Class 12 Language Development
Unit
1 Critical Thinking
What is a Tag Question?
A tag
question is a short question added to the end of a sentence, usually to confirm,
check information, or encourage a reply.
You're coming to the party, aren’t you?
It’s
often used in spoken English to seek agreement or clarification.
Basic Rules of Tag Questions
Rule 1: Positive Sentence → Negative Tag
If
the main sentence is positive, the question tag is negative.
She
is a nurse, isn’t she?
They play football, don’t they?
Rule 2: Negative Sentence → Positive Tag
If
the main sentence is negative, the tag is positive.
He
doesn’t like coffee, does he?
You aren’t coming, are you?
Note: Negative sentences with
words like never, hardly, rarely, seldom, barely,
etc., also take positive tags (see advanced rules).
Helping Verb in Tag
The tag
must match the helping/auxiliary verb of the main sentence. If there is no
helping verb, we use do/does/did.
Examples:
|
Sentence |
Tag |
|
She is
tired, |
isn’t
she? |
|
He has
finished, |
hasn’t
he? |
|
You don’t
like tea, |
do
you? |
|
They play
well, |
don’t
they? |
|
She came
late, |
didn’t
she? |
Pronoun Agreement
The
subject of the tag must match the subject of the sentence.
Gita
is a dancer, isn’t she?
The boys played well, didn’t they?
A
complete table of auxiliary verbs with "not" in both full
form and contraction form (short form):
|
Full Form |
Contraction (Short Form) |
|
is
not |
isn't |
|
are
not |
aren't |
|
was
not |
wasn't |
|
were
not |
weren't |
|
have
not |
haven't |
|
has
not |
hasn't |
|
had
not |
hadn't |
|
do
not |
don't |
|
does
not |
doesn't |
|
did
not |
didn't |
|
will
not |
won't |
|
would
not |
wouldn't |
|
shall
not |
shan't |
|
should
not |
shouldn't |
|
cannot |
can't |
|
could
not |
couldn't |
|
may
not |
mayn't
(rare, formal) |
|
might
not |
mightn't |
|
must
not |
mustn't |
|
need
not |
needn't |
|
dare
not |
daren't |
|
ought
not |
oughtn't |
|
used
not |
usedn't
(rare/old-fashioned) |
Notes:
·
"Won’t" is a special contraction of "will not", not willn't.
·
Some contractions like "shan’t",
"mayn’t", "daren’t" are considered formal,
old-fashioned, or less common in modern English.
·
"Can not" is usually written as one word: "cannot” and its
contraction is "can't".
Advanced Rules of Tag Questions
1. Imperative Sentences (Commands/Requests)
Use "will
you?", "won’t you?", "can you?", or "could
you?" depending on tone.
Open
the door, will you? (polite)
Help me with this, won’t you? (friendly)
If
it's a request with "let's", use "shall we?"
Let’s
go for a walk, shall we?
2. Sentences with ‘Nothing’, ‘Nobody’, ‘None’, ‘No one’ → Use
“they” in the tag
Nobody
called me, did they?
Nothing is wrong, is it?
3. Sentences with Indefinite Pronouns (someone, everyone, etc.) →
Use “they”
Someone
stole my bag, didn’t they?
Everyone was happy, weren’t they?
4. With “I am” — Tag is “aren’t I?”
I’m
your friend, aren’t I?
Note: "Amn't I?" is not
used in standard English.
5. With “Used to” – Tag is “didn’t”
He
used to live here, didn’t he?
6. With Negative Words (never, hardly, seldom, etc.) — Treat as
Negative
He never
lies, does he?
She seldom comes here, does she?
7. With "There" as Subject
There
is a problem, isn’t there?
There weren’t any people, were there?
8. With “Have got” (British English)
She
has got a car, hasn’t she?
They haven’t got a clue, have they?
Common Tag Question Patterns with Examples
|
Sentence
Type |
Example
Sentence |
Tag |
|
Positive
(present simple) |
You like tea, |
don’t you? |
|
Negative
(present simple) |
You don’t like
tea, |
do you? |
|
Positive (past
simple) |
He came late, |
didn’t he? |
|
Negative (past
simple) |
He didn’t
come, |
did he? |
|
Present
perfect |
She has
finished, |
hasn’t she? |
|
Modal verbs |
You can drive, |
can’t you? |
|
With “Let’s” |
Let’s go now, |
shall we? |
|
Imperative |
Close the
window, |
will you? |
Practice (from book)
Rewrite the following sentences adding
appropriate question tag.
a. Gill does not know Ann, does he?
b. I’m very patient, aren’t I?
c. They’d never met me before, had they?
d. Listen carefully, will you?
e. Let’s have a break, shall we?
f. Let us invite them, will you?
g. Hari used to live in France as a boy, didn’t
he?
h. You’d better not take a hard drink, had
you?
i. Sheep eat grass, don’t they?
j. Mr. Pande can speak nine languages, can’t
he?
k. She’s finished her classes, hasn’t she?
l. She barely managed to reach the goal, did
she?
m. Don’t let him swim in that pond, will
you?
n. There are lots of people here, aren’t
there?
Read the following situations. What do you say in these situations? Use
question tags.
a. The sky is full of cloud. You can see
lightning and hear thunder.
It’s going to rain soon, isn’t it?
b. You want to pay the taxi fare but you are
short by 100 rupees.
Shyam, you have to lend me Rs. 100,
haven’t you?
c. You have met a stranger at a party and you
want to have a chat with him/ her.
We will talk later, won’t we?
d. You came out of the film hall with your
friend. You enjoyed the film.
The film was very enjoyable, wasn’t
it?
e. You and your friend listened to a comedian
on the stage and felt spellbound by his/her performance.
He gave an excellent presentation,
didn’t he?
f. You think your friend’s father has arrived
from the US but you are not sure.
Your father has not arrived from US,
has he?
g. You think Susan will join the new job
tomorrow but you are not sure.
Susan will go to her new job tomorrow,
won’t she?
h. Your friend’s hair looks too short.
You have got too short hair, haven’t
you?
i. You want to go for a picnic with your
friends in class.
Let’s go to picnic, shall we?
j. You want permission from your father to go
for a walk.
Let me go for a evening walk, will
you?
Practice Questions (Try Yourself)
1.
He plays guitar, ___?
2.
You don’t like spicy food, ___?
3.
Let’s study together, ___?
4.
She has never been abroad, ___?
5.
I’m right, ___?
6.
Someone left the door open, ___?
7.
The sun rises in the east, ___?
8.
They won’t come to the party, ___?
9.
There is a book on the table, ___?
10. Nobody was late, ___?
Writing
Writing Write an email to your friend explaining an interesting
class you had.
From : balramshah12@gmail.com
Subject: An Amazing Class Experience
Dear David,
I hope you are doing well. Today I just had one of the most
interesting classes, and I could not wait to share it with you. It was our
English literature class, and our teacher introduced us to a thought-provoking
short story that sparked lively discussions.
The lesson began with the teacher narrating the story in a very
engaging way. Instead of simply reading, she used expressions, gestures, and
questions to make us feel like we were part of the scene. The story dealt with
human emotions and everyday struggles, which made it easy for everyone to
relate. After the narration, she divided us into small groups and asked us to
discuss the main theme and the characters’ choices. This group activity was
both fun and educational. I realized how differently people can interpret the
same story.
What I enjoyed most was the debate session at the end. Some of us
argued that the main character was wise, while others thought he was careless.
The teacher encouraged every opinion and guided us toward deeper understanding.
I also got a chance to speak, and it felt great to share my ideas confidently.
This class was special because it was not just about memorizing
facts but about thinking critically and expressing ourselves. It reminded me
how much I enjoy learning when lessons are interactive.
I wish you had been there! Let’s catch up soon and I’ll tell you more.
Best wishes,
Balram
Unit 2 Family
Make at
least five words using the prefixes given. Consult a dictionary to learn how
they change the meaning of root words.
Pre– (before, earlier)
1.
Preposition – a word placed before a noun/pronoun to show
relation.
2.
Precaution – a step taken before something happens to prevent
harm.
3.
Previews – seeing something before its release.
4.
Prefer – to choose one thing before another.
5.
Prepare – to get ready beforehand.
Semi– (half, partly)
1.
Semi-abandoned – partly abandoned.
2.
Semiabstract – partly abstract in form.
3.
Semiarid – partly dry (low rainfall).
4.
Semi-casual – partly casual in appearance.
5.
Semiconductor – a substance partly conducting electricity.
Sub– (under, below)
1.
Subconscious – below the level of full awareness.
2.
Subjugate – to bring under control.
3.
Submissive – tending to submit or yield under authority.
4.
Subordinate – lower in rank, under authority.
5.
Subsidiary – serving in a secondary, underlying role.
Mis– (wrong, badly)
1.
Misunderstand – to understand wrongly.
2.
Mistake – a wrong action or belief.
3.
Misbehave – to behave badly.
4.
Mistrust – to trust wrongly or not trust.
5.
Misspell – to spell wrongly.
Mono– (one, single)
1.
Monochrome – one color.
2.
Monocot – a plant with one seed leaf.
3.
Monocular – using one eye.
4.
Monoplane – an aircraft with one set of wings.
5.
Monopoly – control by one person or group.
Un– (not, opposite of)
1.
Unhappy – not happy.
2.
Unhealthy – not healthy.
3.
Untouchable – not touchable.
4.
Undo – to reverse an action.
5.
Unemployment – the state of not having a job.
In– (in, into, not)
1.
Internal – inside.
2.
Inflated – filled in/with air.
3.
Inject – to force into.
4.
Informal – not formal.
5.
Infant – a very small child (literally not able to speak).
Inter– (between, among)
1.
Intermission – a break between two parts.
2.
Interactive – acting between people or systems.
3.
Intercept – to stop something between its start and end.
4.
Interchange – exchange between two things.
5.
Interlock – to connect between each other.
NEB grade 12 unit 2 Modal verbs
1. Can
Use: Ability, possibility, permission
Example: She can swim.
Nepali: उसले पौडी खेल्न सक्छ।
2. Can’t (Cannot)
Use: Inability, prohibition
Example: He can’t come to the party.
Nepali: ऊ पार्टीमा आउन सक्दैन।
3. May
Use: Possibility, polite permission
Example: You may leave now.
Nepali: तपाईं अब जान सक्नुहुन्छ।
4. Might
Use: Less certain possibility than “may”
Example: She might be at home.
Nepali: उनी घरमा हुन सक्छिन्।
5. Will
Use: Future certainty, willingness,
promise
Example: I will help you.
Nepali: म तिमीलाई मद्दत गर्नेछु।
6. Would
Use: Politeness, imaginary/hypothetical
situations, past habits
Example: I would go if I had money.
Nepali: मेरो पैसा भएको भए म जाने थिएँ।
7. Shall
Use: Formal suggestions, future
(especially with “I” or “we”)
Example: Shall we dance?
Nepali: के हामी नाच्ने?
8. Should
Use: Advice, moral obligation,
probability
Example: You should study more.
Nepali: तिमीले बढी पढ्नुपर्छ।
9. Must
Use: Strong necessity, obligation,
certainty
Example: You must wear a seatbelt.
Nepali: तपाईंले सिट बेल्ट लगाउनैपर्छ।
10. Mustn’t (Must not)
Use: Prohibition
Example: You mustn’t smoke here.
Nepali: यहाँ धूम्रपान गर्न पाइँदैन।
11. Could have + past
participle
Use: Unused past possibility
Example: I could have won the race.
Nepali: मैले दौड जित्न सक्थें।
12. Should have + past participle
Use: Regret or advice for the past
Example: You should have apologized.
Nepali: तिमीले माफी माग्नुपर्थ्यो।
13. Would have + past participle
Use: Imaginary past
Example: I would have gone if I had time.
Nepali: मलाई समय भएको भए म जाने थिएँ।
14. Must have + past participle
Use: Past certainty
Example: He must have left already.
Nepali: ऊ पहिल्यै गइसकेको हुनुपर्छ।
15. Mustn’t have + past
participle (less common, but possible)
Use: Prohibition in past, often
sarcastic or speculative
Example: You mustn’t have told her the truth.
Nepali: तिमीले उसलाई सत्य कुरा भनेको हुनुहुँदैन।
16. Couldn’t have + past participle
Use: Impossible past
Example: He couldn’t have known.
Nepali: उसले थाहा पाउन सक्दैनथ्यो।
17. Wouldn’t have + past participle
Use: Refused past or conditional
Example: I wouldn’t have believed it.
Nepali: म त्यसमा विश्वास गर्ने थिइनँ।
18. Mightn’t have + past participle
Use: Negative possibility in the past
Example: She mightn’t have seen the message.
Nepali: उसले सन्देश देखेको नहुन सक्छ।
Modal Verbs Practice (Choose the correct option)
1. You ___ be
tired after such a long journey. (must / should / can)
2. Students
___ bring mobile phones to the exam hall. (mustn't / shouldn't / needn't)
3. He ___ play
the guitar when he was just five years old. (can / could / might)
4. I ___ speak
to the manager, please? (can / must / have to)
5. It’s
snowing heavily. You ___ take an umbrella. (should / must / might)
6. That ___ be
Ravi at the door. He’s in Pokhara now. (must / can’t / might)
7. ___ you
help me lift this box? (Shall / Should / Could)
8. You ___
finish this project by Friday. It’s urgent. (can / must / could)
9. I’m not
sure, but he ___ come to the party. (may / must / shall)
10. You ___ speak so loudly here. It’s a library. (mustn’t / shouldn’t
/ might not)
11. She ___ have taken the wrong bus. That’s why she’s late. (must /
should / might)
12. You ___ drive without a license. It’s illegal. (must / can't /
shouldn’t)
13. If you want to lose weight, you ___ eat junk food. (shouldn’t /
must / may)
14. ___ I open the window? It’s a bit hot. (Shall / Must / Need)
15. We ___ pay the bill today; it’s already been settled. (mustn’t /
don’t have to / might not)
16. They ___ be at the cinema now. The show started an hour ago. (must
/ might / can’t)
17. I ___ go to the doctor. This cough is getting worse. (should /
might / can)
18. You ___ be joking! That can’t be true. (must / might / have to)
19. She ___ have forgotten about the meeting. Let’s call her. (may /
shall / mustn’t)
20. ___ you like to join us for lunch? (Would / Could / Should)
Answers
1.
You must be tired after such a long journey.
"Must" expresses a
strong logical conclusion based on evidence.
2.
Students mustn't bring mobile phones to the exam hall.
"Mustn't" means it is
strictly prohibited.
3.
He could play the guitar when he was just five years old.
"Could" shows past
ability.
4.
Can I speak to the manager, please?
"Can" is used for
polite requests.
5.
It’s snowing heavily. You should take an umbrella.
"Should" gives advice.
6.
That can’t be Ravi at the door. He’s in Pokhara now.
"Can’t" expresses
strong disbelief/impossibility.
7.
Could you help me lift this box?
"Could" is a polite
request.
8.
You must finish this project by Friday. It’s urgent.
"Must" shows strong
obligation or necessity.
9.
I’m not sure, but he may come to the party.
"May" expresses
possibility.
10. You mustn’t speak so
loudly here. It’s a library.
"Mustn't" again shows
prohibition.
11. She might have taken the
wrong bus. That’s why she’s late.
"Might have" shows a
possible reason in the past.
12. You can’t drive without a
license. It’s illegal.
"Can’t" expresses
strong prohibition.
13. If you want to lose weight, you shouldn’t
eat junk food.
"Shouldn't" gives
negative advice.
14. Shall I open the window?
It’s a bit hot.
"Shall" is used to
offer or suggest politely.
15. We don’t have to pay the
bill today; it’s already been settled.
"Don’t have to" means
it’s not necessary.
16. They must be at the cinema
now. The show started an hour ago.
"Must" expresses
logical deduction in the present.
17. I should go to the doctor.
This cough is getting worse.
"Should" is used for
giving advice.
18. You must be joking! That
can’t be true.
"Must" shows strong
certainty based on what was said.
19. She may have forgotten
about the meeting. Let’s call her.
"May have" indicates
possibility in the past.
20. Would you like to join us
for lunch?
"Would" is the polite
form for inviting or offering.
Modal Verbs (Past Forms) Practice Questions
1. You ___
told me earlier. I could’ve helped you.
(should have / might have / must have)
2. She ___
taken the wrong train; that’s why she’s late.
