Conjunction संयोजक (जोड्ने शब्द)

 

WHAT IS A CONJUNCTION?

✅ Definition:

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.

👉 Nepali:
Conjunction = संयोजक (जोड्ने शब्द)

📌 Example:

• Ram and Sita are friends.
  👉 राम र सीता साथी हुन्।

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🔷 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

There are 3 main types:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunctions

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🔹 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

✅ Use:

They join equal parts (word + word / clause + clause)

👉 Nepali: समान स्तरका वाक्यांश जोड्छन्

🔑 FANBOYS:

• For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

• FANBOYS in Nepali

  1. For (कारण जनाउने)

  👉 Meaning: किनभने / कारणले

  📌 Example:

  • I stayed home, for I was tired.
    👉 म घरमै बसेँ, किनभने म थाकेको थिएँ।

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  2. And (जोड्ने)

  👉 Meaning: र

  📌 Example:

  • Ram and Sita are friends.
    👉 राम र सीता साथी हुन्।

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  3. Nor (न…न)

  👉 Meaning: न…न / पनि होइन

  📌 Example:

  • He doesn’t eat meat, nor does he drink milk.
    👉 ऊ मासु खाँदैन, न त दूध पिउँछ।

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  4. But (विपरीत अर्थ)

  👉 Meaning: तर

  📌 Example:

  • She is poor but happy.
    👉 ऊ गरिब छ तर खुशी छ।

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  5. Or (विकल्प)

  👉 Meaning: वा

  📌 Example:

  • Take tea or coffee.
    👉 चिया वा कफी लिनुहोस्।

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  6. Yet (तर पनि)

  👉 Meaning: तर पनि / तथापि

  📌 Example:

  • He is weak, yet he fights bravely.
    👉 ऊ कमजोर छ, तर पनि साहसीसँग लड्छ।

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  7. So (परिणाम)

  👉 Meaning: त्यसैले

  📌 Example:

  • It rained, so we stayed home.
    👉 पानी पर्यो, त्यसैले हामी घरमै बस्यौँ।

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  🎯 QUICK MEMORY (Very Important)

  👉 FANBOYS = For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

  Conjunction	Nepali Meaning
  For	किनभने
  And	र
  Nor	न…न
  But	तर
  Or	वा
  Yet	तर पनि
  So	त्यसैले

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📌 Examples:

1. I like tea and coffee.
   👉 मलाई चिया र कफी मनपर्छ।
2. She is poor but happy.
   👉 ऊ गरिब छ तर खुशी छ।
3. Hurry up or you will miss the bus.
   👉 छिटो गर नत्र बस छुट्छ।
4. He was tired so he slept.
   👉 ऊ थाकेको थियो त्यसैले सुत्यो।
5. She didn’t study yet she passed.
   👉 उसले पढिन तर पनि पास भई।

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🔹 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

✅ Use:

They join main clause + dependent clause

👉 Nepali: मुख्य वाक्य र सहायक वाक्य जोड्छन्

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🔑 Common words:

• because, although, if, when, while, since, unless, before, after

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📌 Examples:

1. I stayed home because it was raining.
   👉 पानी परिरहेको थियो त्यसैले म घरमै बसेँ।
2. Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
   👉 ऊ धनी भए पनि दुखी छ।
3. I will come if you call me.
   👉 तिमीले बोलायौ भने म आउँछु।
4. She was sleeping when I called her.
   👉 मैले फोन गर्दा ऊ सुतिरहेकी थिई।
5. Wait here until I return.
   👉 म नफर्किएसम्म यहाँ पर्ख।

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🔹 3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

✅ Use:

They work in pairs

👉 Nepali: जोेडीमा प्रयोग हुने संयोजक

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🔑 Common pairs:

• either…or
• neither…nor
• both…and
• not only…but also

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📌 Examples:

1. Either Ram or Shyam will come.
   👉 राम वा श्याममध्ये एक जना आउँछ।
2. Neither he nor his brother is guilty.
   👉 ऊ र उसको दाजु दुवै दोषी छैनन्।
3. Both tea and coffee are available.
   👉 चिया र कफी दुवै उपलब्ध छन्।
4. She is not only smart but also hardworking.
   👉 ऊ केवल होशियार मात्र होइन, मेहनती पनि छे।

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🔥 IMPORTANT RULES

✅ Rule 1: Comma before conjunction

• Use comma before but, so, and (in long sentences)

Example:
I was tired, so I went to bed.
👉 म थाकेको थिएँ, त्यसैले म सुत्न गएँ।

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✅ Rule 2: Subject-Verb Agreement (Correlative)

Example:
Either Ram or his friends are coming.
👉 राम वा उसका साथीहरू आउँदैछन्।

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✅ Rule 3: “Because” vs “So”

• Don’t use both together ❌

❌ Because he was ill, so he didn’t come.
✔ Because he was ill, he didn’t come.
✔ He was ill, so he didn’t come.

