Study With BR Sir

Compulsory English Grade 11 Grammar

Parts of Speech (Word Class) in English Grammar

1. Noun

Definition: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples:

Person: teacher, Rahul
Place: school, Nepal
Thing: book, car
Idea: freedom, happiness
Sentence: The cat is sleeping on the sofa.

2. Pronoun

Definition: A word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Examples: he, she, it, they, we, you, I
Sentence: Sita is my friend. She is very kind.

3. Verb

Definition: A word that shows action or a state of being.
Examples: run, eat, is, have, go, was
Sentence: They are playing football.

4. Adjective

Definition: A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples: beautiful, small, red, angry, five
Sentence: He has a big house.

5. Adverb

Definition: A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells how, when, where, or to what extent.
Examples: quickly, very, yesterday, outside, too
Sentence: She sings beautifully.
(beautifully modifies sings)

6. Preposition

Definition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another word in the sentence (usually location, direction, time).
Examples: in, on, at, by, under, over, with
Sentence: The book is on the table.

7. Conjunction

Definition: A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Examples: and, but, or, because, although
Sentence: I wanted to go out, but it was raining.

8. Interjection

Definition: A word or short phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise.
Examples: Wow!, Oh no!, Hey!, Oops!
Sentence: “Wow! That was amazing!”

Note

Determiners

Part of Speech: Determiner (some grammars treat them as adjectives, but modern grammar treats them as a separate category)

Determiners come before nouns to show which one, how many, or whose.

Types of Determiners include:

1. Articles – a, an, the

2. Demonstratives – this, that, these, those

3. Possessives – my, your, his, her, our, their

4. Quantifiers – some, many, few, several, much, all

5. Numbers – one, two, ten, hundred

6. Interrogatives – which, what, whose

Determiners are a distinct part of speech in modern grammar.

Grammar

Classify the underlined words into different word classes.

a. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.

who – pronoun
wearing – verb
my – determiner

b. I bought a round table in the supermarket.

round – adjective
the – determiner

c. Alas, she is dead.

Alas – interjection

d. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.

hard – adverb
wife – noun
very – adverb

e. I have never been to Japan.

never – adverb

f. Ann drove a car safely.

Ann – Noun
Safely – Adverb

g. Nobody has claimed it.

nobody – pronoun
it – pronoun

h. She cut her hand with a knife.

her – determiner
with – preposition

i. They have postponed the program because of rain.

have – verb
because of – preposition
rain – noun

j. Everybody comes to the party.

everybody – pronoun

k. All such people ought to be avoided.

all – determiner
such – determiner

l. All of the food has gone.

all – pronoun

m. What was that noise?

what – pronoun

n. One must not boast of one’s own success.

one – pronoun

o. Nobody was there to rescue the child.

nobody – pronoun

p. Neither of the accusations is true.

neither – pronoun

q. Neither answer is correct.

neither – determiner

r. Here is the book that you lent me.

here – adverb
that – pronoun

s. Without health there is no happiness.

without – preposition
health – noun
happiness – noun

Identify the part of speech of the bold word in each sentence

1. She quickly finished her homework.

2. The cat slept on the warm bed.

3. We went to the park because it was sunny.

4. He is very talented.

5. Wow! That was an amazing show.

6. The bus stopped at the station.

7. My brother runs every morning.

8. I love eating Nepali food.

9. The children were playing outside.

10. She bought a beautiful dress yesterday.

11. I will call you after dinner.

12. They have lived here since 2020.

13. Please give the book to him.

14. The old man walked slowly down the street.

15. Although it was raining, we went hiking.

16. Rina is a good dancer.

17. The teacher gave us a difficult assignment.

18. Hey! Are you listening to me?

19. We watched a movie, and then we had dinner.

20. The girl placed the flowers on the table.

Answers

1. quickly — Adverb
Reason: Modifies the verb "finished," showing how she finished.

2. warm — Adjective
Reason: Describes the noun "bed."

3. because — Conjunction
Reason: Connects the two clauses "We went to the park" and "it was sunny."

4. very — Adverb
Reason: Modifies the adjective "talented," intensifying it.

5. Wow — Interjection
Reason: Expresses surprise or emotion.

6. stopped — Verb
Reason: Main action in the sentence (past tense).

7. runs — Verb
Reason: Main action performed regularly (present tense).

8. eating — Verb (gerund)
Reason: Functions as the object of the verb "love," showing an action.

9. playing — Verb
Reason: Describes ongoing action (past continuous tense).