(must have / would have / should have)
3. I ___
passed the test if I had studied more.
(could have / must have / might have)
4. They ___
seen us. We were standing right in front of them.
(must have / should have / could have)
5. He ___
called you, but his phone was dead.
(might have / must have / should have)
6. I ___ gone
to the concert, but I was feeling sick.
(would have / must have / should have)
7. You ___
eaten so much. Now you feel sick.
(shouldn’t have / must have / would have)
8. We ___ been
there by now if we had left earlier.
(could have / must have / might have)
9. She ___
told the truth, but she chose to lie instead.
(could have / would have / must have)
10. They ___ been worried when you didn’t come home last night.
(must have / should have / could have)
Answers
1. You should have told me earlier. I could’ve helped you.
Explanation: “Should have” expresses regret
or missed obligation in the past — you didn’t tell me, but it would have
been better if you had.
2. She must have taken the wrong train; that’s why she’s
late.
Explanation: “Must have” is used for a strong
logical conclusion about a past event — her being late leads us to this
assumption.
3. I could have passed the test if I had studied more.
Explanation: “Could have” shows past
possibility — passing the test was possible, but it didn’t happen because I
didn’t study.
4. They must have seen us. We were standing right in front
of them.
Explanation: “Must have” is used to
express certainty — it’s very likely they saw us due to the situation.
5. He might have called you, but his phone was dead.
Explanation: “Might have” expresses possibility
— it’s possible he intended to call, but the phone problem prevented it.
6. I would have gone to the concert, but I was feeling
sick.
Explanation: “Would have” shows intended
action that didn’t happen because of a condition — I wanted to go but
couldn’t.
7. You shouldn’t have eaten so much. Now you feel sick.
Explanation: “Shouldn’t have” expresses
past advice or mistake — eating too much was a bad decision.
8. We could have been there by now if we had left earlier.
Explanation: “Could have” shows missed
possibility — it was possible to be there, but the opportunity was missed.
9. She could have told the truth, but she chose to lie
instead.
Explanation: “Could have” again shows an
option or ability in the past — she had the chance but didn’t take it.
10. They must have been worried when you didn’t come home
last night.
Explanation: “Must have” shows logical
conclusion — it makes sense they were worried due to your absence.
Grammar (from book)
B. Choose the best answer to complete the
sentences.
a. ‘How much was your
parking ticket?’ ‘Fifty rupees.’ ‘Oh well, it could have been
worse.’
b. It must have. got lost in the
post. These things happen sometimes.
c. ‘Sorry I’m late. I got delayed at work.’
‘You must have called. I was really worried about you.’
d. ‘I don’t think he meant to be rude.’ ‘He must
have said sorry.’
e. ‘Whose signature is this?’ ‘I don’t know.
It could be Manoj’s. That looks a bit like an M.’
f. I had it when I left the office so I mustn’t
have. lost it on the way to home.
g. You must have think it’s
funny, but I think it’s pathetic.
C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate endings. Use correct
modal verbs.
a. At the end of the course, we
must be prepared for the individual presentation.
b. If you want to earn a lot of money, I
would suggest some tips.
c. You were not in your house yesterday. You
could have your belongings stolen.
d. I’m quite busy tomorrow. I must visit
my dentist.
e. When you were a small kid, you could
ask for money from your relatives.
f. My car is broken. I should take it to
the service center.
g. I’ve got a fast speed internet at home. I can
watch movies in high quality.
h. Even though she didn’t study well, she could
solve all the problems.
i. There are plenty of newspapers in the
library. You can read any of them if you want.
j. What do you think you were doing, playing in
the road? You could have been hit by the car.
k. I have no time. I can’t meet you.
l. You don’t look well. You should take
a rest.
Critical Thinking
a. What changes have started to occur
in Nepali families in recent days? What impacts will they bring on the society?
Discuss.
In recent years, Nepali
families have been experiencing noticeable changes due to modernization,
globalization, and socio-economic development. Traditionally, Nepal was known
for its joint family system, where multiple generations lived under one roof,
sharing resources and responsibilities. However, this structure has gradually
been replaced by nuclear families, especially in urban areas. The desire for
independence, better job opportunities, and the rise of individualism have encouraged
young people to live separately from their extended families.
Along with structural
changes, gender roles are also shifting. In the past, men were considered the
breadwinners, and women were confined to household duties. Today, more women
are pursuing higher education and professional careers. This change has not
only contributed to the financial stability of families but also challenged
patriarchal attitudes. Similarly, decisions regarding marriage, career, and
lifestyle are becoming more individual-based rather than being dictated by
elders.
These transformations have
both positive and negative impacts on society. On the positive side, nuclear
families provide greater privacy, freedom, and opportunities for personal
growth. Women’s empowerment has created a more balanced society and improved
living standards. On the other hand, the weakening of the joint family system
has reduced social support and traditional values such as collective care for
children and the elderly. Issues like loneliness, stress, and elderly neglect
are rising in modern families.
In conclusion, changes in
Nepali families are inevitable in today’s world. Society must strike a balance
between modernization and cultural traditions to ensure both progress and
social harmony.
b. We see many elderly people in the
elderly homes these days in Nepal. Some of them are abandoned while others live
there willingly. Do you think Nepali people are deviating from their
traditional culture? Give reasons.
In Nepal, elderly people
have traditionally been respected as the guardians of wisdom and culture. They
lived with their children and grandchildren in joint families, receiving love,
care, and support in their old age. However, in recent years, the growing
number of elderly homes shows that this tradition is gradually changing. Many
elderly citizens are now living away from their families, either by choice or
due to neglect.
This situation raises an
important question: are Nepali people deviating from their traditional culture?
To a great extent, the answer is yes. In earlier times, caring for parents was
considered a moral and religious duty. Today, due to modernization, migration,
and busy lifestyles, many families are unable or unwilling to look after their
elderly members. Some children migrate abroad for employment or education,
leaving parents alone. Others see elderly care as a burden and abandon them,
which clearly shows the weakening of family values.
However, it is also true
that some elderly people choose to live in elderly homes willingly. They prefer
the companionship of people of their own age and the services provided by such
institutions. In this sense, elderly homes can also be seen as an adaptation to
changing times rather than a complete cultural loss.
In conclusion, while the
rise of elderly homes reflects practical needs of modern life, it also
highlights how Nepali society is moving away from its cultural roots of
respect, care, and family bonding. The challenge is to preserve traditional
values while adapting to new realities.
Writing
a. Write an essay on The Importance of
Family. In your essay, you can use these guided questions.
• Why family is important to
you.
• Why family is or is not important for society
• How you think families will change in the future.
The
Importance of Family
Family is the most
important social unit in every individual’s life. It is the first place where
we learn values, culture, and emotional bonding. To me, family is not only
important but essential because it provides love, support, and guidance in
every stage of life. Whenever I succeed, my family shares my happiness, and
whenever I fail, they encourage me to try again. Such emotional strength cannot
be replaced by friends, money, or any other institution.
Family is also important
for society. A strong family builds a strong nation. Families teach children
discipline, respect, and responsibility, which later shape them into
responsible citizens. If families are healthy, society becomes peaceful,
cooperative, and progressive. On the other hand, if families are broken, social
problems like crime, drug abuse, and neglect of the elderly increase. Thus, the
family acts as a foundation of social harmony and development.
In the future, however,
families may continue to change. In Nepal and many other countries, joint
families are being replaced by nuclear families due to migration, job
opportunities, and modern lifestyles. More women are working outside, which
will change traditional gender roles. Technology may also affect family
relationships, as people spend more time online than with family members.
Elderly homes may become more common as young people move abroad for education
and employment.
In conclusion, family
remains the backbone of both personal life and social development. Though the
structure of families may change in the future, the value of love, care, and
moral guidance provided by families will never lose importance. It is the duty
of every generation to protect and strengthen the role of family in society.
b. Some people think it is better to
live in a nuclear family. Other people think that living in extended family is
more advantageous. What do you think? Write an essay discussing the advantages
and disadvantages of both.
Family is the foundation
of human society, but its structure differs from place to place and time to
time. The two most common types are nuclear families, where parents and
children live together, and extended families, where several generations stay
under one roof. Both systems have their advantages and disadvantages.
A nuclear family provides
more freedom and privacy. Parents can raise children in their own way without
too much interference from elders. There is less conflict over decisions
because fewer people are involved. Financial planning also becomes easier, as
income and expenses are limited to a small household. However, nuclear families
often face problems such as loneliness and lack of support. In times of
illness, old age, or crisis, they may struggle without the help of extended
relatives.
On the other hand,
extended families offer security, care, and emotional support. Children grow up
surrounded by grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins, which helps them learn
social skills and cultural values. Elders receive love and respect, and members
support one another in difficult times. Economically, resources can be shared,
reducing the burden on individuals. Yet, extended families also have drawbacks.
Conflicts may arise due to differences in opinion, jealousy, or unequal
responsibilities. Privacy is limited, and young couples may feel restricted by
traditional rules.
In my opinion, both
systems have unique strengths and weaknesses. A nuclear family suits modern
life, especially in cities where independence is valued, while an extended
family provides emotional and cultural richness, especially in rural settings.
The best option depends on one’s lifestyle and priorities.
In conclusion, whether
nuclear or extended, the true importance of family lies in love, care, and
cooperation among its members. A happy family—big or small—is the real strength
of society.
Unit 3 Sports
C.
Pronunciation
Divide
the following words into two groups in accordance with their pronunciation /aɪ/
and /eɪ/
/aɪ/
Fine, shine, why, height, bright, might, five,
sight, white, by
/eɪ/
Rein, rail, sleigh, snail, break, fake, eight,
game, claim, friend, gait, hail, frame
Determiners and Quantifiers
Determiner
A determiner
is a word placed before a noun to specify or limit its meaning.
It helps to tell us which or how many things the noun refers to.
Types of Determiners:
1.
Articles (a, an, the)
2.
Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
3.
Possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
4.
Quantifiers (some, many, few, several, all, etc.)
5.
Numbers (one, two, three, etc.)
6.
Interrogatives (which, what, whose)
Examples:
1.
The book is on the table. (Article)
2.
This car is expensive. (Demonstrative)
3.
My phone is new. (Possessive)
4.
Some people are late. (Quantifier)
5.
Three cats are sleeping. (Number)
6.
Which dress do you like? (Interrogative)
Quantifier
A quantifier
is a type of determiner used to show quantity or amount of
something (how much or how many).
Common Quantifiers:
· some, any, much, many, few, little,
several, all, every, no
Examples:
1.
There are many students in the class.
2.
She has few friends.
3.
I need some water.
4.
We have all the books.
5.
He doesn’t have any money.
6.
She drinks much tea.
Quick Note:
· All quantifiers are determiners, but not
all determiners are quantifiers.
· Quantifiers specifically express quantity
or amount.
In detail
Use of Each and Every
The words "each" and "every" are
both used to refer to individual items within a group, but they are used in
different contexts and have slightly different meanings:
Each
·
Meaning: "Each" refers to individual items within a group,
emphasizing them one by one. It suggests a sense of separateness or individuality.
·
Usage: It is used when considering the individual elements of a group
separately, often focusing on the distinctness of the items.
·
Examples:
o Each student must submit their homework by Friday. (Each student is considered individually.)
o I gave a gift to each child at the party. (Each child received a separate gift.)
Every
·
Meaning: "Every" refers to all items within a group, but it is
used to emphasize the collectiveness or totality of the group. It
can imply that something applies to all members without exception.
·
Usage: It is used when referring to all items in a group considered as
a whole, often implying inclusivity and regularity.
·
Examples:
o Every student must submit their homework by Friday. (All students must do this, without exception.)
o She goes to the gym every morning. (The action is performed regularly as part of her routine.)
Key Differences:
·
"Each" focuses on individuality (considering one item at a time).
·
"Every" emphasizes universality (considering the group as a whole
but referring to all items within it).
Note: "Each" can be
used for two or more items, while "every" is typically used for more
than two items, and it suggests a more inclusive approach to the group.
Use of Much, More and Many
MUCH
·
Used with: Uncountable nouns (things you can’t count individually)
·
Meaning: A large amount
·
Example:
o There isn’t much water in the bottle.
o How much sugar do you want?
Uncountable nouns: water, money, milk, rice, advice, information, etc.
MANY
·
Used with: Countable nouns (things you can count one by one)
·
Meaning: A large number
·
Example:
o There are many books on the shelf.
o How many friends do you have?
Countable nouns: apples, people, chairs, cars, ideas, etc.
MORE
·
Used with: Both countable and uncountable nouns
·
Meaning: A greater number or amount (comparative of much/many)
·
Example:
o I need more time.
(uncountable)
o There are more students in this class than last year. (countable)
Quick Comparison Table
|
Word |
Used With |
Meaning |
Example |
|
Much |
Uncountable
nouns |
A
lot (amount) |
She
doesn’t have much money. |
|
Many |
Countable
nouns |
A
lot (number) |
He
has many books. |
|
More |
Both |
Greater
amount/number |
We
need more chairs / more water. |
Use of
few, a few, little and a little
FEW
·
Used with: Countable nouns (things you can count one by one: books,
people, apples, etc.)
·
Meaning: Not many, almost none (negative tone)
·
Example:
o Few students came to the class today.
→ (Almost no students came; very small number.)
Related forms:
·
A few = some, but not many (positive tone)
Example: A few friends are coming over.
→ (Some friends are coming.)
LITTLE
·
Used with: Uncountable nouns (things you can’t count individually:
water, sugar, time, money, etc.)
·
Meaning: Not much, almost none (negative tone)
·
Example:
o There is little water in the bottle.
→ (Almost no water; very small amount.)
Related forms:
·
A little = some, but not much (positive tone)
Example: There is a little hope left.
→ (Some hope remains.)
Quick Tip:
|
Expression |
Countable |
Uncountable |
Meaning |
|
few |
✅ |
❌ |
almost
none (negative) |
|
a
few |
✅ |
❌ |
some
(positive) |
|
little |
❌ |
✅ |
almost
none (negative) |
|
a
little |
❌ |
✅ |
some
(positive) |
30 sentences with blanks, where "each" or
"every" is used in brackets:
1. (Each/Every) student was given a notebook
at the beginning of the class.
2. (Each/Every) of the teachers attended the
conference last week.
3. I visit my grandparents (each/every)
Sunday.
4. (Each/Every) morning, I take a walk around
the park.
5. (Each/Every) member of the team
contributed to the project.
6. He reads (each/every) page of the book
very carefully.
7. (Each/Every) time I see her, she is
smiling.
8. They check (each/every) document for
errors before submission.
9. I
saw (each/every) of my friends at the party last night.
10. Each/Every) person in the room was given
a chance to speak.
11. (Each/Every) year, the
company organizes a charity event.
12. (Each/Every) time I
call him, he is busy.
13. (Each/Every) of the
children in the class passed the exam.
14. (Each/Every) day, I try
to learn something new.
15. The manager spoke to
(each/every) employee individually.
16. (Each/Every) summer, we
go on a family trip to the beach.
17. He gives (each/every)
task his full attention.
18. (Each/Every) student
has to submit their assignment by Friday.
19. (Each/Every) customer
must fill out this form before proceeding.
20. I enjoy (each/every)
moment I spend with my family.
21. (Each/Every) one of the
books in the library is important.
22. I’m going to call
(each/every) one of my friends to invite them to the party.
23. (Each/Every) section of
the exam is important to prepare for.
24. (Each/Every) time we
meet, we talk for hours.
25. (Each/Every) lesson in
this course is crucial for success.
26. I have (each/every)
reason to believe that we will succeed.
27. (Each/Every) detail in
the report was checked thoroughly.
28. (Each/Every) one of the
paintings was created by a different artist.
29. She took a photograph
of (each/every) building in the city.
30. We had to inspect
(each/every) corner of the house during the renovation.
40 fill-in-the-blank sentences using "each" and
"every" in brackets:
1. (Each/Every) person must wear a helmet
when riding a bike.
2. (Each/Every) of the students participated
in the competition.
3. I visit my parents (each/every) weekend.
4. (Each/Every) time I travel, I make sure to
take photos.
5. (Each/Every) member of the team was
praised for their hard work.
6. He finishes his work (each/every) day
before noon.
7. (Each/Every) room in the house is painted
a different color.
8. The teacher gave (each/every) student a
book to read.