👉 ऊ बिरामी थियो त्यसैले आएन।

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🔷 EXTRA USES (VERY IMPORTANT)

✅ 1. Showing Contrast

• but, although

She is poor but happy.
👉 ऊ गरिब छ तर खुशी छ।

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✅ 2. Showing Reason

• because, since

I was late because of traffic.
👉 ट्राफिकका कारण म ढिलो भएँ।

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✅ 3. Showing Result

• so, therefore

It rained, so we stayed home.
👉 पानी पर्यो त्यसैले हामी घरमै बस्यौँ।

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✅ 4. Showing Choice

• or, either…or

You can have tea or coffee.
👉 तिमी चिया वा कफी लिन सक्छौ।

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✅ 5. Showing Condition

• if, unless

I will go if you come.
👉 तिमी आए भने म जान्छु।

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🎯 QUICK SUMMARY

• Conjunction = जोड्ने शब्द (संयोजक)
• 3 types:
  • Coordinating (and, but, or…)
  • Subordinating (because, if, when…)
  • Correlative (either…or, both…and…)

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✅ BONUS (VERY SIMPLE LINE)

👉 Conjunction = Sentence joiner
👉 संयोजक = वाक्य जोड्ने शब्द

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (15 Examples)

1. I like apples and bananas.
   👉 मलाई स्याउ र केरा मनपर्छ।
2. She is tired but she is working.
   👉 ऊ थाकेकी छ तर काम गरिरहेकी छे।
3. Hurry up or you will be late.
   👉 छिटो गर नत्र तिमी ढिलो हुन्छौ।
4. He didn’t call, so I went to his house.
   👉 उसले फोन गरेन, त्यसैले म उसको घर गएँ।
5. She is poor yet she is honest.
   👉 ऊ गरिब छ तर पनि इमानदार छे।
6. I wanted to go, but it was raining.
   👉 म जान चाहन्थेँ तर पानी परिरहेको थियो।
7. He is smart and hardworking.
   👉 ऊ होशियार र मेहनती छ।
8. We can stay here or leave now.
   👉 हामी यहाँ बस्न सक्छौँ वा अहिले जान सक्छौँ।
9. She studied hard, so she passed.
   👉 उसले कडा पढी, त्यसैले पास भई।
10. I was hungry, so I ate food.
    👉 म भोकाएको थिएँ, त्यसैले खाना खाएँ।
11. He is poor but happy.
    👉 ऊ गरिब छ तर खुशी छ।
12. She didn’t come, nor did she call.
    👉 ऊ आइन् र फोन पनि गरिनन्।
13. I will try, yet I am not sure.
    👉 म प्रयास गर्नेछु तर निश्चित छैन।
14. They played well and won the match.
    👉 उनीहरूले राम्रो खेले र खेल जिते।
15. We were late, so we missed the bus.
    👉 हामी ढिलो भयौँ, त्यसैले बस छुट्यो।

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🔹 B. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (15 Examples)

16. I stayed home because I was sick.
    👉 म बिरामी थिएँ त्यसैले घरमै बसेँ।
17. Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
    👉 ऊ धनी भए पनि दुखी छ।
18. I will come if you invite me.
    👉 तिमीले निम्ता दिए म आउँछु।
19. She was reading when I entered.
    👉 म पस्दा ऊ पढिरहेकी थिई।
20. Wait here until I come back.
    👉 म नफर्किएसम्म यहाँ पर्ख।
21. I left early because it was raining.
    👉 पानी परिरहेको थियो त्यसैले म चाँडै निस्किएँ।
22. He works hard so that he can succeed.
    👉 ऊ सफल हुनका लागि कडा मेहनत गर्छ।
23. Since you are here, help me.
    👉 तिमी यहाँ छौ भने मलाई सहयोग गर।
24. She didn’t go because she was tired.
    👉 ऊ थाकेकी थिई त्यसैले गइन।
25. Call me when you arrive.
    👉 तिमी पुगेपछि मलाई फोन गर।
26. I will wait until you return.
    👉 तिमी नफर्किएसम्म म पर्खन्छु।
27. He failed because he didn’t study.
    👉 उसले पढेन त्यसैले फेल भयो।
28. While I was walking, it started raining.
    👉 म हिँडिरहेको बेला पानी पर्न थाल्यो।
29. She smiled although she was sad.
    👉 ऊ दुखी भए पनि मुस्कुराई।
30. I won’t go unless you come.
    👉 तिमी नआए म जानेछैन।