10. beautiful — Adjective
Reason: Describes the noun "dress."

11. after — Preposition
Reason: Shows time relation between "call" and "dinner."

12. here — Adverb
Reason: Indicates place where "they have lived."

13. him — Pronoun
Reason: Object pronoun receiving the action "give."

14. slowly — Adverb
Reason: Modifies the verb "walked," describing how.

15. Although — Conjunction
Reason: Introduces a subordinate clause showing contrast.

16. dancer — Noun
Reason: A person who dances.

17. difficult — Adjective
Reason: Describes the noun "assignment."

18. Hey — Interjection
Reason: Used to get attention.

19. and — Conjunction
Reason: Joins two independent clauses.

20. on — Preposition
Reason: Shows the relationship between "placed" and "the table."

Critical thinking

a. ‘All children have the right to quality education. How can we ensure this right to every child? Discuss the role of the government and the parents to make sure that every child can attend school.’

Education is the basic right of every child. It helps them grow into responsible citizens and gives them the chance to build a better future. Unfortunately, many children around the world are still unable to go to school because of poverty, lack of facilities, or negligence. To solve this problem, both the government and parents have important responsibilities.

The government should make sure that schools are available in every village and city with trained teachers, proper classrooms, and learning materials. Free or affordable education, scholarships for poor families, and programs like free lunch or free textbooks can motivate parents to send their children to school. The government should also strictly stop child labor and ensure that no child is forced to work instead of studying.

Parents also play a key role. They must understand that education is more valuable than sending children to work for money. Parents should regularly send their children to school, help them with homework, and encourage them to study. They must also cooperate with teachers and attend school meetings.

In conclusion, if the government provides opportunities and parents give full support, every child can enjoy the right to quality education and build a brighter future.

b.’Do you think that there is still discrimination between sons and daughters in terms of providing education in our country? What strategies do you suggest to overcome such discrimination against girls?’

In many parts of our country, there is still discrimination between sons and daughters in terms of education. Although the situation has improved compared to the past, many families still prefer to educate their sons while neglecting their daughters. They believe that sons will take care of parents in old age, while daughters will marry and go to another family. Because of this belief, many girls are deprived of their right to education.

To overcome such discrimination, we need strong efforts from both the government and society. First, awareness programs should be organized to change the traditional mindset of people. Parents must be taught that educating daughters is equally important because educated women can contribute to the family, society, and nation. Second, the government should provide scholarships and free education for girls, especially in rural areas. Campaigns like “Send Girls to School” should be promoted widely. Third, successful examples of educated women should be highlighted to inspire other families.

Parents also have to treat sons and daughters equally and motivate their daughters to continue higher studies. Only then can we create a fair society where both boys and girls get equal opportunities in education.

c. ‘A Chinese philosopher Confucius said, “If your plan is for one year, plant rice; if your plan is for ten years, plant trees; if your plan is for one hundred years, educate children.” What is the meaning of this saying? Elaborate this with examples.’

The famous Chinese philosopher Confucius once said, “If your plan is for one year, plant rice; if your plan is for ten years, plant trees; if your plan is for one hundred years, educate children.” This saying highlights the importance of education for long-term development.

Planting rice provides food for only a short time, while planting trees gives benefits for many years, such as fruits, wood, and shade. But educating children brings benefits for generations. When children receive good education, they grow into skilled, responsible, and wise adults who can lead society towards progress. Education does not only help an individual earn a living, but also helps a whole nation become stronger and more advanced.

For example, countries like Japan and South Korea invested heavily in education after facing hardships. Today, they are among the most developed nations. Similarly, when families educate their children, they break the cycle of poverty and create better opportunities for the future.

In short, Confucius teaches us that education is the best investment. Crops and trees may last for years, but the knowledge and skills given to children will shape the destiny of society for centuries.

Unit 2 Communication

1. What is an Adjective?

Definition:
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells us which one, what kind, or how many.

Trick to identify:
Ask yourself — “Which one?” “What kind?” or “How many?” about a noun. If the word answers that, it’s likely an adjective.

Examples:

1. She has a red car. (What kind of car? — red = adjective)

2. They adopted three puppies. (How many puppies? — three = adjective)

3. He is a tall man. (Which one? Tall = adjective)

2. What is an Adverb?

Definition:
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, why, or to what extent something happens.

Trick to identify:
Look for words that often end with -ly (but not always!) and ask:

· How?

· When?

· Where?

· To what extent?

If the word answers these questions about a verb, adjective, or adverb, it’s an adverb.