9. (Each/Every) morning, I drink a cup of tea
to start my day.
10. We need to make sure that
(each/every) customer is satisfied with the service.
11. (Each/Every) time I see
him, he is wearing a new outfit.
12. (Each/Every) year, we
go camping in the mountains.
13. (Each/Every) piece of
artwork in the gallery is unique.
14. I have a meeting
(each/every) Friday afternoon.
15. (Each/Every) one of
them did a fantastic job.
16. The students were given (each/every)
opportunity to ask questions.
17. (Each/Every) book on
this shelf is worth reading.
18. I clean (each/every)
corner of the house on Saturday.
19. (Each/Every) person in the room clapped after
the performance.
20. (Each/Every) detail in
the report must be double-checked.
21. (Each/Every) of us has
a responsibility to contribute.
22. (Each/Every) time we meet, we talk about our
plans for the future.
23. The teacher answered
(each/every) question the students asked.
24. (Each/Every) task on
the list was completed on time.
25. (Each/Every) holiday, we exchange
gifts with friends and family.
26. I visit (each/every)
one of my relatives during the summer.
27. (Each/Every) lesson in
the course builds on the previous one.
28. (Each/Every) page of the
book contains important information.
29. (Each/Every) part of
the project must be completed before the deadline.
30. (Each/Every) child in
the class received a certificate.
31. The chef prepared
(each/every) dish with care and attention to detail.
32. I take (each/every)
opportunity to improve my skills.
33. (Each/Every) new
employee undergoes the same training.
34. (Each/Every) building
on this street has a unique design.
35. (Each/Every) week, I go
to the market to buy fresh vegetables.
36. (Each/Every) person at the party seemed to
have a good time.
37. (Each/Every) question
in the exam needs to be answered carefully.
38. (Each/Every) room in
the hotel has a beautiful view.
39. I speak to my best friend (each/every)
day.
40. (Each/Every) decision
we make impacts the outcome of the project.
Answers
The
correct answers for the 30 sentences using each or every:
1.
Each student was given a notebook at the beginning of the class.
2.
Each of the teachers attended the conference last week.
3.
I visit my grandparents every
Sunday.
4.
Every morning, I take a walk around the park.
5.
Each member of the team contributed to the project.
6.
He reads every page
of the book very carefully.
7.
Every time I see her, she is smiling.
8.
They check each
document for errors before submission.
9.
I saw each of my
friends at the party last night.
10.
Every person in the room was given a chance to speak.
11.
Every year, the company organizes a charity event.
12.
Every time I call him, he is busy.
13.
Each of the children in the class passed the exam.
14.
Every day, I try to learn something new.
15.
The manager spoke to each
employee individually.
16.
Every summer, we go on a family trip to the beach.
17.
He gives each task
his full attention.
18.
Every student has to submit their assignment by Friday.
19.
Every customer must fill out this form before proceeding.
20.
I enjoy every moment
I spend with my family.
21.
Each one of the books in the library is important.
22.
I’m going to call each
one of my friends to invite them to the party.
23.
Each section of the exam is important to prepare for.
24.
Every time we meet, we talk for hours.
25.
Every lesson in this course is crucial for success.
26.
I have every reason
to believe that we will succeed.
27.
Every detail in the report was checked thoroughly.
28.
Each one of the paintings was created by a different artist.
29.
She took a photograph of every
building in the city.
30.
We had to inspect each
corner of the house during the renovation.
The correct answers for the 40 fill-in-the-blank sentences using
each or every:
1.
Every person must wear a helmet when riding a bike.
2.
Each of the students participated in the competition.
3.
I visit my parents every
weekend.
4.
Every time I travel, I make sure to take photos.
5.
Each member of the team was praised for their hard work.
6.
He finishes his work every
day before noon.
7.
Each room in the house is painted a different color.
8.
The teacher gave each
student a book to read.
9.
Every morning, I drink a cup of tea to start my day.
10.
We need to make sure that every
customer is satisfied with the service.
11.
Every time I see him, he is wearing a new outfit.
12.
Every year, we go camping in the mountains.
13.
Each piece of artwork in the gallery is unique.
14.
I have a meeting every
Friday afternoon.
15.
Each one of them did a fantastic job.
16.
The students were given every
opportunity to ask questions.
17.
Every book on this shelf is worth reading.
18.
I clean each corner
of the house on Saturday.
19.
Every person in the room clapped after the performance.
20.
Every detail in the report must be double-checked.
21.
Each of us has a responsibility to contribute.
22.
Every time we meet, we talk about our plans for the future.
23.
The teacher answered every
question the students asked.
24.
Each task on the list was completed on time.
25.
Every holiday, we exchange gifts with friends and family.
26.
I visit each one of
my relatives during the summer.
27.
Every lesson in the course builds on the previous one.
28.
Every page of the book contains important information.
29.
Each part of the project must be completed before the deadline.
30.
Every child in the class received a certificate.
31.
The chef prepared each
dish with care and attention to detail.
32.
I take every
opportunity to improve my skills.
33.
Every new employee undergoes the same training.
34.
Every building on this street has a unique design.
35.
Every week, I go to the market to buy fresh vegetables.
36.
Every person at the party seemed to have a good time.
37.
Every question in the exam needs to be answered carefully.
38.
Every room in the hotel has a beautiful view.
39.
I speak to my best friend every
day.
40.
Every decision we make impacts the outcome of the project.
MUCH
·
Used with: Uncountable nouns (things you can’t count individually)
·
Meaning: A large amount
·
Example:
o There isn’t much water in the bottle.
o How much sugar do you want?
Uncountable nouns: water, money, milk, rice, advice, information, etc.
MANY
·
Used with: Countable nouns (things you can count one by one)
·
Meaning: A large number
·
Example:
o There are many books on the shelf.
o How many friends do you have?
Countable nouns: apples, people, chairs, cars, ideas, etc.
MORE
·
Used with: Both countable and uncountable nouns
·
Meaning: A greater number or amount (comparative of much/many)
·
Example:
o I need more time. (uncountable)
o There are more students in this class than last year. (countable)
Quick Comparison Table
|
Word |
Used With |
Meaning |
Example |
|
Much |
Uncountable
nouns |
A
lot (amount) |
She
doesn’t have much money. |
|
Many |
Countable
nouns |
A
lot (number) |
He
has many books. |
|
More |
Both |
Greater
amount/number |
We
need more chairs / more water. |
Use of most of, all of, some of, both of, and none of
The definitions and examples for most of, all of, some
of, both of, and none of:
1. Most of:
o Definition: Refers to the
majority or a large part of something.
o Example: Most of the students
passed the exam.
This means that the majority of students passed the exam, but not necessarily
all of them.
2. All of:
o Definition: Refers to the
complete or entire amount of something.
o Example: All of the books are on
the shelf.
This means every single book is on the shelf, without exception.
3. Some of:
o Definition: Refers to an unspecified
or partial amount of something.
o Example: Some of the apples are
ripe.
This means that a portion of the apples are ripe, but not necessarily all of
them.
4. Both of:
o Definition: Refers to two items
or people being considered together.
o Example: Both of my friends are
coming to the party.
This means that the two friends are coming together to the party.
5. None of:
o Definition: Refers to not any or
not a single part of something.
o Example: None of the answers
were correct.
This means that not even a single answer was correct.
25 fill-in-the-blank questions
using many, more, much, with options in brackets for each question:
1. How ______ sugar do you take in your tea?
(much / many / more)
2. She doesn’t have ______ friends in the new
school. (many / much / more)
3. We need to buy ______ chairs for the
event. (more / many / much)
4. I don’t have ______ time to talk right
now. (much / many / more)
5. There are too ______ people in the room.
(many / much / more)
6. He wants to earn ______ money to buy a
car. (more / many / much)
7. I didn’t eat ______ for breakfast today.
(much / many / more)
8. Are there ______ books in the library?
(many / more / much)
9. She has ______ experience than I do. (more
/ many / much)
10. We don’t need ______ salt in this recipe.
(much / many / more)
11. There aren’t ______ buses running today.
(many / much / more)
12. Can you give me ______ information about
the course? (much / more / many)
13. How ______ pencils do you need? (many /
much / more)
14. I need ______ help with this assignment.
(more / many / much)
15. They didn’t drink ______ water after the
match. (much / many / more)
16. She has ______ dresses than her sister.
(more / many / much)
17. There isn’t ______ noise in the library.
(much / many / more)
18. Do we need ______ volunteers for the
event? (more / much / many)
19. He didn’t show ______ interest in the
project. (much / many / more)
20. How ______ apples are in the basket? (many
/ much / more)
21. I want to learn ______ languages. (more /
much / many)
22. There isn’t ______ oil left in the bottle.
(much / many / more)
23. We had ______ problems with the old
computer. (many / much / more)
24. They should eat ______ vegetables every day.
(more / many / much)
25. She spends too ______ time on social media.
(much / many / more)
50 fill-in-the-blank questions using "many,"
"more," and "much," with options in brackets:
1. There aren’t __________ people in the
room. (many / much)
2. We need __________ time to finish the
project. (more / many)
3. I don’t have __________ homework tonight.
(much / many)
4. How __________ books do you have on your
shelf? (many / much)
5. He has __________ experience than I do.
(more / many)
6. There are __________ cars in the parking
lot today. (many / much)
7. She doesn’t eat __________ vegetables.
(much / many)
8. I think we need __________ sugar for this
recipe. (more / many)
9. How __________ water do you drink every
day? (much / many)
10. There were __________
students in the class yesterday. (many / much)
11. I can’t carry
__________ bags at once. (many / much)
12. We should buy __________ chairs for the
event. (more / many)
13. There’s __________
noise in the street tonight. (much / many)
14. I would like __________
help with this problem. (much / many)
15. __________ people attended the
conference. (Much / Many)
16. There’s not __________
coffee left in the pot. (much / many)
17. She has __________
friends than I thought. (more / many)
18. There is __________ salt in this
dish. (much / many)
19. How __________ miles
did you run today? (many / much)
20. I want to see
__________ films this weekend. (many / much)
21. __________ students have completed their
assignments. (Much / Many)
22. There’s not __________
time to waste. (much / many)
23. He has __________
patience than anyone I know. (more / much)
24. We need __________ volunteers for the
event. (more / many)
25. I don’t have __________
money to spend today. (much / many)
26. There are __________
animals in the zoo. (many / much)
27. She’s got __________ energy for her
age. (much / many)
28. I have __________ work
to do this afternoon. (much / many)
29. We need __________
chairs for the meeting. (more / many)
30. I don’t know __________ people at the
party. (many / much)
31. How __________ time is
left before the movie starts? (much / many)
32. There’s not __________
hope left in this situation. (much / many)
33. I’ve read __________
books on this topic. (many / much)
34. How __________
information do you need for your report? (much / many)
35. He spends __________
time playing video games. (much / many)
36. I have __________ ideas
for the project. (many / much)
37. We don’t need
__________ food for the picnic. (much / many)
38. She’s __________
talented than I expected. (more / much)
39. They have __________
experience in this field. (more / many)
40. There’s not __________
oil in the car. (much / many)
41. How __________ chairs
are in the room? (many / much)
42. I need __________ paper
to finish this project. (more / much)
43. She has __________
patience than most people. (more / many)
44. There are __________
stars in the sky tonight. (many / much)
45. How __________ time do
you spend on your hobbies? (much / many)
46. There’s __________ work
left to do. (much / many)
47. I’ve learned __________
from this experience. (much / many)
48. We have __________
choices for lunch. (many / much)
49. There’s __________ to
do before we leave. (much / many)
50. They need __________
help with their project. (more / many)
Answer
Answers for the 25 fill-in-the-blank questions using
"many," "more," and "much":
1. How much sugar do you take in your
tea? (much)
2. She doesn’t have many friends in
the new school. (many)
3. We need to buy more chairs for the
event. (more)
4. I don’t have much time to talk
right now. (much)
5. There are too many people in the
room. (many)
6. He wants to earn more money to buy
a car. (more)
7. I didn’t eat much for breakfast
today. (much)
8. Are there many books in the
library? (many)
9. She has more experience than I do.
(more)
10. We don’t need much
salt in this recipe. (much)
11. There aren’t many
buses running today. (many)
12. Can you give me more
information about the course? (more)
13. How many pencils
do you need? (many)
14. I need more help
with this assignment. (more)
15. They didn’t drink much water
after the match. (much)
16. She has more
dresses than her sister. (more)
17. There isn’t much
noise in the library. (much)
18. Do we need more volunteers
for the event? (more)
19. He didn’t show much
interest in the project. (much)
20. How many apples
are in the basket? (many)
21. I want to learn more
languages. (more)
22. There isn’t much oil
left in the bottle. (much)
23. We had many
problems with the old computer. (many)
24. They should eat more
vegetables every day. (more)
25. She spends too much
time on social media. (much)
answers for the 50 fill-in-the-blank questions using
"many," "more," and "much":
1. There aren’t many people in the
room. (many)
2. We need more time to finish the
project. (more)
3. I don’t have much homework tonight.
(much)
4. How many books do you have on your
shelf? (many)
5. He has more experience than I do.
(more)
6. There are many cars in the parking
lot today. (many)
7. She doesn’t eat much vegetables.
(much)
8. I think we need more sugar for this
recipe. (more)
9. How much water do you drink every
day? (much)
10. There were many
students in the class yesterday. (many)
11. I can’t carry many
bags at once. (many)
12. We should buy more chairs for
the event. (more)
13. There’s much
noise in the street tonight. (much)
14. I would like much
help with this problem. (much)
15. Many people
attended the conference. (Many)
16. There’s not much
coffee left in the pot. (much)
17. She has more
friends than I thought. (more)
18. There is much
salt in this dish. (much)
19. How many miles did you run
today? (many)
20. I want to see many
films this weekend. (many)
21. Many students
have completed their assignments. (Many)
22. There’s not much
time to waste. (much)
23. He has more
patience than anyone I know. (more)
24. We need more
volunteers for the event. (more)
25. I don’t have much
money to spend today. (much)
26. There are many animals in the
zoo. (many)
27. She’s got much
energy for her age. (much)
28. I have much work
to do this afternoon. (much)
29. We need more
chairs for the meeting. (more)
30. I don’t know many
people at the party. (many)
31. How much time is
left before the movie starts? (much)
32. There’s not much
hope left in this situation. (much)
33. I’ve read many books on this
topic. (many)
34. How much
information do you need for your report? (much)
35. He spends much
time playing video games. (much)
36. I have many ideas
for the project. (many)
37. We don’t need much
food for the picnic. (much)
38. She’s more
talented than I expected. (more)
39. They have more
experience in this field. (more)
40. There’s not much oil
in the car. (much)
41. How many chairs
are in the room? (many)
42. I need more
paper to finish this project. (more)
43. She has more
patience than most people. (more)
44. There are many
stars in the sky tonight. (many)
45. How much time do
you spend on your hobbies? (much)
46. There’s much
work left to do. (much)
47. I’ve learned much from this
experience. (much)
48. We have many
choices for lunch. (many)
49. There’s much to
do before we leave. (much)
50. They need more
help with their project. (more)
FEW
·
Used with: Countable nouns (things you can count one by one: books,
people, apples, etc.)
·
Meaning: Not many, almost none (negative tone)
·
Example:
o Few students came to the class today.
→ (Almost no students came; very small number.)
Related forms:
·
A few = some, but not many (positive tone)
Example: A few friends are coming over.
→ (Some friends are coming.)
LITTLE
·
Used with: Uncountable nouns (things you can’t count individually:
water, sugar, time, money, etc.)
·
Meaning: Not much, almost none (negative tone)
·
Example:
o There is little water in the bottle.
→ (Almost no water; very small amount.)
Related forms:
·
A little = some, but not much (positive tone)
Example: There is a little hope left.
→ (Some hope remains.)