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🔹 C. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (10 Examples)

31. Either you or I will go.
    👉 तिमी वा म मध्ये एक जना जान्छ।
32. Neither he nor his friend came.
    👉 ऊ र उसको साथी कोही पनि आएनन्।
33. Both Ram and Shyam are present.
    👉 राम र श्याम दुवै उपस्थित छन्।
34. She is not only smart but also kind.
    👉 ऊ केवल होशियार मात्र होइन, दयालु पनि छे।
35. Either take it or leave it.
    👉 या त लिनुहोस् वा छोड्नुहोस्।
36. Neither the teacher nor the students understood.
    👉 शिक्षक र विद्यार्थी दुवैले बुझेनन्।
37. Both tea and coffee are hot.
    👉 चिया र कफी दुवै तातो छन्।
38. He is not only rich but also generous.
    👉 ऊ धनी मात्र होइन, उदार पनि छ।
39. Either study hard or fail.
    👉 या त कडा पढ वा फेल होऊ।
40. Neither you nor I am wrong.
    👉 तिमी र म दुवै गलत छैनौँ।

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🎯 FINAL QUICK REVISION

• and = र
• but = तर
• or = वा
• so = त्यसैले
• because = किनभने / त्यसैले
• although = भए पनि
• if = यदि
• either…or = या…या
• neither…nor = न…न

Use of have, had, and has

 

1. USE OF HAVE / HAS (Present Tense)

✅ A. To show possession (स्वामित्व / हुनु)

👉 Meaning: something belongs to someone

🔹 Structure:

• I/You/We/They + have
• He/She/It + has

📌 Examples:

1. I have a car.
   👉 मसँग एउटा कार छ।
2. She has a book.
   👉 उससँग एउटा किताब छ।
3. They have a big house.
   👉 उनीहरूसँग ठूलो घर छ।
4. Ram has a bike.
   👉 रामसँग बाइक छ।

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✅ B. To show relationships / qualities (सम्बन्ध / गुण)

1. She has two brothers.
   👉 उससँग दुई जना दाजुभाइ छन्।
2. He has a kind heart.
   👉 उसँग दयालु मन छ।

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✅ C. As a Helping Verb (Perfect Tense)

👉 Used to form Present Perfect Tense

🔹 Structure:

• Subject + have/has + V3

📌 Examples:

1. I have finished my work.
   👉 मैले मेरो काम सकाएको छु।
2. She has gone home.
   👉 ऊ घर गएकी छ।
3. They have completed the project.
   👉 उनीहरूले परियोजना पूरा गरिसकेका छन्।

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✅ D. In “Have to” (Obligation)

1. I have to study.
   👉 मैले पढ्नुपर्छ।
2. He has to work.
   👉 उसले काम गर्नुपर्छ।

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✅ E. In Questions & Negatives

🔹 Negative:

• do not have / does not have

1. I don’t have money.
   👉 मसँग पैसा छैन।
2. She doesn’t have time.
   👉 उससँग समय छैन।

🔹 Question:

• Do/Does + subject + have?