Examples:

· She runs quickly. (How does she run? Quickly = adverb)

· He is very tall. (To what extent is he tall? Very = adverb)

· They arrived yesterday. (When? Yesterday = adverb)

1. Adjectives: Common Suffixes

Adjectives often end with these suffixes:

Quick trick

Symbol (Suffix)	Part of Speech
-ful, -ous, -able, -ive, -ic, -al, -y	Adjective
-ly, -ward(s), -wise	Adverb

Suffix	Meaning/Use	Examples
-ful	Full of / characterized by	beautiful, careful, helpful
-ous	Having qualities of	dangerous, famous
-able / -ible	Capable of being	enjoyable, visible
-ish	Like or somewhat	childish, foolish
-ive	Having nature of	active, creative
-ic	Related to	poetic, athletic
-al	Pertaining to	natural, musical
-y	Characterized by	sunny, happy

2. Adverbs: Common Suffixes

Adverbs often end with

Suffix	Meaning/Use	Examples
-ly	In the manner of	quickly, happily, softly
-ward(s)	Direction or place	backward, forward
-wise	In the manner of / regarding	clockwise, otherwise

What is a Noun?

Definition:
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, idea, or quality.

Trick to Identify Nouns

1. Ask “Who?” or “What?”

Nouns often answer the questions:

Who is it? (person, animal)
What is it? (thing, place, idea)

Example:

Who is there? — Teacher (noun)
What is on the table? — Book (noun)

2. Look for Articles or Determiners before the Word

Words often preceded by a, an, the, my, some, this, that are usually nouns.

Example:

The cat is sleeping.
A car passed by.

3. Nouns Can Be Pluralized or Made Possessive

Most nouns can be made plural by adding -s or -es.
They can show possession by adding ’s.

Example:

Dog → Dogs
Child → Children
Man’s hat

4. Nouns Can Be Subjects or Objects in a Sentence

If the word is the subject or object of a verb, it’s likely a noun.

Example:

John runs fast. (Subject)
I see a tree. (Object)

Examples of Nouns

Person	Place	Thing	Animal	Idea/Quality
teacher	school	pen	dog	freedom
mother	city	table	cat	happiness
doctor	park	phone	elephant	love

Common Suffixes Used in Nouns

Suffix	Meaning / Use	Examples
-er / -or	One who does an action	teacher, actor, singer
-tion / -sion	Act or process; result of action	creation, decision, tension
-ment	Result or process	development, agreement
-ness	State or quality	happiness, kindness
-ity / -ty	State or quality	ability, honesty, loyalty
-ance / -ence	State, quality, or action	importance, independence
-ship	State, condition, skill, or office	friendship, leadership
-hood	State, condition, group	childhood, neighborhood
-ism	Doctrine, belief, system	socialism, criticism
-ist	One who practices or believes	artist, scientist
-acy	State or quality	accuracy, privacy
-dom	State, condition, domain	freedom, kingdom
-ure	Act, process, or result	exposure, closure
-al	Action or process (sometimes adj.)	arrival, refusal

Examples in Sentences

Teacher teaches students.
The creation of the painting took months.
Her happiness was obvious.
The friendship between them lasted years.
He is an artist.
Freedom is a basic human right.

b. Write the following words in the right columns. Change the adjectives into adverbs and nouns into adjectives.

Adjectives	Adverbs
Careful	Carefully
Perfect	Perfectly
Automatic	Automatically
Certain	Certainly
Fair	Fairly
General	Generally
Proud	Proudly
Rapid	Rapidly
Proper	Properly
Final	Finally
Common	Commonly
Beautiful	Beautifully
Frequent	Frequently
Heavy	Heavily
Hungry	Hungrily

Nouns	Adjectives
Rain	Rainy
Bush	Bushy
Spice	Spicy
Snow	Snowy
Blood	Bloody
Cloud	Cloudy
Bag	Baggy
Mood	Moody
Air	Airy
Cream	Creamy
Dust	Dusty
Ice	Icy
Fun	Funny
Ease	Easy
Hand	Handy
Oil	Oily
Greed	Greedy
Health	Healthy
Hill	Hilly

Grammar

B. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.

i. I watch television. (often)
I often watch television.

ii. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)
Have you ever been to Janakpur.

iii. They play football on Saturday. (sometimes)
They sometimes play football on Saturday.

iv. The weather is bad in November. (always)
The weather is always bad in November.

v. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)
We seldom have fish for dinner.

vi. Pritam doesn’t get up before seven. (usually)
Pritam usually gets up after seven.

vii. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)
I was very tired and I was also hungry.

viii. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)
Did you both enjjoy the flight?