Quick Tip:
|
Expression |
Countable |
Uncountable |
Meaning |
|
few |
✅ |
❌ |
almost
none (negative) |
|
a
few |
✅ |
❌ |
some
(positive) |
|
little |
❌ |
✅ |
almost
none (negative) |
|
a
little |
❌ |
✅ |
some
(positive) |
25 fill-in-the-blank questions using few, a few, little, a little
with options in brackets for each. These are great for grammar practice:
1. There were only ______ people at the
meeting. (few / a few / little)
2. She added ______ milk to the tea. (few / a
little / little)
3. I have ______ money left; let’s spend it
wisely. (a little / few / a few)
4. Only ______ students passed the difficult
exam. (few / little / a few)
5. We had ______ problems during our trip. (a
few / little / few)
6. There’s very ______ hope of success.
(little / a little / few)
7. Can I have ______ more time to complete
the task? (a little / little / few)
8. They have ______ friends in the city, so
they often feel lonely. (few / a few / little)
9. He drank ______ water before leaving. (few
/ a few / a little)
10. She has ______
experience with graphic design. (a little / few / a few)
11. Only ______ tourists
visit this remote village. (few / a little / little)
12. We have ______ biscuits
left in the jar. (a few / little / few)
13. The patient has ______
energy; he should rest. (little / a few / few)
14. ______ books on that
shelf are worth reading. (A few / Little / Few)
15. I have ______ interest
in politics. (little / few / a few)
16. Just ______ changes
were made to the original plan. (a few / few / little)
17. She has ______ patience
with noisy children. (little / few / a little)
18. ______ musicians get a
chance to perform internationally. (Few / Little / A little)
19. We need ______ salt for
this recipe. (a little / little / few)
20. He made ______ mistakes in the test, but
overall it was good. (a few / little / few)
21. There is ______ traffic
today; we’ll arrive early. (little / few / a few)
22. ______ people truly
understand how hard this job is. (Few / A little / Little)
23. I brought ______ gifts
for the children. (a few / few / a little)
24. We found ______
evidence to support the theory. (little / a little / few)
25. The teacher gave us ______ advice before the
exam. (a little / a few / few)
40 fill-in-the-blank questions using few, a few, little, a little,
each with multiple choice options in brackets:
1. She has ______ friends in the city to hang
out with. (few / a few / little)
2. We have ______ time left before the train
arrives. (little / a little / few)
3. Only ______ students submitted their
assignments on time. (few / little / a few)
4. He added ______ sugar to the coffee. (a
little / few / little)
5. There were ______ people at the event due
to the rain. (few / a little / little)
6. Can I borrow ______ money until tomorrow?
(a little / little / a few)
7. I have read ______ books by that author.
(few / a few / little)
8. She has ______ interest in sports. (little
/ a few / few)
9. There’s ______ hope left now. (a little /
little / few)
10. We bought ______ apples
from the market. (a few / little / few)
11. He had ______ sleep
last night and looks tired. (little / few / a few)
12. They spent ______ days
in Pokhara last month. (a few / few / little)
13. I need ______ help with
this project. (a little / little / few)
14. There are ______ people who can do this
job well. (few / a few / little)
15. The soup needs ______
salt. (a little / few / little)
16. We encountered ______
difficulties during our hike. (a few / little / few)
17. She has ______ patience
with rude customers. (little / few / a little)
18. He made ______ mistakes
in the essay. (a few / little / few)
19. There’s ______ water
left in the bottle. (little / a little / few)
20. Only ______ guests
showed up at the party. (few / a few / little)
21. I brought ______ gifts
for the children. (a few / few / a little)
22. ______ effort can make
a big difference. (A little / A few / Few)
23. The team has ______
chances of winning the match. (few / little / a few)
24. He knows ______ people
in this town. (few / a few / little)
25. We need ______ more
chairs for the meeting. (a few / few / a little)
26. ______ students asked
questions after the lecture. (A few / Few / Little)
27. There was ______ food
left at the end of the event. (little / few / a little)
28. The guide gave us
______ information about the site. (a little / few / little)
29. I have ______ money
saved for emergencies. (a little / little / few)
30. ______ tourists visit
this place in winter. (Few / A few / Little)
31. She bought ______
souvenirs from her trip. (a few / few / little)
32. They have ______
knowledge of the subject. (little / a little / few)
33. ______ drops of oil can
damage the engine. (A few / A little / Few)
34. The village had ______
facilities for tourists. (few / a few / little)
35. He had ______ reasons for quitting his job.
(a few / few / a little)
36. There’s ______ noise in
the library. (little / a little / few)
37. I have ______ time to
talk right now. (little / a little / few)
38. We spent ______ hours
discussing the project. (a few / few / little)
39. Only ______ children
were absent today. (few / a few / little)
40. She has ______ talent
for singing. (a little / little / few)
Answers
answers to the 25 fill-in-the-blank questions using
"few," "a few," "little," and "a
little":
1. There were only a few people at the
meeting. (a few)
2. She added a little milk to the tea.
(a little)
3. I have a little money left; let’s
spend it wisely. (a little)
4. Only a few students passed the
difficult exam. (a few)
5. We had a few problems during our
trip. (a few)
6. There’s very little hope of
success. (little)
7. Can I have a little more time to
complete the task? (a little)
8. They have few friends in the city,
so they often feel lonely. (few)
9. He drank a little water before
leaving. (a little)
10. She has a little
experience with graphic design. (a little)
11. Only few
tourists visit this remote village. (few)
12. We have a few
biscuits left in the jar. (a few)
13. The patient has little
energy; he should rest. (little)
14. A few books on
that shelf are worth reading. (A few)
15. I have little
interest in politics. (little)
16. Just a few
changes were made to the original plan. (a few)
17. She has little
patience with noisy children. (little)
18. Few musicians
get a chance to perform internationally. (Few)
19. We need a little
salt for this recipe. (a little)
20. He made a few
mistakes in the test, but overall it was good. (a few)
21. There is little
traffic today; we’ll arrive early. (little)
22. Few people truly
understand how hard this job is. (Few)
23. I brought a few
gifts for the children. (a few)
24. We found little
evidence to support the theory. (little)
25. The teacher gave us a
little advice before the exam. (a little)
answers to the 40 fill-in-the-blank questions using
"few," "a few," "little," and "a
little":
1. She has a few friends in the city
to hang out with. (a few)
2. We have little time left before the
train arrives. (little)
3. Only a few students submitted their
assignments on time. (a few)
4. He added a little sugar to the
coffee. (a little)
5. There were few people at the event
due to the rain. (few)
6. Can I borrow a little money until
tomorrow? (a little)
7. I have read a few books by that
author. (a few)
8. She has little interest in sports.
(little)
9. There’s little hope left now.
(little)
10. We bought a few
apples from the market. (a few)
11. He had little
sleep last night and looks tired. (little)
12. They spent a few
days in Pokhara last month. (a few)
13. I need a little
help with this project. (a little)
14. There are few people
who can do this job well. (few)
15. The soup needs a
little salt. (a little)
16. We encountered a few
difficulties during our hike. (a few)
17. She has little
patience with rude customers. (little)
18. He made a few
mistakes in the essay. (a few)
19. There’s little
water left in the bottle. (little)
20. Only a few
guests showed up at the party. (a few)
21. I brought a few
gifts for the children. (a few)
22. A little effort
can make a big difference. (A little)
23. The team has few
chances of winning the match. (few)
24. He knows a few
people in this town. (a few)
25. We need a few
more chairs for the meeting. (a few)
26. A few students
asked questions after the lecture. (A few)
27. There was little
food left at the end of the event. (little)
28. The guide gave us a
little information about the site. (a little)
29. I have a little money saved for
emergencies. (a little)
30. Few tourists
visit this place in winter. (Few)
31. She bought a few
souvenirs from her trip. (a few)
32. They have little
knowledge of the subject. (little)
33. A few drops of
oil can damage the engine. (A few)
34. The village had few
facilities for tourists. (few)
35. He had a few
reasons for quitting his job. (a few)
36. There’s little
noise in the library. (little)
37. I have little
time to talk right now. (little)
38. We spent a few
hours discussing the project. (a few)
39. Only a few children were absent
today. (a few)
40. She has a little
talent for singing. (a little)
Use of most of, all of, some of, both of,
and none of
The definitions and examples for most of, all of, some
of, both of, and none of:
1. Most of:
o Definition: Refers to the
majority or a large part of something.
o Example: Most of the students
passed the exam.
This means that the majority of students passed the exam, but not necessarily
all of them.
2. All of:
o Definition: Refers to the
complete or entire amount of something.
o Example: All of the books are on
the shelf.
This means every single book is on the shelf, without exception.
3. Some of:
o Definition: Refers to an
unspecified or partial amount of something.
o Example: Some of the apples are
ripe.
This means that a portion of the apples are ripe, but not necessarily all of
them.
4. Both of:
o Definition: Refers to two items
or people being considered together.
o Example: Both of my friends are
coming to the party.
This means that the two friends are coming together to the party.
5. None of:
o Definition: Refers to not any or
not a single part of something.
o Example: None of the answers
were correct.
This means that not even a single answer was correct.
50 fill-in-the-blank sentences using most of, all of,
some of, both of, and none of in brackets:
1. (Most of/All of) the students passed the
exam with flying colors.
2. (Some of/Both of) the cookies are burnt,
but the rest are fine.
3. (None of/Most of) the answers were correct
in the quiz.
4. I’ve read (all of/most of) the chapters in
the book.
5. (Both of/Some of) my friends are coming to
the party tonight.
6. (Most of/None of) the teachers agreed with
the new policy.
7. I visited (all of/none of) the places on
the list during my trip.
8. (Some of/Most of) the flowers in the
garden are blooming.
9. (Both of/None of) the applicants were
qualified for the position.
10. (All of/Most of) the
students have completed their assignments.
11. I ate (all of/none of)
the pizza last night.
12. (Both of/Some of) the
paintings were sold at the auction.
13. (Some of/Most of) the team
members are on vacation this week.
14. (None of/Most of) the
food was left after the party.
15. (All of/Some of) the
books are on the shelf.
16. (Most of/None of) the
roads were closed due to the storm.
17. (Some of/Most of) the
children have finished their homework.
18. I know (both of/none
of) them very well.
19. (Most of/None of) the
guests enjoyed the performance.
20. We visited (all of/none
of) the famous landmarks during our tour.
21. (Both of/None of) the
proposals were rejected by the committee.
22. (Some of/Most of) the
people in the crowd were cheering loudly.
23. (None of/Most of) the
information provided was useful.
24. I have seen (all
of/most of) the movies in the series.
25. (Both of/Some of) the
books in the library are out of print.
26. (All of/Some of) the
students participated in the talent show.
27. (Most of/None of) the
budget has been allocated for this project.
28. (Some of/Most of) the old houses in the
area have been renovated.
29. (None of/Most of) the
equipment was damaged during the move.
30. (All of/Some of) my
friends are coming over for dinner.
31. (Most of/None of) the city was
affected by the flood.
32. (Both of/None of) the
restaurants were closed when we arrived.
33. (All of/Some of) the
members were present at the meeting.
34. I took (all of/most of) the
photos during the trip.
35. (Some of/Both of) the
books are available in digital format.
36. (None of/Most of) the
crowd was disappointed with the concert.
37. (Most of/All of) the work has
been completed on time.
38. I’ve read (all of/most
of) the novels by that author.
39. (None of/Some of) the
fruits are ripe yet.
40. (Most of/None of) the
employees have received their bonuses.
41. (Some of/Most of) the
meetings have been postponed due to the holiday.
42. (Both of/Some of) the
shirts I ordered were too small.
43. (All of/None of) the information in
the report was accurate.
44. (Most of/None of) the
students attended the seminar last week.
45. (Both of/Some of) the
musicians played beautiful solos during the concert.
46. I’ve heard (none
of/most of) the songs on the new album.
47. (Some of/Most of) the
team had already left when I arrived.
48. (Both of/None of) the
speakers were able to attend the conference.
49. (Most of/Some of) the
questions on the test were quite difficult.
50. (All of/None of) the
tickets for the event were sold out in minutes.
Answers
The
correct answers for the 50 fill-in-the-blank sentences using most of, all
of, some of, both of, and none of:
1.
Most of the students passed the exam with flying colors.
2.
Some of the cookies are burnt, but the rest are fine.
3.
None of the answers were correct in the quiz.
4.
I’ve read most of the
chapters in the book.
5.
Both of my friends are coming to the party tonight.
6.
Most of the teachers agreed with the new policy.
7.
I visited all of the
places on the list during my trip.
8.
Most of the flowers in the garden are blooming.
9.
None of the applicants were qualified for the position.
10.
All of the students have completed their assignments.
11.
I ate all of the
pizza last night.
12.
Both of the paintings were sold at the auction.
13.
Some of the team members are on vacation this week.
14.
None of the food was left after the party.
15.
All of the books are on the shelf.
16.
Most of the roads were closed due to the storm.
17.
Most of the children have finished their homework.
18.
I know both of them
very well.
19.
Most of the guests enjoyed the performance.
20.
We visited all of the
famous landmarks during our tour.
21.
Both of the proposals were rejected by the committee.
22.
Most of the people in the crowd were cheering loudly.
23.
None of the information provided was useful.
24.
I have seen most of
the movies in the series.
25.
Some of the books in the library are out of print.
26.
All of the students participated in the talent show.
27.
Most of the budget has been allocated for this project.
28.
Most of the old houses in the area have been renovated.
29.
None of the equipment was damaged during the move.
30.
Some of my friends are coming over for dinner.
31.
Most of the city was affected by the flood.
32.
Both of the restaurants were closed when we arrived.
33.
All of the members were present at the meeting.
34.
I took most of the
photos during the trip.
35.
Some of the books are available in digital format.
36.
Most of the crowd was disappointed with the concert.
37.
All of the work has been completed on time.
38.
I’ve read most of the
novels by that author.
39.
None of the fruits are ripe yet.
40.
Most of the employees have received their bonuses.
41.
Most of the meetings have been postponed due to the holiday.
42.
Both of the shirts I ordered were too small.
43.
All of the information in the report was accurate.
44.
Most of the students attended the seminar last week.
45.
Both of the musicians played beautiful solos during the concert.
46.
I’ve heard most of
the songs on the new album.
47.
Most of the team had already left when I arrived.
48.
None of the speakers were able to attend the conference.
49.
Most of the questions on the test were quite difficult.
50.
All of the tickets for the event were sold out in minutes.
Grammar (from book)
B. Complete the following sentences with much, many, few
or little.
a. He is an introvert. He
has got very few friends.
b. I am busy in preparing my examinations. I
have very little time to give to you.
c. The entire winter season was dry this year.
We had little rain.
d. Our town has almost been modernized. There
are few old buildings left.
e. You can come today. I haven’t got much
to do.
f. The party was crowded. There were too many
people.
g. How many photographs did you
take while you were in Switzerland?
h. There was little traffic so I
came in time.
i. Can I borrow few books from
you?
j. Mohan can’t be a good teacher. He has little
patience.
C. Put each or every in the following sentences.
a. The party split into
three factions, each faction headed by a former prime minister.
b. Leap years occur every four
years.
c. Every parent worries about
their children.
d. We had a great time in Singapore. We
enjoyed every minute of our time.
e. I could catch the main idea of his speech
but I didn’t understand each of his words.
f. In Nepal, every motorcycle
rider should wear a helmet.
g. You must read each of these
books for the exam.
D. Rewrite the following sentences using all of, most of, none of, both of
or some of.
a. Your garden is superb. Most
of the flowers are beautiful.
b. Do you know Bharat and Kamal? Of course, I
do. Both of them are my friends.
c. I bought a box of apples thinking it would
be cheaper but I was mistaken. All of them were rotten.
d. When I was in the town, I asked some people
for direction but none of them were able to help me. I had to
call my friend.
e. We all were soaked in the rain because none
of us had carried an umbrella.
f. My father is healthy in his seventies but
he feels isolated because all of his friends are dead now.
g. All of the tourists are not Chinese. Some
of them are Korean too.
E. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete the
sentences.
a. Give me the money I
owe you. (which/the/a/an)
b. I want the boat which would
take me to the island. (the/an/those/a)
c. Could you pour me some water,
please? (many/few/these/some)
d. Only a few employees know how
important the project was. (a few/a little/little/few)
e. He was looking for an
umbrella. (an/a/those/these)
f. A large amount of water was
evaporated due to excessive heat. (A large number of/ A lot of/ A large amount
of/Many)
Critical thinking
a. "Every match is a new
opportunity. Put its failure behind and start over again." Does this apply
to the Italian football team when we analyse their performance from their
failure to qualify for the World Cup Football to their victory in the European
Championship in these four years?
The statement, “Every
match is a new opportunity. Put its failure behind and start over again,”
perfectly applies to the Italian football team when we analyze their journey
from failing to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to winning the UEFA
European Championship in 2021.