1. Do you have a pen?
   👉 के तिमीसँग कलम छ?
2. Does he have a car?
   👉 के उससँग कार छ?

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🔷 2. USE OF HAD (Past Tense)

✅ A. Past possession (भूतकालमा स्वामित्व)

📌 Examples:

1. I had a car.
   👉 मसँग कार थियो।
2. She had a dog.
   👉 उसँग कुकुर थियो।

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✅ B. Past Perfect Tense

👉 Structure:

• Subject + had + V3

📌 Examples:

1. I had finished my work.
   👉 मैले मेरो काम सकाइसकेको थिएँ।
2. She had left before I arrived.
   👉 म पुग्नु अघि ऊ गइसकेकी थिई।

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✅ C. In “Had to” (Past obligation)

1. I had to go there.
   👉 मैले त्यहाँ जानुपरेको थियो।
2. They had to work hard.
   👉 उनीहरूले कडा मेहनत गर्नुपरेको थियो।

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✅ D. In Conditional Sentences

👉 “If I had…” (यदि मसँग … भएको भए)

1. If I had money, I would travel.
   👉 यदि मसँग पैसा भएको भए, म घुम्न जान्थें।

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🔷 3. SPECIAL USES OF HAVE / HAS / HAD

✅ A. For eating, drinking, taking

👉 “have” = खानु / पिउनु / लिनु

1. I have breakfast at 8.
   👉 म ८ बजे नास्ता गर्छु।
2. She had tea.
   👉 उसले चिया खाइ।

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✅ B. For experiences / activities

1. We had a great time.
   👉 हामीले राम्रो समय बितायौं।
2. I had a dream.
   👉 मैले सपना देखेँ।

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✅ C. Have + Object + V3 (Causative Use)

👉 कसैबाट काम गराउनु

1. I had my hair cut.
   👉 मैले कपाल कटाएँ।
2. She has her house cleaned.
   👉 उसले आफ्नो घर सफा गराउँछे।

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🔥 IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE

Form	Use	Nepali Meaning
have	plural / I, you	छ / छन्
has	singular (he/she/it)	छ
had	past (all subjects)	थियो / थिए

QUICK SUMMARY

• have / has → present (अहिले)
• had → past (भूतकाल)

BONUS: SIMPLE COMPARISON

1. I have a car.
   👉 मसँग कार छ।
2. I had a car.
   👉 मसँग कार थियो।
3. I have finished my work.
   👉 मैले काम सकाएको छु।
4. I had finished my work.
   👉 मैले काम सकाइसकेको थिएँ।

A. Examples of HAVE (10)

1. I have a pen.
   👉 मसँग एउटा कलम छ।
2. We have a big house.
   👉 हामीसँग ठूलो घर छ।
3. They have two cars.
   👉 उनीहरूसँग दुईवटा कार छन्।
4. You have a good idea.
   👉 तिमीसँग राम्रो विचार छ।
5. I have completed my homework.
   👉 मैले मेरो गृहकार्य सकाएको छु।
6. We have finished the project.
   👉 हामीले परियोजना पूरा गरेका छौँ।
7. They have visited Pokhara.
   👉 उनीहरूले पोखरा भ्रमण गरेका छन्।
8. I have to wake up early.
   👉 मैले चाँडै उठ्नुपर्छ।
9. We have lunch at noon.
   👉 हामी दिउँसो खाना खान्छौँ।
10. They have a meeting today.
    👉 उनीहरूको आज बैठक छ।

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🔹 B. Examples of HAS (10)

11. He has a bike.
    👉 उससँग बाइक छ।
12. She has a beautiful dress.
    👉 उससँग सुन्दर लुगा छ।
13. Ram has a new phone.
    👉 रामसँग नयाँ फोन छ।
14. Sita has long hair.
    👉 सीतासँग लामो कपाल छ।
15. He has finished his work.
    👉 उसले आफ्नो काम सकाएको छ।
16. She has gone to school.
    👉 ऊ विद्यालय गएकी छ।
17. The dog has a long tail.
    👉 कुकुरसँग लामो पुच्छर छ।
18. He has to study hard.
    👉 उसले कडा पढ्नुपर्छ।
19. She has breakfast at 7.
    👉 उसले ७ बजे नास्ता गर्छे।
20. Ram has a meeting today.
    👉 रामको आज बैठक छ।

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🔹 C. Examples of HAD (10)

21. I had a car.
    👉 मसँग कार थियो।
22. We had a great time.
    👉 हामीले राम्रो समय बितायौँ।
23. They had a big house.
    👉 उनीहरूसँग ठूलो घर थियो।
24. I had finished my work.
    👉 मैले मेरो काम सकाइसकेको थिएँ।
25. She had gone before I arrived.
    👉 म पुग्नु अघि ऊ गइसकेकी थिई।
26. He had to leave early.
    👉 उसले चाँडै जानुपरेको थियो।
27. We had to cancel the plan.
    👉 हामीले योजना रद्द गर्नुपरेको थियो।
28. They had dinner at 8.
    👉 उनीहरूले ८ बजे खाना खाए।
29. I had a headache yesterday.
    👉 मलाई हिजो टाउको दुखेको थियो।
30. She had a dream last night.
    👉 उसले हिजो राति सपना देखी।

