problem	issue, challenge, difficulty, obstacle	समस्या, चुनौती	Climate change is the most pressing challenge of our time.
increase	rise, surge, escalate, grow	वृद्धि, बढ्नु	Healthcare costs have escalated dramatically.
decrease	decline, diminish, reduce, plummet	कमी, घट्नु	Crime rates have declined steadily since 2010.
good	beneficial, advantageous, favourable, positive	राम्रो, लाभदायक	Regular exercise has beneficial effects on mental health.
bad	detrimental, harmful, adverse, negative	नराम्रो, हानिकारक	Excessive screen time has detrimental effects on children.
think	believe, argue, contend, maintain	सोच्नु, विश्वास गर्नु	Many experts contend that early education is essential.
need	require, necessitate, demand	आवश्यकता	Sustainable development requires international cooperation.
get	obtain, acquire, receive, attain	प्राप्त गर्नु	Students must acquire practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge.
use	utilize, employ, apply, harness	प्रयोग गर्नु	Scientists utilize advanced algorithms to analyse climate data.
make	create, generate, produce, establish	बनाउनु, उत्पादन गर्नु	The policy generated significant public debate.
give	provide, offer, supply, grant	दिनु, प्रदान गर्नु	Governments must provide adequate healthcare funding.

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PART 4: COMPLETE ESSAY MODEL

Question: Some people believe that technology has made our lives more complicated. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

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Introduction:

Technology has become deeply integrated into modern life, fundamentally altering how people communicate, work, and learn. While some argue that this shift has complicated daily existence, others contend that it has simplified countless tasks. This essay will argue that despite certain challenges, technology has overwhelmingly improved quality of life.

Body Paragraph 1 (Agreement — complications):

Firstly , the constant connectivity enabled by smartphones has blurred the boundaries between work and personal life. For example , employees are now expected to respond to emails outside working hours, leading to increased stress and burnout. Furthermore , the sheer volume of information available online can be overwhelming, making it difficult for individuals to distinguish reliable sources from misinformation. Consequently , many people experience anxiety and decision fatigue as a result of digital overload.

Body Paragraph 2 (Disagreement — simplification):

On the other hand , technology has dramatically simplified numerous aspects of daily living. For instance , online banking allows individuals to manage finances instantly without visiting a branch. Moreover , telemedicine has made healthcare accessible to people in remote areas who previously had no access to specialists. In addition , navigation apps, translation tools, and e-commerce platforms have removed countless barriers that once made travel and communication difficult. Therefore , while complications certainly exist, the net benefit is undeniably positive.

Conclusion:

In conclusion , although technology introduces certain complications such as digital overload and work-life imbalance, its capacity to simplify and improve human existence is far greater. All things considered , societies should focus on managing the negative effects of technology rather than rejecting its immense benefits.

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PART 5: COMMON MISTAKES AND EXAM TIPS

Mistakes to Avoid

Mistake	Correction
Overusing the same linker (e.g., "Furthermore" 5 times)	Vary your linkers — use Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Additionally
Using full stops in SWT	SWT must be ONE sentence — use semicolons (;) instead
Copying linkers directly from the source text	Paraphrase — if the source says "However," use "Nevertheless" or "Nonetheless"
Using "Despite" + full clause	Use "Despite" + noun/gerund OR "Although" + full clause
Starting every sentence with a linker	Not every sentence needs a linker — use them strategically

Exam Tips

1.      SWT: Use 2–3 linkers maximum in your single sentence.

2.      Essay: Aim for 8–12 different linkers across your essay.

3.      Position of linkers: Most can go at the start of a sentence followed by a comma, or mid-sentence between two clauses.

4.      Punctuation: When a linker begins a sentence, follow it with a comma: "However, the results were inconclusive."

5.      Practice paraphrasing — take any article and rewrite its key points using different linkers.

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PART 6: QUICK REFERENCE SUMMARY TABLE

Function	Linkers	Nepali Meaning
Addition	furthermore, moreover, in addition, additionally, besides	थप रूपमा
Contrast	however, nevertheless, on the other hand, conversely, whereas	तर, यद्यपि
Cause	because, since, due to, owing to, as	कारणले
Effect	therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence	परिणामस्वरूप
Example	for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate, namely	उदाहरणका लागि
Sequence	firstly, secondly, finally, to begin with, subsequently	क्रमशः
Conclusion	in conclusion, to sum up, overall, all things considered	निष्कर्षमा
Emphasis	indeed, in fact, particularly, especially, notably	विशेष गरी
Concession	although, despite, in spite of, while, even though	बावजुद