Failing to qualify for the
World Cup was a huge shock for Italy, a nation with a rich football history. It
was a moment of disappointment for players, coaches, and fans alike. However,
instead of dwelling on that failure, the team used it as a learning experience.
They critically analyzed their mistakes, improved team strategies, and focused
on nurturing young talent. The failure became a source of motivation rather
than a permanent setback.
Over the next four years,
the Italian team worked tirelessly under their new coach. They trained
rigorously, built team cohesion, and developed mental strength. By the time of
the European Championship in 2021, Italy was ready. Their victory against
strong opponents demonstrated resilience, discipline, and the ability to
convert past failures into future success.
This journey proves that
failure is not the end but an opportunity to grow. Italy’s example teaches us
that setbacks are temporary if we learn from them, work hard, and maintain
hope. Every new match, like every new day, offers a chance to start over and
achieve success.
In conclusion, Italy’s
rise from disappointment to triumph is a perfect illustration of how
determination, adaptation, and optimism can turn failure into victory.
b. When a team plays in a home ground,
it gets a huge support from the audience in the stadium. Does this support them
to win the match or the players may feel pressure to win and thus lose? What do
you think?
Playing on a home ground
has always been considered an advantage in sports. The support from the
audience can boost players’ confidence, motivation, and energy. When fans cheer
for their team, it creates a positive atmosphere that encourages players to
perform at their best. This psychological boost often leads to better teamwork,
faster reactions, and higher chances of winning. Many teams around the world
have achieved remarkable victories at home, largely due to the overwhelming
support of their fans.
However, the presence of a
home crowd can also create pressure. Players may feel the weight of
expectations from thousands of spectators, family, and local media. The fear of
disappointing the fans can cause stress and nervousness, which might affect
concentration and decision-making. In some cases, this pressure has led teams
to make mistakes and even lose matches they were expected to win.
In my opinion, whether
home support helps or hinders depends on the players’ mental strength.
Experienced athletes often use the audience’s energy positively, treating
cheers as motivation. Younger or less confident players, however, may struggle
with high expectations. Coaches can help by training players to manage pressure
and focus on the game rather than the crowd.
In conclusion, home ground
advantage is a double-edged sword. It can inspire victory or create stress
leading to failure. Success depends on how well players channel the energy of
the fans and maintains their composure under pressure.
Unit 4 Technology
Add
three more words that are formed with the following prefixes.
a.
hyper
hyperloop, hypersensitive,
hyperlipidaemia, hyperinflation.
b.
ultra
ultrahigh, ultralight, ultrashort,
ultrabasic, ultrafiche.
c. up
uphill, Upwork, upside, uplift
d. over
overcoming, overwhelm, overdrunk,
oversized
e.
multi
multibillion, multinational,
multicultural, multiply
a. hyper
a) hyperactive
b) hypercritical
c) hypertext
b. ultra
a) ultraviolet
b) ultramodern
c) ultrasonic
c. up
a) upgrade
b) uproot
c) update
d. over
a) overestimate
b) overreact
c) overload
e. multi
a) multimedia
b) multitask
c) multigrain
Definition of Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement means the verb
must agree with its subject in number and person:
· A singular subject takes a singular
verb.
· A plural subject takes a plural
verb.
To learn about the process of making sentences, you have to
learn the noun (subject) and verb relation in detail.
Singular
nouns and plural noun
|
Singular
noun (subject) |
verbs |
|
Ram Sita He She It A baby A child This That Man Woman Only one thing
or subject |
V5 (does), is,
has, was |
|
Plural
noun (subject) |
verbs |
|
Ram and Sita They We You The babies The children These Those Men Women Two or more
than two |
V1 (do), are,
have, were |
Note: The subject "I" takes v1,do, am, have, & was as
verbs.
Subject-Verb Agreement Rules (Basic to Advanced)
Subject-Verb Agreement Rules (1–85)
(From Basic to Advance)
1.
Basic Rule: Singular subject takes singular verb; plural subject takes plural
verb.
She writes every day. / They write every day.
2.
Two singular nouns joined by "and" = plural verb.
Rita and Sam are friends.
3.
Two singular nouns joined by "or" or "nor" = singular verb.
Either the teacher or the student is responsible.
4.
Singular + plural subject joined by "or" or "nor" – verb
agrees with the nearest subject.
Either the students or the teacher is wrong.
Either the teacher or the students are wrong.
5.
Collective nouns take singular/plural verb depending on meaning.
The team is winning. / The team are arguing among themselves.
6.
Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs.
The information is useful.
7.
Subjects joined by "as well as", "along with", "together
with" take verb of the first subject.
The manager, as well as the employees, is present.
8.
Titles of books/movies/organizations take singular verbs even if plural in
form.
The United Nations is meeting today.
9.
Words like "each", "every", "either",
"neither" take singular verbs.
Each of the students is present.
10.
With fractions and percentages, verb depends on noun after "of".
Half of the cake is gone. / Half of the cookies are gone.
11.
"None" can take singular or plural verb depending on meaning.
None of the money is missing. / None of the students are absent.
12.
"Some", "all", "most" take verb depending on
object after "of".
Some of the water is contaminated. / Some of the books are missing.
13.
In sentences beginning with "here" or "there", subject
comes after the verb.
There are many problems.
14.
Plural subjects + "with"/"as well as" = verb agrees with
main subject.
The teacher, along with the students, is excited.
15.
Infinitive or gerund phrase as subject = singular verb.
To read is important. / Swimming helps you stay fit.
16.
Words like "mathematics", "news", "physics" =
singular.
Mathematics is my favorite subject.
17.
With "not only... but also", verb agrees with the second subject.
Not only the teacher but also the students are excited.
18.
With "either...or", "neither...nor", verb agrees with the
nearer subject.
Neither the students nor the teacher is here.
19.
Words ending in "s" but singular in meaning = singular verb.
The news is shocking.
20.
Subject modified by phrases like "together with" = verb agrees with
main subject.
The president, together with his advisors, is attending the meeting.
Intermediate Rules (21–60)
21.
Names of diseases = singular.
Diabetes is increasing globally.
22.
Indefinite pronouns = usually singular.
Everyone is invited.
23.
"And" joins subjects that refer to one person = singular verb.
My friend and mentor is here.
24.
Plural form nouns but singular in meaning = singular verb.
Economics is a tough subject.
25.
Titles or names of works = singular verb.
The Lord of the Rings is a classic.
26.
Expressions of time, money, or distance = singular verb.
Ten dollars is enough.
27.
"The number of" = singular verb.
The number of applicants is increasing.
28.
"A number of" = plural verb.
A number of students are absent.
29.
Inverted sentences – verb agrees with subject after it.
Here are the books you requested.
30.
Collective nouns used plurally = plural verb.
The jury are divided in their opinions.
31.
"None" = singular or plural verb based on context.
None of the cake is left. / None of the players are ready.
32.
Plural-looking nouns referring to one entity = singular.
The scissors is on the table. (Note: informally, "are" is
more common.)
33.
"Both... and..." = plural verb.
Both my brother and sister are doctors.
34.
"More than one..." = singular verb.
More than one student is absent.
35.
Ignore modifying phrase after subject for verb agreement.
The boy with the dogs is friendly.
36.
Singular subject = singular verb
She plays well.
37.
Plural subject = plural verb
They play football.
38.
Two singular nouns with "and" = plural verb
Ram and Shyam are friends.
39.
Uncountable nouns = singular verb
Water is essential.
40.
Collective nouns = singular verb (when seen as a unit)
The team wins the match.
41.
Titles of books/movies = singular
"The Avengers" is popular.
42.
Indefinite pronouns = singular
Everyone likes music.
43.
Subjects separated by commas = use plural
Ramesh, Suresh, and Ganesh are here.
44.
"Either/or", "neither/nor" – verb agrees with nearer
subject
Neither he nor his friends are coming.
45.
"Each", "every", etc. = singular
Each boy has a pen.
46.
Time, money, distance = singular
Five kilometers is a long walk.
47.
Nouns ending in -s (maths, physics) = singular
Mathematics is difficult.
48.
"One of" + plural = singular verb
One of the girls is absent.
49.
"The number of..." = singular
The number of students is increasing.
50.
"A number of..." = plural
A number of students are playing.
Advanced Rules (61–85)
61.
Fractions + uncountable = singular
Half of the water is gone.
62.
Fractions + countable = plural
Half of the apples are rotten.
63.
"There is"/"There are" – verb agrees with subject
There are many books.
64.
Singular + “or”/“nor” = singular verb
Neither tea nor coffee is available.
65.
Plural nouns used for tools = plural
Scissors are sharp.
66.
"More than one" = singular
More than one student has passed.
67.
"Many a" = singular
Many a man has failed.
68.
Plural form but singular meaning = singular
Economics is interesting.
69.
"Each of"/"Every one of" = singular
Each of the players is tired.
70.
Plural numbers as unit = singular
Ten years is a long time.
71.
Gerund subject = singular
Swimming is fun.
72.
"The majority of" – verb follows noun
The majority of people are happy.
73.
"As well as", etc. – verb with first subject
The teacher, as well as students, was present.
74.
Verb agrees with subject, not object
The list of items is long.
75.
Compound subject = one item = singular
Bread and butter is my breakfast.
76.
Proper nouns ending in "s" = singular
The United States is large.
77.
Relative clauses – verb agrees with antecedent
She is one of the girls who dance well.
78.
"Each of them who…" = verb with "each" = singular
Each of them who studies will pass.
79.
"None of the + plural noun" = plural
None of the students are present.
80.
"None" with uncountable = singular
None of the milk is wasted.
81.
"One-third of", "some of" = verb agrees with object
One-third of the books are missing.
82.
Plural nouns as one idea = singular
Fish and chips is my lunch.
83.
"One of those who..." = plural verb
She is one of those girls who work hard.
84.
Inversion – verb follows true subject
On the table lies the book.
85.
Always identify the real subject for correct verb
The sound of bells is soothing.
Grammar ( from book)
B. Rewrite the following sentences with the correct form of the
verbs in the brackets.
a. The invitation is for one person. I don’t mind whether you or
she (come) to the party.
The invitation is for one person. I don’t mind
whether you or she comes to the party.
b. Neither the MPs nor the Prime Minister (have) felt regret for
the party split.
Neither the MPs nor the Prime Minister has
felt regret for the party split.
c. I don’t care whether he or she (win) the lottery.
I don’t care whether he or she wins the
lottery.
d. Either the Kantipur or the Republica (be) used for the
advertisement.
Either the Kantipur or the Republica is
used for the advertisement.
e. She speaks in a strange accent. Neither I nor my sister
(understand) her.
She speaks in a strange accent. Neither I nor
my sister understands her.
f. I forgot whether the singers or the actress (be) given the Film
Fair Award last year.
I forgot whether the singers or the actress was
given the Film Fair Award last year.
g. Neither the tracksuit nor the pajamas (fit) me perfectly.
Neither the tracksuit nor the pajamas fit me
perfectly.
h. Neither the gas fire nor the electric heaters (be) suitable for
room heating.
Neither the gas fire nor the electric heaters are
suitable for room heating.
Subject-Verb Agreement – Practice Questions
1. The quality of the shoes (be) not up to
the mark.
2. Neither the teacher nor the students
(have) arrived yet.
3. A bouquet of red roses (make) the room
look beautiful.
4. Each of the candidates (was/were) given a
number.
5. Ten thousand rupees (is/are) too much for
that old bike.
6. Mathematics (is/are) an interesting
subject.
7. Either you or your friend (has/have) to
submit the form.
8. The committee (has/have) not yet decided
the dates.
9. Several books on English grammar (is/are)
missing from the shelf.
10. The news on television
(seem/seems) very disturbing.
11. A number of students
(was/were) caught cheating in the exam.
12. The team (is/are)
celebrating its victory.
13. The data (is/are) being
analyzed carefully.
14. One of my classmates
(is/are) from Pokhara.
15. Neither of the options
(seem/seems) good.
16. The police (has/have)
arrested the suspect.
17. There (is/are) many
reasons for her success.
18. Not only my brother but
also my parents (is/are) coming to visit.
19. Time and tide
(wait/waits) for none.
20. The list of participants
(is/are) on the notice board.
Subject-Verb Agreement – Answers with Reasons
1. The quality of the shoes is
not up to the mark.
Reason: The subject is
"quality" (singular). "Of the shoes" is a prepositional
phrase.
2. Neither the teacher nor the
students have arrived yet.
Reason: In "neither...nor",
the verb agrees with the nearest subject "students" (plural).
3. A bouquet of red roses makes
the room look beautiful.
Reason: The subject is
"bouquet" (singular), not "roses".
4. Each of the candidates was
given a number.
Reason: "Each" is always singular and takes a singular verb.
5. Ten thousand rupees is
too much for that old bike.
Reason: Amount of money is
treated as a singular unit.
6. Mathematics is an
interesting subject.
Reason: Although ending in -s,
"Mathematics" is a singular subject.
7. Either you or your friend has
to submit the form.
Reason: Verb agrees with the
nearest subject "friend" (singular).
8. The committee has
not yet decided the dates.
Reason: Collective noun "committee"
is treated as a single unit here (singular).
9. Several books on English
grammar are missing from the shelf.
Reason: "Several" is a
plural subject → use plural verb.
10. The news on television seems
very disturbing.
Reason: "News" is an
uncountable noun and takes a singular verb.
11. A number of students were
caught cheating in the exam.
Reason: "A number of"
is a plural expression → takes plural verb.
12. The team is
celebrating its victory.
Reason: "Team" is
treated as a single unit here (singular).
13. The data are being
analyzed carefully.
Reason: Technically,
"data" is plural of "datum", so plural verb is used. (Note:
In modern English, "data" is also often treated as singular.)
14. One of my classmates is
from Pokhara.
Reason: The subject is
"One" (singular), not "classmates".
15. Neither of the options seems
good.
Reason: "Neither" is
singular, so it takes a singular verb.
16. The police have
arrested the suspect.
Reason: "Police" is a
plural collective noun → takes plural verb.
17. There are many
reasons for her success.
Reason: Subject is
"reasons" (plural), so use plural verb "are".
18. Not only my brother but
also my parents are coming to visit.
Reason: Verb agrees with the
second subject "parents" (plural).
19. Time and tide wait
for none.
Reason: "Time and tide"
are two separate things → plural subject → plural verb.
20. The list of participants is
on the notice board.
Reason: Subject is
"list" (singular), not "participants".
Critical thinking
a. Is the hyperloop the future of transportation or just
a dream? What do you think? Justify your opinion with suitable reasons.
The hyperloop is a new and exciting idea for transportation. It is
a system in which capsules travel at very high speeds through tubes with low
air pressure. Some people think it is the future of transportation, while
others believe it is just a dream. In my opinion, the hyperloop has great
potential to become the future, but it also faces challenges.
First, the hyperloop can reduce travel time significantly. For
example, trips that take several hours by car or train could be completed in a
few minutes. This would save people a lot of time and make long-distance travel
easier. Second, it could be more environmentally friendly than airplanes or
cars. Since it is powered by electricity, it may reduce pollution and help
fight climate change. Third, it could create new opportunities for business and
tourism. Cities that are far apart could become closer, and people could travel
more frequently for work or leisure.
However, there are challenges too. Building the hyperloop requires
advanced technology and huge investment. Many countries may not afford it, and
it will take years to complete. Safety is another concern. Traveling at such
high speeds may be risky if there are technical problems. Also, not everyone
may be able to use it due to high ticket prices in the beginning.
In conclusion, the hyperloop is not just a dream, but it is not
ready for immediate use either. If technology improves and costs decrease, it
could become a major mode of transportation in the future. For now, it should
be tested and developed carefully. With proper planning and support, the
hyperloop could change the way we travel and make transportation faster, safer,
and cleaner.
b. The number of private vehicles is increasing day by
day in Nepal beyond the capacity of our infrastructure. What do you think
should be done to curb the ever-growing number of private vehicles? Discuss.
The number of private vehicles in Nepal is increasing rapidly, and
our roads and traffic systems cannot handle this growth. This creates traffic
jams, pollution, and accidents. To curb the ever-growing number of private
vehicles, several steps should be taken.
First, the government should improve public transportation. If
buses, trains, and other public transport are fast, comfortable, and
affordable, people will prefer them over private vehicles. For example, modern
bus services and metro trains in cities can reduce the need for cars and motorcycles.