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🎯 Quick Reminder

• have → I/You/We/They (present) → छ / छन्
• has → He/She/It (present) → छ
• had → past (all subjects) → थियो / थिए

Use of have to.and to, has to

1. Use of HAVE TO

✅ Meaning:

“Have to” = must / obligation (बाध्यता, गर्नु पर्छ)
It shows something is necessary or compulsory.

✅ Structure:

👉 Subject + have to + V1

✅ Used with:

• I, You, We, They (plural subjects)

📌 Examples:

1. I have to study hard.
   👉 मैले कडा अध्ययन गर्नुपर्छ।
2. They have to wear uniforms.
   👉 उनीहरूले युनिफर्म लगाउनुपर्छ।
3. We have to finish the work today.
   👉 हामीले आज काम सकाउनुपर्छ।

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❌ Negative:

👉 do not (don’t) have to = no necessity (आवश्यक छैन)

1. I don’t have to go.
   👉 मलाई जानु आवश्यक छैन।

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❓ Interrogative:

👉 Do + subject + have to + V1?

1. Do you have to work today?
   👉 के तिमीले आज काम गर्नुपर्छ?

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🔹 2. Use of HAS TO

✅ Meaning:

Same as have to (must / obligation)
👉 तर singular subject सँग प्रयोग हुन्छ।

✅ Structure:

👉 Subject + has to + V1

✅ Used with:

• He, She, It, singular nouns

📌 Examples:

1. She has to cook food.
   👉 उसले खाना पकाउनुपर्छ।
2. He has to attend the meeting.
   👉 उसले बैठकमा उपस्थित हुनुपर्छ।
3. Ram has to complete his homework.
   👉 रामले आफ्नो गृहकार्य पूरा गर्नुपर्छ।

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❌ Negative:

👉 does not (doesn’t) have to

1. He doesn’t have to come.
   👉 उसलाई आउनु आवश्यक छैन।

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❓ Interrogative:

👉 Does + subject + have to + V1?

1. Does she have to study now?
   👉 के उसले अहिले पढ्नुपर्छ?

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🔹 3. Use of HAD TO

✅ Meaning:

Past obligation (भूतकालको बाध्यता)
👉 Something was necessary in the past.

✅ Structure:

👉 Subject + had to + V1

📌 Examples:

1. I had to wake up early yesterday.
   👉 मैले हिजो चाँडै उठ्नुपरेको थियो।
2. They had to leave the place.
   👉 उनीहरूले ठाउँ छोड्नुपरेको थियो।
3. She had to work late.
   👉 उसले ढिलोसम्म काम गर्नुपरेको थियो।

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❌ Negative:

👉 did not (didn’t) have to

1. I didn’t have to go.
   👉 मलाई जानु आवश्यक परेन।

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❓ Interrogative:

👉 Did + subject + have to + V1?

1. Did you have to wait long?
   👉 के तिमीले धेरै बेर पर्खनुपर्‍यो?

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🔥 IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE

Form	Use	Nepali Meaning
have to	Present (plural)	गर्नुपर्छ
has to	Present (singular)	गर्नुपर्छ
had to	Past	गर्नुपर्‍यो / गर्नुपरेको थियो

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🔥 HAVE TO vs MUST (Extra Tip)

Have to	Must
External obligation (rule/law)	Personal feeling
You have to wear a helmet.	I must study.

👉 Nepali:

• have to = नियम / बाहिरी दबाब
• must = आफ्नै इच्छा / कर्तव्य

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🎯 Quick Summary

• have to → I/You/We/They (present)
• has to → He/She/It (present)
• had to → past (all subjects)

A. 20 Examples of HAVE TO

1. I have to finish my homework.
   👉 मैले मेरो गृहकार्य सकाउनुपर्छ।
2. We have to leave early.
   👉 हामीले चाँडै जानुपर्छ।
3. They have to follow the rules.
   👉 उनीहरूले नियम पालना गर्नुपर्छ।
4. You have to respect your parents.
   👉 तिमीले आफ्ना आमाबुबालाई सम्मान गर्नुपर्छ।
5. I have to wake up at 6 a.m.
   👉 मैले बिहान ६ बजे उठ्नुपर्छ।
6. We have to complete this project.
   👉 हामीले यो परियोजना पूरा गर्नुपर्छ।
7. They have to wear uniforms at school.
   👉 उनीहरूले विद्यालयमा युनिफर्म लगाउनुपर्छ।
8. You have to speak clearly.
   👉 तिमीले स्पष्ट बोल्नुपर्छ।
9. I have to pay the bill.
   👉 मैले बिल तिर्नुपर्छ।
10. We have to help the poor.
    👉 हामीले गरिबलाई सहयोग गर्नुपर्छ।
11. They have to attend the meeting.
    👉 उनीहरूले बैठकमा उपस्थित हुनुपर्छ।
12. You have to work hard to succeed.
    👉 सफल हुन तिमीले कडा मेहनत गर्नुपर्छ।
13. I have to buy groceries.
    👉 मैले किनमेल गर्नुपर्छ।
14. We have to protect the environment.
    👉 हामीले वातावरण जोगाउनुपर्छ।
15. They have to finish the task today.
    👉 उनीहरूले आज काम सकाउनुपर्छ।
16. You have to listen carefully.
    👉 तिमीले ध्यान दिएर सुन्नुपर्छ।
17. I have to go to the doctor.
    👉 मैले डाक्टरकहाँ जानुपर्छ।
18. We have to keep our promises.
    👉 हामीले आफ्ना वाचा पूरा गर्नुपर्छ।
19. They have to clean the room.
    👉 उनीहरूले कोठा सफा गर्नुपर्छ।
20. You have to be honest.
    👉 तिमीले इमानदार हुनुपर्छ।

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🔹 B. 15 Examples of HAS TO

21. He has to complete his homework.
    👉 उसले आफ्नो गृहकार्य सकाउनुपर्छ।
22. She has to cook dinner.
    👉 उसले खाना पकाउनुपर्छ।
23. Ram has to go to school.
    👉 रामले विद्यालय जानुपर्छ।
24. Sita has to help her mother.
    👉 सीताले आमालाई सहयोग गर्नुपर्छ।
25. He has to wake up early.
    👉 उसले चाँडै उठ्नुपर्छ।
26. She has to study for exams.
    👉 उसले परीक्षाको लागि पढ्नुपर्छ।
27. The boy has to clean his room.
    👉 केटाले आफ्नो कोठा सफा गर्नुपर्छ।
28. The girl has to learn English.
    👉 केटीले अंग्रेजी सिक्नुपर्छ।
29. He has to pay the fee.
    👉 उसले शुल्क तिर्नुपर्छ।
30. She has to attend the class.
    👉 उसले कक्षामा उपस्थित हुनुपर्छ।
31. Ram has to finish the work today.
    👉 रामले आज काम सकाउनुपर्छ।
32. She has to follow the rules.
    👉 उसले नियम पालना गर्नुपर्छ।
33. He has to meet the teacher.
    👉 उसले शिक्षकलाई भेट्नुपर्छ।
34. The student has to submit the assignment.
    👉 विद्यार्थीले असाइनमेन्ट बुझाउनुपर्छ।
35. She has to take care of her baby.
    👉 उसले आफ्नो बच्चाको हेरचाह गर्नुपर्छ।