Second, strict rules and policies should be enforced. The government can limit
the registration of new vehicles, increase taxes on private cars, and implement
stricter fuel efficiency standards. This will discourage people from buying
unnecessary vehicles. Third, awareness campaigns should be conducted. People
need to understand the harmful effects of too many vehicles, such as air
pollution, noise, and accidents. If citizens are aware, they may voluntarily
reduce their use of private vehicles.
Another solution is to promote walking, cycling, and carpooling.
Cities can build more cycle tracks and pedestrian paths. Carpooling can reduce
the number of vehicles on the road and save fuel. Urban planning should also
focus on reducing traffic by creating more parks, commercial areas, and
residential areas closer to each other.
In conclusion, the growing number of private vehicles is a serious
problem for Nepal. By improving public transport, enforcing strict laws,
promoting awareness, and encouraging walking, cycling, and carpooling, the
government and citizens together can reduce the number of private vehicles. If
these steps are taken seriously, traffic problems, pollution, and accidents can
be minimized, making our cities safer and healthier for everyone.
Unit 5 Education
Uses of "Although," "Though," "Even
Though," and "Despite/In Spite Of"
These
words are used to express contrast or to introduce information that
seems to oppose the main idea. Both sets are used to show that something
is true despite another fact or condition.
In detail
The definitions and usage for although, though, even
though, despite, and in spite of:
1. Although
· Definition: Used to introduce a
contrast or concession, indicating that something is true despite the other
statement.
· Example: Although it was
raining, we went for a walk.
It introduces a contrast between the rain and the walk, highlighting that the
rain didn't prevent the walk.
2. Though
· Definition: Similar to
"although," it introduces a contrast or concession. It can also be
used at the end of a sentence for emphasis.
· Example: She is very talented,
though she is still learning.
It shows a contrast between her talent and the fact that she's still learning.
· At the end: I was tired. I
went to the party, though.
Here, "though" emphasizes the contradiction with the speaker's
tiredness.
3. Even though
· Definition: Stronger than "although" and "though," it
introduces a more emphatic contrast or concession.
· Example: Even though he was
sick, he finished his work.
It emphasizes the strength of the contrast between being sick and finishing the
work.
4. Despite
· Definition: A preposition used to
introduce a contrast or concession, indicating that something happened
regardless of the circumstance.
· Example: Despite the rain, we
decided to go hiking.
It shows that the rain didn't stop the decision to hike.
5. In spite of
· Definition: Similar to
"despite," it is also a prepositional phrase used to express contrast
or concession.
· Example: In spite of his
efforts, he couldn’t win the race.
It conveys that his efforts were not enough to win, highlighting the contrast.
Summary of Key Differences
·
Although/Though/Even
though: These are conjunctions that link two
clauses, showing contrast or concession.
·
Despite/In spite of: These are prepositions that are used with nouns or gerunds to
show contrast.
1. Although / Though / Even Though
These
conjunctions are used to show contrast between two ideas in a sentence. They
are often interchangeable, but there are subtle differences.
·
Although and Though are used in the middle or beginning of a
sentence.
·
Even Though is a stronger form and emphasizes the contrast more clearly.
Examples:
1.
Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
2.
Though she was tired, she finished her work.
3.
Even though he studied hard, he didn't pass the exam. (Stronger
contrast than "although")
4.
Although he was late, he managed to catch the train.
5.
Though the movie was boring, I stayed until the end.
6.
Even though it was his birthday, he didn't want a big party.
7.
Although the restaurant was expensive, the food was not very
good.
8.
Though I had no money, I still bought the book.
9.
Even though she practiced every day, she didn’t win the
competition.
10. Although I like tea, I prefer
coffee in the morning.
2. Despite / In Spite Of
These
are prepositions, meaning they are followed by a noun or a gerund
(verb+ing). They also show contrast and are often used in a similar way to
"although" and "though."
·
Despite is more formal than in spite of, but both are used to show
that something happens even though there is an obstacle or contrast.
Examples:
1.
Despite the rain, we went for a walk.
2.
In spite of being tired, she stayed up late to finish her
homework.
3.
Despite his efforts, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
4.
In spite of the high price, the concert was amazing.
5.
Despite her lack of experience, she got the job.
6.
In spite of studying hard, he failed the test.
7.
Despite the weather, we went on the hike.
8.
In spite of feeling nervous, he gave a great speech.
9.
Despite the traffic, they arrived on time.
10. In spite of the difficulties,
they managed to complete the project.
Key Differences
·
Although/Though/Even
though: Used as conjunctions to connect two
clauses, often at the beginning or middle of the sentence.
·
Despite/In spite of: Prepositions followed by a noun or gerund, used to indicate
contrast.
Fill in the blanks with the correct word:
1.
__________ it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
2.
She passed the test __________ she didn't study much.
3.
__________ the fact that he was tired, he finished his homework.
4.
We went to the beach __________ the weather wasn't great.
5.
__________ he is allergic to cats, he adopted one.
6.
They enjoyed the trip __________ it was very expensive.
7.
__________ working hard, she couldn’t finish the project on time.
8.
I decided to go for a jog __________ feeling sick.
9.
__________ the bad weather, the event was a huge success.
10. __________ she was young, she was
very mature for her age.
11. He enjoyed the movie __________ it
was quite long.
12. __________ the traffic, they arrived
at the party on time.
13. __________ he has no experience, he
got the job.
14. I didn't go to the party __________
being invited.
15. __________ her busy schedule, she
still found time to volunteer.
16. He ate all the cake __________ he
wasn’t very hungry.
17. __________ I was late, I managed to
catch the bus.
18. __________ the obstacles, they
finished the race.
19. She didn’t attend the meeting
__________ being the team leader.
20. __________ the difficult
circumstances, they managed to succeed.
Answer
1. Although it was raining, we decided
to go for a walk.
2. She passed the test even
though she didn't study much.
3. Despite the
fact that he was tired, he finished his homework.
4. We went to the beach
despite the weather wasn't great.
5. Although he
is allergic to cats, he adopted one.
6. They enjoyed the
trip despite it was very expensive.
7. Although
working hard, she couldn’t finish the project on time.
8. I decided to go for
a jog despite feeling sick.
9. Despite the
bad weather, the event was a huge success.
10. Though she was young, she was very mature for her age.
11. He enjoyed the movie even though it was quite long.
12. Despite the traffic, they arrived at the party on time.
13. Although he has no experience, he got the job.
14. I didn't go to the party despite being invited.
15. In spite of her busy schedule, she still found time to
volunteer.
16. He ate all the cake even though he wasn’t very hungry.
17. Although I was late, I managed to catch the bus.
18. In spite of the obstacles, they finished the race.
19. She didn’t attend the meeting despite being the team
leader.
20. In spite of the difficult
circumstances, they managed to succeed.
B. Join the following pairs of sentences twice, using
although/though/even though and despite/in spite of as in the example.
a. He is a millionaire. He lives in a simple
house.
– Although he is a
millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
– Despite of being a millionaire, he lives in
a simple house.
b. The weather was extremely bad. The pilot
landed the plane safely.
– In spite of extremely bad
weather, the pilot landed the plane safely.
– Although the weather was extremely bad, the
pilot landed the plane safely.
c. We study in the same college. We hardly see each other.
– Despite studying in the
same college, we hardly see each other.
– Although we study in the same college, we
hardly see each other.
d. It rained heavily. We enjoyed our holiday.
– Although it rained
heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
– In spite of the heavy rain, we enjoyed our
holiday.
e. I had an umbrella. I got wet in the rain.
– Despite having an
umbrella, I got wet in the rain.
– Although I had an umbrella, I got wet in the
rain.
f. I was really tired. I could not sleep for a moment.
– Although I was really
tired, I could not sleep for a moment.
– I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
g. She has a very good accent in English. She failed the
interview of a newsreader.
– Despite having a very
good accent in English, she failed the interview of a newsreader.
– Although she has a very good accent in
English, she failed the interview of a newsreader.
h. Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter. Millions of
tourists go there in January.
– Millions of tourists go
to Lhasa in January, even though it has extremely cold weather in winter.
– Despite having extremely cold weather in
winter, millions of tourists go to Lhasa in January.
i. He was badly injured in the first round of the boxing
match. He was victorious in the third round.
– In spite of being badly
injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was victorious in the third
round.
– Although he was badly injured in the first
round of the boxing match, he was victorious in the third round.
C. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way.
a. He passed the exam although he
hadn’t prepared well.
b. She climbed the mountain in spite of her leg
injury.
c. He did not give any alms to the beggars
even though he earned a lot.
d. In spite of his poor eyesight, he is
conducting online courses.
e She does not go to parties,
though she is very sociable.
f. He could not pass the test,
in spite of his ten attempts.
g. He refused to eat anything despite having
an appetite.
h. He could not score goods grades in the SEE
exams in spite of his hard with private coaching.
i. She accepted the job although she
couldn’t meet her salary expectation.
j. Even though we had planned everything
carefully, we could not complete our mission.
Critical Thinking
a. APJ Abdul Kalam became a renowned
aerospace scientist in his later life. Do you find any association of his
childhood days in shaping his career? Explain with specific instances from the
text.
APJ Abdul Kalam, who later
became a renowned aerospace scientist and the President of India, had a
childhood that strongly influenced his career. Even as a child, he was curious,
hardworking, and eager to learn, which shaped his future achievements.
Kalam was born in a small
town in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. Despite growing up in a modest family, he
showed great interest in learning from an early age. He loved reading books,
especially about science and technology. This habit of reading and exploring
new ideas gave him a strong foundation for his future career in aerospace.
Another important aspect of
his childhood was his curiosity and observation of the world. He often asked
questions and tried to find answers, showing his scientific mindset. For
example, he would observe birds and airplanes, thinking about how they fly.
These early observations later inspired his work in aeronautics and rocket
science.
Kalam also learned the
values of discipline, honesty, and dedication from his parents and teachers.
These values became the guiding principles of his life. Even when faced with
difficulties, he never gave up and continued to work hard, which eventually led
him to contribute to India’s missile program and space research.
In conclusion, APJ Abdul
Kalam’s childhood experiences, including his curiosity, love for learning, and
strong values, played a key role in shaping his career. His early life laid the
foundation for him to become one of India’s greatest scientists and an
inspirational figure for millions.
b. Kalam mentions an instance of
discrimination against him in his school life. What picture of society does he
want to depict by mentioning the incident? Discuss.
In his autobiography, APJ
Abdul Kalam mentions an instance of discrimination during his school life.
Once, when he went to a shop to buy something, the shopkeeper refused to serve
him because of his humble background. By sharing this incident, Kalam wants to
show the harsh reality of the society in which people are judged by their
caste, family status, or wealth rather than their character or abilities.
This incident reflects a
society that is divided and unfair. People from poor or modest backgrounds
often face disrespect and exclusion, while those from wealthy or high-status
families receive preference. Kalam’s experience shows that social
discrimination was common, even in small daily activities like buying goods
from a shop. It also highlights how society limits opportunities for talented
and hardworking individuals just because of their social identity.
However, Kalam uses this
incident to emphasize the importance of determination, hard work, and
self-belief. Despite facing discrimination, he did not lose hope or feel
discouraged. Instead, he focused on his education, nurtured his curiosity, and
continued striving to achieve his dreams.
In conclusion, by
mentioning this incident, Kalam paints a picture of a society that is unjust
and biased. At the same time, he inspires readers to rise above social
discrimination through perseverance, education, and dedication. His life
teaches us that talent and hard work can overcome societal barriers.
Writing
Write a short autobiography featuring
your childhood life using the following guidelines.
My Autobiography
My name is Gita Ghimire,
and I was born in Nawalparasi, Nepal. I spent my childhood in a small, peaceful
village where life was simple and joyful. From an early age, I was curious and
loved learning new things. I enjoyed reading storybooks and exploring nature
around my village.
I come from a modest
family. My parents worked hard to provide me with a good education. They always
encouraged me to study well and be honest and disciplined. I remember helping
my mother in the kitchen and my father in the fields during my free time. These
experiences taught me the value of hard work and responsibility.
At school, I was a diligent
student. I loved subjects like English and Science, and I often participated in
cultural programs and competitions. I also made many friends, and we enjoyed
playing together after school.
My childhood shaped me into
a hardworking and curious person. It gave me strong values, discipline, and a
love for learning that continues to guide me in my life. I hope to achieve my
dreams and make my family proud while contributing positively to society.
Unit 6 Money and Economy
Definition of Interrogative
An interrogative
is a sentence or word used to ask a question. It always seeks
information and usually ends with a question mark (?).
Types of Interrogative Sentences:
There
are five main types of interrogative sentences:
1. Yes/No Questions
These
questions can be answered with "yes" or "no".
Structure:
Auxiliary/Modal + Subject + Main Verb...?
Examples:
·
Are you hungry?
·
Can she swim?
·
Do you like coffee?
2. Wh- Questions
These
questions begin with wh- words like what, when, where, who, whom,
which, whose, why, and how.
They need more information in the answer.
Examples:
·
What is your name?
·
Where do you live?
·
Why are you late?
·
How does this work?
3. Choice Questions
These
offer two or more options to choose from.
Structure:
Auxiliary/Modal + Subject + Verb + Option A or Option B...?
Examples:
·
Do you want tea or coffee?
·
Will you go by bus or train?
4. Tag Questions
These
are statements followed by a short question, used to confirm something.
Structure:
Statement + Question tag
Examples:
·
You're coming, aren't you?
·
She doesn't like pizza, does
she?
5. Rhetorical Questions
These
are asked for effect, not to get an actual answer.
Examples:
·
Who doesn't love holidays?
·
Is the sky not blue?
Summary Table
|
Type |
Example |
Purpose |
|
Yes/No |
Do
you speak English? |
Confirm
or deny |
|
Wh-
Questions |
Where
are you going? |
Ask
for specific info |
|
Choice |
Would
you like tea or coffee? |
Choose
between options |
|
Tag
Questions |
She
is happy, isn’t she? |
Confirm
a statement |
|
Rhetorical |
Isn’t
life beautiful? |
Make
a point or express idea |
Grammar
A. Look at the following questions and say what type of
questions they are.
a. Do you like this country?
Yes/No Question
b. Where is she from?
Wh Question
c. How many eggs do we need for this cake?
Wh Question
d. Whose children are playing in the yard?
Wh Question
e. Does she like ice cream or sweets?
Choice Question
f. She sent him an invitation, didn’t she?
Tag Question
g. Could you tell me if the doctor is available?
Indirect Question
h. Do you know how tall they are?
Yes/No Question
B. Choose the correct words from the box to
complete the sentences.
a. Is your friend a scientist? – No,
he’s an artist.
b. Does Naresh live in Kathmandu? – No,
he lives in Pokhara.
c. When did you get home? – I got home
yesterday.
d. What time do you get up? – I get up
at 6:00.
e. Did the children go to the part? –
Yes, they went there after school.
f. Are you going to school? – No, I’m
going home.
g. Can you speak Chinese? – Just a
little.
h. Where did you grow up? – I grew up
in Okhaldhunga.
C. Make wh-questions so that the words in
bold become the answer.
a. Romeo loves Juliet.
Whom does Romeo love?
b. My mother made a delicious bread
yesterday.
What did your mother make yesterday?
c. The music was composed by Narayan Gopal.
Who composed the music?
d. I’m looking for a new book.
What are you looking for?
e. They were talking about the new movie.
What were they talking about?
f. She got the idea from a story.
Where did she get the idea?
g. She always goes to school on foot.
How does she go to school?
h. She sometimes goes to the cinema.
How often does she go to the cinema?
i. They have been waiting for three years.
How long have they been waiting for?
D. Change these indirect questions into
direct ones.
a. Could you tell me where the Market Street
is?
Where is Market Street?
b. I’m longing to know what time the bank
opens.
What time does the bank open?
c. Do you have any idea how he’s managed to
get in shape so quickly?
How has he managed to get in shape so
quickly?
d. I’d like to know how much this motorcycle
costs these days.
How much does this motorcycle cost
these days?
e. Did you notice if he had left the car in
the park?
Had he left the car in the park?
f. Have you found out if the train has left?
Has the train left?
g. I was wondering if they speak English
well.
Could they speak English well?
h. Would you tell us how we can get to the
post office from here?
How can we get to the post office from
here?
i. Do you remember if I locked the front
door?
Did I lock the front door?
Practice set 1
Make wh-questions so that the words in bold
become the answer.
1. She bought a red dress
from the store.
→
2. They went to the zoo last
Saturday.
→
3. He writes letters every
evening.
→
4. My brother lives in
Pokhara.
→
5. The children are playing football
in the ground.
→
6. She invited all her
friends to the party.
→
7. We met the principal
in the corridor.
→
8. The plane landed at 9:00
PM.
→
9. I borrowed this book from
the library.
→
10. She was crying because
she lost her pet.
→
Answers
1. She bought a red dress
from the store.
What did she buy from the store?
2. They went to the zoo last
Saturday.
When did they go to the zoo?
3. He writes letters every
evening.
When does he write letters?
4. My brother lives in
Pokhara.
Where does your brother live?
5. The children are playing football
in the ground.
What are the children playing in the ground?
6. She invited all her
friends to the party.
Whom did she invite to the party?
(Or: Who did she invite to the party?)
7. We met the principal
in the corridor.
Whom did you meet in the corridor?
8. The plane landed at 9:00
PM.
When did the plane land?
9. I borrowed this book from
the library.
Where did you borrow this book from?
10. She was crying because
she lost her pet.
Why was she crying?
Practice set 2
Change these indirect questions into direct
ones.
1. Can you tell me what her
name is?
→
2. I’d like to know when the
movie starts.
→
3. Do you know where he has
gone?
→
4. Could you tell me why they
canceled the event?
→
5. I’m curious to know how far
the nearest hotel is.
→
6. Have you found out whether
she is coming to the meeting?
→
7. I was wondering if we need
to bring our ID cards.
→
8. Would you mind telling me
how old her son is?
→
9. Do you know if it’s going
to rain today?
→
10. I’d like to ask whether
this bus goes to Kathmandu.
→
Answers
1. Can you tell me what her
name is?
What is her name?
2. I’d like to know when the
movie starts.
When does the movie start?
3. Do you know where he has
gone?
Where has he gone?
4. Could you tell me why they
canceled the event?
Why did they cancel the event?
5. I’m curious to know how far
the nearest hotel is.
How far is the nearest hotel?
6. Have you found out whether
she is coming to the meeting?
Is she coming to the meeting?
7. I was wondering if we need
to bring our ID cards.
Do we need to bring our ID cards?
8. Would you mind telling me
how old her son is?
How old is her son?
9. Do you know if it’s going
to rain today?
Is it going to rain today?
10. I’d like to ask whether
this bus goes to Kathmandu.
Does this bus go to Kathmandu?
There are different abbreviations used in the text. With
the help of the internet, find their full forms.
QR
: Quick Response
ISO
: International Organization for Standardization
IEC
: International Electrotechnical Commission
URLs
: Uniform Resource Locators
EMVCo
: Europay, Mastercard, and Visa Company
PIN
: Personal Identification Number
C. Pronounce the following words and identify the vowel
sounds /ʊ/ and /u:/. You can take help from a dictionary.
/ʊ/
put, push, hood, full, bull, book, foot, look,
hook, cook, should, soot, stood
/u:/
boom, fool, food, loose, boost, groom, moon,
soon, room, soothe,
A. Critical thinking
a. Some business houses, shops and department stores in
city areas have started to adopt QR code payment systems in Nepal, too. What
should be done to make it more accessible? Discuss.
In recent years, some business houses, shops, and department
stores in Nepal have started using QR code payment systems. This method allows
customers to pay quickly using their smartphones, without cash. It is fast,
convenient, and reduces the risk of carrying money. However, to make QR code
payments more accessible to everyone, several steps need to be taken.
First, awareness about digital payments should be increased. Many
people, especially in small towns and rural areas, do not know how QR code
payments work. Workshops, campaigns, and demonstrations can help educate people
about the benefits and usage of this system.
Second, digital infrastructure needs improvement. Reliable
internet and mobile networks are essential for QR code payments. The government
and service providers should ensure that even remote areas have good
connectivity.
Third, banks and financial institutions should make the process
simple and user-friendly. Many people avoid digital payments because of
complicated apps or security concerns. Easy registration, simple apps, and
clear instructions can encourage more users.
Fourth, incentives can be provided to both customers and
businesses. Discounts, cashback offers, or rewards for using QR code payments
can motivate people to adopt this system.
Finally, security measures should be strengthened to build trust.
People will feel safer using QR payments if they know that their money and
personal information are protected.
In conclusion, QR code payment systems have great potential to
make transactions easier and faster in Nepal. By raising awareness, improving
infrastructure, simplifying apps, providing incentives, and ensuring security,
this modern payment method can become accessible to everyone. If these steps
are taken, Nepal can move toward a more digital and cashless economy,
benefiting both businesses and customers.
b. The payments landscape is shifting gears from cash to
digital mode. Digital payment brings ease and convenience to the consumer. Is
it possible to apply such cashless methods in payments in Nepal? Discuss.
In recent years, the payments landscape in Nepal is slowly
shifting from cash to digital methods. Digital payments, such as QR code
systems, mobile banking, and online transactions, bring ease and convenience to
consumers. They allow people to pay quickly without carrying cash and reduce
the risk of theft or loss. However, whether Nepal can fully adopt cashless
payments depends on several factors.
First, digital infrastructure needs improvement. Many parts of
Nepal, especially rural areas, have poor internet and mobile connectivity.
Without reliable networks, digital payments cannot function smoothly. Second,
people need awareness and training. A large number of people are not familiar
with using mobile apps or QR codes for payments. Educational campaigns and
workshops can help them understand and adopt digital methods.
Third, banks and service providers must simplify their digital
payment systems. Many apps are complicated, and people hesitate to use them due
to fear of mistakes or fraud. User-friendly apps, clear instructions, and
strong security measures can encourage more people to switch to cashless
payments. Fourth, incentives such as cashback, discounts, or rewards can
motivate both businesses and customers to adopt digital payments.
Despite challenges, digital payments are possible in Nepal if the
government, banks, and businesses work together. Urban areas may adopt cashless
methods faster, while rural areas will take more time. In conclusion, Nepal can
move toward a cashless economy, but it requires proper planning,
infrastructure, awareness, and trust in the system. If these steps are taken,
digital payments can become a convenient, safe, and widely used method in the
country.
B. Write a news article about digital payment systems in
Nepal.
Digital
Payment Systems in Nepal
Kathmandu, Nepal – In recent years, digital payment systems have
started to gain popularity in Nepal. Many businesses, shops, and department
stores in cities are adopting methods such as QR code payments, mobile banking,
and online transactions. These systems allow consumers to pay quickly using
their smartphones without carrying cash, making daily transactions faster and
more convenient.
Experts say that digital payment systems are not only convenient
but also safe. They reduce the risk of theft or loss of money and help in
keeping records of transactions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, digital payments
became even more important, as they reduced physical contact and supported
social distancing.
Several banks and financial institutions in Nepal have introduced
apps and services to promote digital payments. Customers can transfer money,
pay bills, buy goods online, or even send money to friends and family using
these apps. QR codes in shops allow customers to scan and pay instantly, which
saves time and effort.
However, there are challenges to making digital payments
accessible to everyone. Internet connectivity is still weak in many rural
areas, and not everyone knows how to use smartphones or payment apps. Some
people also worry about security and fraud while using digital transactions. To
address these issues, the government, banks, and businesses need to provide
awareness programs and improve digital infrastructure.
Experts suggest that incentives such as discounts, cashback, and
rewards can encourage more people to adopt digital payments. Schools, offices,
and public institutions can also promote cashless payments to make the system
more familiar to citizens.
In conclusion, digital payment systems are slowly transforming the
way people in Nepal conduct transactions. With improved awareness, better
technology, and strong security measures, these systems can become more widely
used. Moving toward a cashless economy will make financial transactions faster,
safer, and more convenient for everyone, helping Nepal embrace modern
technology and reduce the reliance on cash.
Unit 7 Humour
Frequency
adverbs (always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never)
Frequency
adverbs describe how often something happens. They are placed differently
in a sentence depending on the tense, subject, and context.
1.
Always
- Meaning: 100% of
the time; without exception.
- Position: Usually
placed before the main verb, except when the verb is "to
be," in which case it comes after.
- Examples:
- I always
go for a run in the morning.
- She is always
happy when she sees her friends.
2.
Usually
- Meaning: Most of
the time; nearly always.
- Position: Typically
placed before the main verb.
- Examples:
- I usually
have tea for breakfast.
- They usually
visit their grandparents on Sundays.
3.
Often
- Meaning:
Frequently; many times.
- Position: Placed before
the main verb.
- Examples:
- I often
read books before bed.
- She often
goes to the gym after work.
4.
Sometimes
- Meaning:
Occasionally; not all the time.
- Position: Placed before
the main verb.
- Examples:
- I sometimes
take naps in the afternoon.
- He sometimes
goes for a walk in the park.
5.
Rarely
- Meaning: Not
often; seldom.
- Position: Placed before
the main verb.
- Examples:
- I rarely
eat fast food.
- We rarely
watch TV during the week.
6.
Never
- Meaning: 0% of the
time; not at all.
- Position: Placed before
the main verb.
- Examples:
- I never
drink soda.
- She never
goes to bed late.
General
Rules for Placement
1.
Before the main verb: This is the most common placement for frequency
adverbs.
o
Example: She often goes swimming in the evening.
2.
After the verb "to be": When the verb is "to be,"
the adverb is placed after it.
o
Example: He is always on time.
3.
Before modal verbs (e.g., can, should, will, etc.): Frequency adverbs
come before modal verbs.
o
Example: They always can find the solution.
Order
of frequency adverbs (when used with multiple adverbs):
- Adverbs of
frequency
generally come before other adverbs like manner, place, and time.
- Example:
She usually plays tennis on weekends.
Fill
in the blanks with the correct frequency adverb:
1.
I __________ go to the gym after work.
2.
She __________ wakes up early to meditate.
3.
We __________ have lunch together on weekends.
4.
He is __________ late for meetings.
5.
They __________ visit their grandparents during holidays.
6.
I __________ drink coffee in the morning.
7.
She __________ forgets to bring her lunch to work.
8.
I __________ travel for work.
9.
My brother __________ plays video games on weekends.
10. He __________ eats
vegetables because he doesn’t like them.
11. We __________ go hiking
when the weather is nice.
12. She __________ goes to
the cinema with her friends.
13. I __________ see my
friends after school.
14. They __________ study
late at night before exams.
15. We __________ go to bed
before midnight.
16. He __________ checks his
emails in the morning.
17. I __________ go to bed
early on weekdays.
18. They __________ walk to
school instead of taking the bus.
19. She __________ eats out
for lunch.
20. We __________ watch
movies together on Fridays.
Answer
1. I always go to the gym
after work.
2. She usually wakes up early
to meditate.
3. We often have lunch
together on weekends.
4. He is often late for
meetings.
5. They sometimes visit their
grandparents during holidays.
6. I usually drink coffee in
the morning.
7. She sometimes forgets to
bring her lunch to work.
8. I occasionally travel for
work.
9. My brother often plays
video games on weekends.
10. He rarely eats vegetables because he doesn’t like them.
11. We sometimes go hiking when the weather is nice.
12. She often goes to the cinema with her friends.
13. I often see my friends after school.
14. They usually study late at night before exams.
15. We rarely go to bed before midnight.
16. He always checks his emails in the morning.
17. I usually go to bed early on weekdays.
18. They sometimes walk to school instead of taking the
bus.
19. She often eats out for lunch.
20. We always watch movies together on Fridays.
B. Put the frequency adverbs in appropriate place and
rewrite the following sentences.
a. I forget to do my homework. (sometimes)
I sometimes forget to do my
homework.
b. My father has touched an alcoholic drink in his life. (never)
My father has never touched
an alcoholic drink in his life.
c. My father goes for a walk on Saturdays. (often)
My father often goes for a
walk on Saturdays.
d. We go to the movie theatre. (occasionally)
We occasionally go to the
movie theatre.
e. My brother is in America. He telephones us. (from time to time)
My brother is in America.
He telephones us from time to time.
f. My mother gets up at five o’clock. (always)
My mother always gets up at
five o’clock.
g. He does not like alcoholic drinks but takes some wine. (now and then)
He does not like alcoholic
drinks but now and then takes some wine.
h. I drink my tea with milk. (generally)
I generally drink my tea with milk.
i. Have you been to Agra? (ever)
Have you ever been to Agra?
j. The restaurant hours vary as it is booked for special events.
(frequently)
The restaurant hours vary frequently as
it is booked for special events.
Practice questions
fdf
1. He watches horror
movies. (rarely)
→
2. They go hiking in
the mountains. (usually)
→
3. I have lunch at a
restaurant. (occasionally)
→
4. Do you go to the
gym? (often)
→
5. He visits his
grandmother. (every now and then)
→
6. We are late for
school. (seldom)
→
7. She arrives on
time. (always)
→
8. Have you eaten
sushi? (ever)
→
9. My uncle goes
abroad for work. (frequently)
→
10. I drink black
coffee. (hardly ever)
→
Answers
1. He watches horror
movies. (rarely)
He rarely watches horror movies.
2.
They go hiking in the mountains. (usually)
They usually go hiking in the mountains.
3. I
have lunch at a restaurant. (occasionally)
I occasionally have lunch at a restaurant.
4. Do
you go to the gym? (often)
Do you often go to the gym?
5. He
visits his grandmother. (every now and then)
He visits his grandmother every now and then.
6. We
are late for school. (seldom)
We are seldom late for school.
7. She
arrives on time. (always)
She always arrives on time.
8.
Have you eaten sushi? (ever)
Have you ever eaten sushi?
9. My
uncle goes abroad for work. (frequently)
My uncle frequently goes abroad for work.
10. I
drink black coffee. (hardly ever)
I hardly ever drink black coffee.
A. The following words are synonyms and antonyms of the
verb ‘laugh’. Group them into synonyms and antonyms.
Synonyms
chuckle, giggle, chortle, crackle, snicker,
groan, smirk, whoop
Antonyms
grin, sob, grimace, frown, pout, scowl, cry,
moan
Critical thinking
a. Do you agree that ‘the couples, who laugh together,
stay together?’ Is it important for married couples to have the same sense of
humour? Why?
Many people believe that “couples who laugh together, stay
together.” I agree with this idea because sharing laughter can strengthen the
bond between partners and make relationships happier. A good sense of humour
helps couples enjoy life together, even during stressful or difficult times.
When couples laugh together, they feel closer and more comfortable
with each other. Laughing creates positive feelings, reduces tension, and helps
them solve problems without anger or arguments. For example, if a couple faces
a small misunderstanding, a joke or a light-hearted comment can make the
situation easier to handle and prevent conflicts from growing.
Having a similar sense of humour is not always necessary, but
understanding and appreciating each other’s jokes is important. Even if one
partner prefers witty humour and the other enjoys playful teasing, learning to
enjoy each other’s humour can build mutual respect and understanding. Couples
who laugh together often share more joyful moments and develop a stronger emotional
connection, which helps them face life’s challenges together.
In conclusion, laughter is a key ingredient in a healthy and
lasting relationship. Couples who laugh together experience happiness, reduce
stress, and strengthen their bond. While having exactly the same sense of
humour is not mandatory, enjoying and respecting each other’s humour makes a
relationship more joyful and enduring. Therefore, sharing laughter can truly
help couples stay together and make married life more pleasant and meaningful.
b. Some people believe that sometimes crying is good for
health. Do you believe it? Give your reasons.
Many people believe that crying can be good for health, and I
agree with this idea. Crying is a natural way to express emotions such as
sadness, stress, or even joy. Holding back emotions for a long time can cause
mental and physical problems, so crying helps release them.
First, crying is beneficial for mental health. When a person
cries, it reduces emotional tension and stress. It allows them to express
feelings that may otherwise build up and cause anxiety or depression. For
example, after a difficult situation, crying can provide relief and help a
person feel calmer and lighter.
Second, crying can also have physical health benefits. Tears help
remove toxins from the body and can reduce stress hormones. Crying can lower
blood pressure and release endorphins, which are natural chemicals that improve
mood.
Third, crying can strengthen social relationships. When people
share their emotions with friends or family through tears, it can bring
support, understanding, and comfort. This emotional connection is important for
overall well-being.
In conclusion, crying is not a sign of weakness but a natural and
healthy way to express emotions. It helps improve mental and physical health,
reduces stress, and strengthens relationships. Therefore, crying sometimes is
not only acceptable but also beneficial for both emotional and physical
well-being.