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🔹 C. 15 Examples of HAD TO

36. I had to go to the hospital.
    👉 मैले अस्पताल जानुपरेको थियो।
37. We had to cancel the program.
    👉 हामीले कार्यक्रम रद्द गर्नुपरेको थियो।
38. They had to leave the place early.
    👉 उनीहरूले चाँडै ठाउँ छोड्नुपरेको थियो।
39. You had to complete the work yesterday.
    👉 तिमीले हिजो काम सकाउनुपरेको थियो।
40. I had to wake up early yesterday.
    👉 मैले हिजो चाँडै उठ्नुपरेको थियो।
41. We had to help them.
    👉 हामीले उनीहरूलाई सहयोग गर्नुपरेको थियो।
42. They had to study hard.
    👉 उनीहरूले कडा पढ्नुपरेको थियो।
43. He had to attend the meeting.
    👉 उसले बैठकमा उपस्थित हुनुपरेको थियो।
44. She had to cook food.
    👉 उसले खाना पकाउनुपरेको थियो।
45. Ram had to pay the fine.
    👉 रामले जरिवाना तिर्नुपरेको थियो।
46. Sita had to go to Kathmandu.
    👉 सीताले काठमाडौं जानुपरेको थियो।
47. He had to finish his homework.
    👉 उसले गृहकार्य सकाउनुपरेको थियो।
48. She had to take care of her sister.
    👉 उसले बहिनीको हेरचाह गर्नुपरेको थियो।
49. They had to work late.
    👉 उनीहरूले ढिलोसम्म काम गर्नुपरेको थियो।
50. We had to wait for a long time.
    👉 हामीले धेरै बेर पर्खनुपरेको थियो।

PTE Speaking – Retell Lecture

PTE Speaking – Retell Lecture

In this task, you listen to a short lecture (30–90 seconds) and then retell it in your own words. Your response is recorded and scored based on:

• Content (how much correct information you include)
• Pronunciation and fluency
• Coherence and structure

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Rules for Retell Lecture

1.      Listen Carefully

o    Focus on key points, examples, and main idea.

o    Don’t try to memorize word-for-word; focus on meaning.

2.      Use Your Own Words

o    You can paraphrase, but make sure all important points are included.

o    Avoid adding unrelated information.

3.      Use a Clear Structure

o    Start with “The lecture is about…”

o    Then mention key points or examples.

o    Conclude briefly if possible.

4.      Include Keywords

o    Important terms, numbers, dates, or names mentioned in the lecture should be included.

5.      Speak Clearly and Fluently

o    Avoid pauses, fillers (“um, uh”)

o    Use linking words: for example, moreover, in addition, another point is…

6.      Time Limit

o    Speak for 30–40 seconds.

o    If you finish too early, add minor examples or supporting details.

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Template for Retell Lecture

Basic Template:

“The lecture is about [main topic]. It discusses [key point 1], [key point 2], and [key point 3]. The lecturer also mentions [example/supporting detail]. Overall, the lecture explains [summary or implication].”

Linking Words You Can Use:

• Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly
• For example / For instance
• In addition / Moreover / Furthermore
• Overall / In conclusion

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Sample Lectures and Answers

Sample 1

Lecture:
“Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. This process is essential for life on Earth.”

Answer:

The lecture is about photosynthesis. It explains how plants use sunlight to produce energy. Specifically, plants absorb carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen. The lecturer emphasizes that this process is essential for life on Earth.

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Sample 2

Lecture:
“Global warming is caused by the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This leads to rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and extreme weather events. Reducing emissions is critical to slowing down global warming.”

Answer:

The lecture is about global warming. It discusses the effects of increased greenhouse gases, such as rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and extreme weather. The lecturer also highlights that reducing emissions is necessary to control global warming.

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Sample 3

Lecture:
“Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are important for reducing pollution. Unlike fossil fuels, they do not produce harmful emissions. Governments are investing in these energy sources to ensure a sustainable future.”

Answer:

The lecture is about renewable energy. It explains that solar and wind power help reduce pollution because they do not emit harmful gases like fossil fuels. The lecturer also mentions that governments are investing in renewable energy to promote sustainability.

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Sample 4

Lecture:
“Exercise has many benefits for physical and mental health. Regular physical activity strengthens the heart, improves muscle tone, and reduces stress. People are encouraged to exercise at least 30 minutes a day.”

Answer:

The lecture is about the benefits of exercise. It explains that regular physical activity strengthens the heart, improves muscles, and reduces stress. The lecturer also recommends exercising at least 30 minutes every day.

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Sample 5

Lecture:
“The internet has changed the way we communicate. Social media allows instant connection across the globe. However, excessive use of the internet can lead to social isolation and reduced face-to-face interaction.”

Answer:

The lecture is about the impact of the internet on communication. It explains that social media enables people to connect instantly worldwide. However, the lecturer warns that too much internet use can cause social isolation and reduce direct social interactions.

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✅ Tips for Retell Lecture

1.      Always start with “The lecture is about…”

2.      Focus on 3–5 main points.

3.      Include one example if possible.

4.      Use linking words to sound fluent.

5.      Speak clearly, 30–40 seconds, without rushing.