Writing
B. Write a description of your favorite comedian
explaining his/her personality, acting, performance and uniqueness.
My Favorite Comedian: Madan Krishna Shrestha
My favorite comedian is Madan Krishna Shrestha, one of Nepal’s
most famous and respected comedians. He is known for his unique style, wit, and
ability to make people laugh while conveying social messages.
Madan Krishna Shrestha has a friendly and cheerful personality. He
is humble, kind, and always respectful to his audience. His expressions, voice
modulation, and timing in delivering jokes make his performance very
entertaining. Whether on stage, television, or in films, he can capture the
audience’s attention instantly.
His acting is natural and impressive. He can play a wide range of
characters, from funny and silly to serious and thought-provoking. He often
uses humor to highlight social issues, such as corruption, inequality, and
daily struggles of common people. This ability to mix laughter with important
messages makes his performances meaningful and memorable.
What makes Madan Krishna Shrestha unique is his creativity and
dedication. He does not just aim to make people laugh; he wants them to think
and reflect on society. His teamwork with other comedians, especially in the
popular duo “Madan–Hari,” has created many unforgettable comedy shows. His humor
is clean, respectful, and suitable for all ages, which adds to his popularity.
In conclusion, Madan Krishna Shrestha is a brilliant comedian
whose personality, acting skills, and unique style make him stand out. He
entertains people while spreading positive messages, and that is why he is my
favorite comedian.
Unit 8
C. Add suitable suffix to the root words given and write
the parts of speech of each newly formed word.
|
Root Word |
Suffix |
New Word |
Part of Speech |
|
Neighbour |
hood |
Neighbourhood |
Noun |
|
Comfort |
able |
Comfortable |
Adjective |
|
Shop |
ing |
Shopping |
Noun |
|
Husk |
er |
Husker |
Noun |
|
Squeamish |
ly |
Squeamishly |
Adverb |
|
Change |
ing |
Changing |
Adjective |
|
Shine |
ing |
Shining |
Adjective |
|
Colloquial |
ly |
Colloquially |
Adverb |
|
Collect |
ion |
Collection |
Noun |
|
Embarrass |
ment |
Embarrassment |
Noun |
|
Persuade |
ive |
Persuasive |
Adjective |
|
Type |
ing |
Typing |
Noun/Adjective* |
|
Differ |
ence |
Difference |
Noun |
|
Ship |
ing |
Shipping |
Noun/Adjective* |
|
Tropic |
al |
Tropical |
Adjective |
|
Drive |
ing |
Driving |
Adjective |
|
Reside |
ence |
Residence |
Noun |
|
Brother |
hood |
Brotherhood |
Noun |
|
Fresh |
ness |
Freshness |
Noun |
Definition & Examples
of Adjective, Comparative, and Superlative
1. Adjective
An adjective
is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun by giving information
about its quality, size, shape, color, etc.
🔹
Examples:
- The sky is blue.
- She has a beautiful
dress.
- This is a difficult
question.
2. Comparative
A comparative
adjective is used to compare two things, showing a difference in
degree or quality. Usually, "-er" is added to short adjectives, while
"more" is used before longer adjectives.
🔹
Examples:
- This book
is thicker than that one.
- Today is colder
than yesterday.
- This movie
is more interesting than the previous one.
3. Superlative
A superlative
adjective is used to compare three or more things and shows the
highest or lowest degree of a quality. "-est" is added to short
adjectives, while "most" is used before longer adjectives.
Examples:
- Mount
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
- That was
the best decision of my life.
- She is the most
intelligent student in the class.
Little,
less, least, more, much, and most are used in sentences:
1.
Little (adjective & adverb)
- Used to
describe a small amount of something (especially uncountable nouns).
Examples: - I have little
money left. (very small amount)
- She showed little
interest in the project.
2.
Less (comparative form of "little")
- Used to
compare two things, meaning a smaller amount.
Examples: - This bottle
has less water than that one.
- You should
eat less sugar for a healthy life.
3.
Least (superlative form of "little")
- Used to
show the smallest amount.
Examples: - He did the least
work among all of us.
- This is the
least expensive phone in the store.
4.
Much (adjective & adverb)
- Used to
describe a large amount (especially with uncountable nouns).
Examples: - I don’t
have much time to talk.
- She has much
experience in this field.
5.
More (comparative form of "much")
- Used to
compare two things, meaning a greater amount.
Examples: - I need more
water to fill the glass.
- She is more
confident now than before.
6.
Most (superlative form of "much")
- Used to
show the greatest amount.
Examples: - This is the
most interesting book I’ve ever read.
- She has the
most experience in the team.
Grammar
B. Use the words from the brackets to
complete the sentences.
a. This house is very small. I want to buy
a much bigger one. (much / big)
b. I liked the magic show. It was far
more exciting than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s a
bit warmer today. (a bit / warm)
d. The warmer the weather the better I
feel. (good)
e. An average American earns considerably
higher than an average Nepali. (considerably / high)
f. Health care in Nepal is not as expensive as
it is in the US. (expensive)
g. I think the problem is far more
complicated than it seems. (far / complicated)
h. You are driving very fast. Would you please
drive a bit slowly? (a bit/ slowly)
i. Your handwriting is not legible. Can you
write a bit neat? (a bit/ neat)
C. Rewrite the following sentences with the
sentence beginnings given below.
a. Kabir is less intelligent than he pretends.
He is not as intelligent as he pretends.
b. I am busy today but I was busier yesterday.
I’m not as busier as I was yesterday.
c. Hari has lived in Kathmandu for 10 years but
Bikram for 20 years. Bikram has lived in Kathmandu 10 years more than
Hari.
d. I used to study 12 hours a day but nowadays I
study only 5 hours a day. I don’t study as much as I used to do.
e. It’s a very good room in our hotel. In fact,
it’s the best compared to other.
f. He earns 30 thousand rupees a month but
spends 40 thousand. He spends more than he earns.
g. There is no other mountain higher than Mt.
Everest in the world. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
h. The place was nearer than I thought. It was
not as far as I thought.
i. Bharat can play better than Mohan. Mohan
can’t play as good as Bharat.
Critical thinking
a. If you happen to be in Japan someday, will you collect
articles from sodaigomi? Why or why not?
If I happen to be in Japan someday, I would definitely consider
collecting articles from sodaigomi (large-sized garbage) under certain
circumstances. Sodaigomi usually consists of old furniture, appliances,
and other bulky items that people discard. Collecting from it could be useful
if I am looking for something reusable or if I want to practice sustainable
living by recycling materials. Many Japanese households carefully dispose of
unwanted items, and some of these can be restored, repaired, or repurposed
creatively. For example, old wooden furniture might be polished and reused, or
appliances can be refurbished with technical knowledge.
However, I would also be cautious. Collecting items from sodaigomi
may require permission from local authorities, as some items are meant for
proper disposal and recycling systems. Hygiene and safety are also concerns, as
some discarded objects might be broken or unsanitary. Therefore, I would only
collect items that are clearly usable, safe, and legally allowed to take.
In conclusion, collecting from sodaigomi could be both an
environmentally friendly and practical activity if done responsibly. It would
give me a chance to reuse resources while experiencing an interesting aspect of
Japanese culture.
b. There are some second hand shops in Nepal, too. But,
people are not much interested in them. What practice would be suitable in
managing second hand items in Nepal?
In Nepal, second-hand shops exist, but people generally avoid them
due to social perceptions, lack of awareness, and concerns about quality and
hygiene. However, managing second-hand items properly can be both
environmentally friendly and economically beneficial. One suitable practice is
to establish organized thrift stores where donated or pre-owned items are carefully
checked, cleaned, and displayed. Proper labeling of quality, brand, and
condition can increase buyers’ confidence and encourage purchases.
Another effective approach is promoting online platforms for
buying and selling second-hand items. Social media groups, mobile apps, or
websites can make second-hand goods accessible to a wider audience and reduce
physical barriers. Regular awareness campaigns emphasizing the environmental
benefits of recycling and reusing goods can change public attitudes. For example,
people may realize that buying second-hand reduces waste, saves money, and
supports sustainable consumption.
Additionally, NGOs and local municipalities could collaborate to
organize periodic collection drives for clothes, books, furniture, and electronics.
These items can then be redistributed to people in need or sold at reasonable
prices. Incentives such as discounts or tax benefits for donating items may
also encourage participation.
In conclusion, proper management of second-hand items in Nepal requires
a combination of organization, awareness, and accessibility. By adopting these
practices, Nepal can reduce waste, promote sustainability, and provide
affordable goods to people, while gradually changing the public perception that
second-hand items are inferior.
Writing
A. Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of 3Rs (reduce,
reuse and recycle) in garbage management.
3Rs –
Reduce, Reuse & Recycle
The concept of the 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—is fundamental
in effective garbage management and environmental conservation. Reduce
means minimizing the amount of waste we produce in our daily lives. By buying
only what is necessary, avoiding single-use products, and choosing durable
items, we can significantly cut down the generation of garbage. Reducing waste
not only conserves resources but also decreases the burden on landfills,
preventing environmental pollution. Reuse refers to finding ways to
use items multiple times instead of discarding them after a single use.
Everyday objects like jars, bottles, old clothes, and bags can be creatively
reused for storage, decoration, or other practical purposes. Reusing items
extends their life, reduces demand for new products, and saves money. For
instance, using cloth bags instead of plastic bags or repairing broken
furniture instead of buying new ones are simple ways to practice reuse. Recycle
involves converting waste materials into new products. Paper, glass, metals,
and plastics can be collected, processed, and transformed into useful items.
Recycling helps conserve raw materials, reduces energy consumption, and
minimizes pollution caused by the disposal of waste. Communities can establish
collection centers for recyclable materials, while individuals can separate
waste at home to facilitate recycling. In combination, the 3Rs create a
sustainable approach to waste management. They encourage responsible
consumption, reduce environmental hazards, and promote a culture of
sustainability. Governments, schools, and communities can play a crucial role
in spreading awareness and implementing effective systems for reducing,
reusing, and recycling waste. By following the 3Rs in daily life, everyone can
contribute to a cleaner, healthier, and greener planet for present and future
generations.
B. Garbage management is a big problem in most of the
cities in Nepal. Write a letter to the editor to be published in the daily
newspaper suggesting the ways of ‘Solving Garbage Problems.’
Bharatpur,
Chitwan, Nepal
August 26, 2025
To
The Editor
The Kathmandu Post
Kathmandu, Nepal
Subject: Suggestions for Solving Garbage Problems
Sir/Madam,
I am Balram Shah, a resident of Bharatpur, Chitwan, writing to
highlight the urgent problem of garbage management in our cities. Rapid
urbanization, increasing population, and careless disposal habits have made
garbage a serious issue in most urban areas of Nepal. Open dumping, improper
segregation, and lack of public awareness are polluting our streets, rivers,
and air, and creating health hazards for the people.
To address this problem, I would like to suggest some practical
measures. Firstly, waste segregation at the source should be made mandatory.
Households and businesses must separate biodegradable, recyclable, and
non-recyclable waste. This simple step would make collection, recycling, and disposal
more efficient. Public awareness campaigns through schools, community programs,
and media can educate people on proper waste management and the importance of
reducing, reusing, and recycling.
Secondly, municipalities should improve waste collection systems.
Regular garbage pickups, adequate dustbins in public areas, and treatment
plants for organic and recyclable waste are essential. Communities can also
practice composting of biodegradable waste, which reduces landfill pressure
while producing organic manure for agriculture.
Thirdly, promoting recycling and reuse can significantly reduce
waste. Materials like plastics, paper, and metals can be processed into new
products, and old clothes, furniture, and electronics can be donated or sold in
second-hand markets. Incentives for eco-friendly practices by businesses and
households can motivate people to adopt sustainable habits.
Lastly, strict monitoring and enforcement of waste management laws
are necessary. Penalties for littering and rewards for responsible disposal can
encourage citizens to participate actively in keeping cities clean.
In conclusion, garbage management requires a combined effort of
the government, local authorities, and citizens. By adopting these measures,
Nepalese cities can become cleaner, healthier, and more livable. I hope the
concerned authorities take immediate steps to address this pressing issue.
Yours sincerely,
Balram Shah
A.
20 fill-in-the-blank questions with adjectives, comparatives, and superlatives.
The correct word choices are provided in brackets.
Adjectives
1.
The sky is very ___ today. (blue, bluer, bluest)
2.
She bought a ___ dress for the party. (beautiful, more beautiful, most
beautiful)
3.
The soup tastes ___ with fresh herbs. (delicious, more delicious, most
delicious)
4.
My grandmother’s house is very ___ but well-maintained. (old, older, oldest)
5.
This road looks ___ to drive on at night. (dangerous, more dangerous, most
dangerous)
Comparatives
6.
This book is ___ than the one I read last week. (interesting, more interesting,
most interesting)
7.
My car is ___ than yours. (fast, faster, fastest)
8.
Today is ___ than yesterday. (cold, colder, coldest)
9.
She is ___ than her brother. (tall, taller, tallest)
10. This problem is ___ than
I expected. (difficult, more difficult, most difficult)
Superlatives
11. Mount Everest is the ___
mountain in the world. (high, higher, highest)
12. This is the ___ movie I
have ever seen! (good, better, best)
13. She is the ___ student
in the class. (intelligent, more intelligent, most intelligent)
14. That was the ___
decision I have ever made. (bad, worse, worst)
15. This is the ___
restaurant in town. (expensive, more expensive, most expensive)
Mixed
Questions
16. My house is ___ than
yours, but theirs is the ___ of all. (big, bigger, biggest)
17. He is the ___ person I
know, but today he seems ___ than usual. (funny, funnier, funniest / serious,
more serious, most serious)
18. This cake is ___ than
the one I baked yesterday. (sweet, sweeter, sweetest)
19. Among all my friends,
Rahul is the ___ . (kind, kinder, kindest)
20. The weather today is
much ___ than last week. (warm, warmer, warmest)
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct
verb form
1.
She ___ to school every day. (go, goes, going)
2.
They ___ a new house last year. (buy, buys, bought)
3.
The sun ___ in the east. (rise, rises, rose)
4.
I ___ my homework before dinner yesterday. (do, did, done)
5.
He ___ football with his friends right now. (play, plays, playing)
6.
We ___ to the zoo next Sunday. (go, went, will go)
7.
She ___ a delicious cake for my birthday. (bake, bakes, baked)
8.
The baby ___ when she is hungry. (cry, cries, cried)
9.
He ___ his keys somewhere in the house. (lose, lost, losing)
10. My father ___ to work
every morning. (drive, drives, drove)
11. They ___ the project by
tomorrow. (complete, completes, will complete)
12. She ___ a novel when I
called her. (read, reads, was reading)
13. The birds ___ in the
sky. (fly, flies, flying)
14. She always ___ a glass
of milk before bed. (drink, drinks, drank)
15. We ___ our grandparents
every summer. (visit, visits, visited)
16. He ___ to music when he
studies. (listen, listens, listened)
17. The teacher ___ the
students to be quiet. (tell, tells, told)
18. I ___ a movie last
night. (watch, watches, watched)
19. The children ___ in the
park now. (play, plays, are playing)
20. He ___ an interesting
story yesterday. (write, writes, wrote)
C.
Arrange the words in alphabetical order:
1.
(Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Almond)
2.
(Ball, Balloon, Basket, Banana)
3.
(Cat, Candle, Carrot, Castle)
4.
(Dog, Doll, Drum, Dolphin)
5.
(Elephant, Eagle, Earth, Engine)
6.
(Flower, Fruit, Frog, Forest)
7.
(Garden, Gate, Giraffe, Gold)
8.
(House, Hammer, Honey, Horse)
9.
(Ice, Igloo, Iron, Island)
10. (Jacket, Jam, Jelly,
Jungle)
11. (Kite, Kitchen, Kitten,
King)
12. (Lamp, Ladder, Laptop,
Lemon)
13. (Monkey, Mango, Market,
Mirror)
14. (Nest, Net, Necklace,
Newspaper)
15. (Tiger, Table, Tomato,
Tunnel)
Which quarter of the dictionary will you find
the following words?
1.
Apple
2.
Giraffe
3.
Mango
4.
Rainbow
5.
Tiger
6.
Zebra
7.
Beautiful
8.
Mountain
9.
Ocean
10. Wizard
Unit 9