C. Rewrite the following sentences placing the underlined words in the right position.

i. I never have understood her.
I have never understood her.

ii. We are often invited to the parties.
We are often invited to the parties.

iii. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.
We were all tired, so we all fell asleep.

iv. Rajan drives always to work.
Rajan always drives to work.

v. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.
Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he read newspaper a lot.

vi. We enjoyed very much the party.
We enjoyed the party very much.

vii. My brother speaks fluently English.
My brother speaks English fluently.

Writing

C. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics.
a. My School Library

My school library is one of the most important places in our school. It is a large and quiet room with many books neatly arranged on shelves. The library has story books, textbooks, reference books, magazines, and newspapers. There are also dictionaries, encyclopedias, and some books on science and technology. It is truly a treasure house of knowledge.

The library is managed by a librarian who keeps the books in order and helps us find the ones we need. Students are allowed to borrow books for a certain period of time. We also have a reading corner where we can sit quietly and read during our free periods. The atmosphere of the library is peaceful and encourages us to concentrate on our studies.

I like to spend time in the library because it helps me to learn new things and improve my reading habit. Reading story books increases my imagination, while reference books help me in my studies. The library also provides newspapers that keep us updated about current events.

In short, my school library is not only a place for books but also a place that inspires us to gain knowledge. I feel proud of having such a library in my school.

b. Moral Values I Like Most

Moral values are the principles that guide our life and help us to choose what is right and avoid what is wrong. They make us good human beings and respected members of society. Among the many moral values, the ones I like most are honesty, kindness, and respect.

Honesty is important because it builds trust. An honest person is loved and respected everywhere. If we are honest in our words and actions, people will believe us and support us. I always try to speak the truth and avoid cheating.

Kindness is another value I admire. A kind person helps others in need and spreads happiness. Even small acts like helping a friend in study, sharing food, or caring for animals show kindness. I believe kindness makes life beautiful.

Respect is equally important. We should respect our parents, teachers, elders, and even younger ones. Respect creates harmony in relationships and helps society to remain peaceful.

These values guide me in my daily life. I feel that by practicing honesty, kindness, and respect, I can become a better person and also inspire others to follow the same. Moral values are the real wealth that lasts forever.

Unit 3 Media and Society

Definition of Preposition

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship with another word in the sentence.
It usually shows direction, location, time, or introduces an object.

Example:

The cat is under the table.
(Here, under is a preposition showing the position of the cat.)

Prepositions of Direction (Movement)

These prepositions indicate movement from one place to another. They answer the question “where to?”

Preposition	Meaning	Example Sentence
to	movement toward a specific destination	She went to school.
into	movement toward the inside of something	He walked into the room.
onto	movement toward a surface	The cat jumped onto the table.
out of	movement from the inside to the outside	She ran out of the house.
off	movement away from a surface	He fell off the ladder.
up	movement toward a higher position	They ran up the hill.
down	movement toward a lower position	She walked down the stairs.
onto	movement to a position on a surface	The bird flew onto the roof.
along	movement in a linear direction	They walked along the river.
across	movement from one side to another	He swam across the lake.
around	movement in a circular path	We drove around the city.
past	movement beyond or beside something	She walked past the store.
over	movement above something	The plane flew over the mountains.
under	movement below something	The dog crawled under the table.
through	movement from one side to the other inside something	The train passed through the tunnel.
toward / towards	movement in the direction of something	He moved toward the door.
away from	movement in the opposite direction	The thief ran away from the police.
out from	movement emerging from something	Smoke came out from the chimney.

Grammar (from book)

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions of direction: to, toward, onto, or into.

a. Prem drove Milan to the airport.
b. The plane landed on the runway.
c. The kids climbed onto the monkey bars.
d. Manish and Richa moved the table into the dining room.
e. Ganesh almost fell into the river.
f. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading toward the university.

C. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition from the brackets.

a. While we were hiking through the forest, we saw a mountain lion. (across/through/along/under)
b. The leopards walked in a circle round the baby giraffe before they attacked.(into/towards/round/through)
c. Go out of the building and turn left. (into/up/off/out of)
d. She ran away from home when she was eighteen. (towards/away from/down/across)
e. Raindrops ran down the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.(into/up/down/over)
f. Hemanta put the plate onto the table and began to eat his dinner. (onto/into/up/off)
g. The frightened deer disappeared into the forest. (up/onto/into/toward)
h. We were driving towards the City Centre when we had an accident. (up/into/towards/along)
i. The smoke from the fire went up into the sky. (into/up/to/onto)

Practice

20 Practice Fill-in-the-Blank Questions (Prepositions of Direction)

1. The man walked slowly ___ the hospital gate. (to / into / under)

2. She poured the juice ___ the glass. (into / onto / out of)

3. The children jumped ___ the swimming pool. (into / onto / under)

4. The cat climbed ___ the sofa and sat comfortably. (onto / into / up)

5. He fell ___ the bicycle and hurt his knee. (off / out of / over)

6. They walked quietly ___ the dark cave. (through / across / onto)

7. The hikers moved carefully ___ the narrow trail. (along / around / over)

8. The boy ran ___ the dog barking behind him. (away from / toward / across)

9. We drove ___ the hill and enjoyed the view. (up / into / off)

10. The kids slid ___ the slide with joy. (down / up / into)

11. She looked ___ the mirror and smiled. (into / onto / over)

12. The bird flew ___ the roof and disappeared. (over / onto / out of)

13. The bus moved slowly ___ the station. (toward / into / under)

14. He dived ___ the lake to save the child. (into / onto / along)

15. The tourists walked ___ the bridge to reach the island. (across / along / down)

16. The cat jumped ___ the table and spilled the milk. (onto / over / into)

17. He got ___ the car and started driving. (into / onto / over)

18. The man came ___ the crowd with a big smile. (out of / into / across)

19. She ran ___ the corner and disappeared. (around / onto / along)

20. We cycled ___ the riverbank for an hour. (along / across / toward)

Answers

1. The man walked slowly to the hospital gate.
✅ Reason: "To" indicates movement toward a specific destination.

2. She poured the juice into the glass.
✅ Reason: "Into" is used when something goes inside something else.

3. The children jumped into the swimming pool.
✅ Reason: "Into" shows movement from outside to inside a space.

4. The cat climbed onto the sofa and sat comfortably.
✅ Reason: "Onto" shows movement onto a surface (sofa is a surface here).

5. He fell off the bicycle and hurt his knee.
✅ Reason: "Off" is used when someone or something comes down from a surface.

6. They walked quietly through the dark cave.
✅ Reason: "Through" means entering one side and coming out the other side of a space.

7. The hikers moved carefully along the narrow trail.
✅ Reason: "Along" means following the length of something (trail, road, etc.).

8. The boy ran away from the dog barking behind him.
✅ Reason: "Away from" shows movement in the opposite direction.

9. We drove up the hill and enjoyed the view.
✅ Reason: "Up" indicates movement toward a higher place.

10. The kids slid down the slide with joy.
✅ Reason: "Down" indicates movement toward a lower position.

11. She looked into the mirror and smiled.
✅ Reason: "Into" is used when focusing attention inside a surface or object (like a mirror).

12. The bird flew over the roof and disappeared.
✅ Reason: "Over" shows movement above something without touching it.

13. The bus moved slowly toward the station.
✅ Reason: "Toward" shows movement in the direction of a place.

14. He dived into the lake to save the child.
✅ Reason: "Into" indicates movement into the water (inside a space).

15. The tourists walked across the bridge to reach the island.
✅ Reason: "Across" means from one side to the other of a surface.

16. The cat jumped onto the table and spilled the milk.
✅ Reason: "Onto" means movement to the surface of something.

17. He got into the car and started driving.
✅ Reason: "Into" is used for entering enclosed spaces like cars, rooms, etc.

18. The man came out of the crowd with a big smile.
✅ Reason: "Out of" indicates emerging from inside a group or space.

19. She ran around the corner and disappeared.
✅ Reason: "Around" means movement in a curved or circular direction.

20. We cycled along the riverbank for an hour.
✅ Reason: "Along" means moving beside or parallel to a path, road, or river.

Critical thinking

a. Does social media have positive impact in the society? Discuss.

Social media has become an important part of modern life, connecting people from different parts of the world. It allows individuals to communicate instantly, share ideas, and stay updated with news and events. Many people use platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and X (Twitter) to maintain relationships, make new friends, and learn about different cultures. This helps promote understanding and unity among people globally.

One of the major positive impacts of social media is the spread of information. It enables people to access news, educational content, and awareness campaigns quickly. Students can use social media to learn new skills, join online classes, and participate in discussions. During emergencies or natural disasters, social media is a fast way to share warnings, provide help, and raise funds for those in need.

Social media also supports businesses and creativity. Many small business owners promote their products online to reach customers at low cost. Artists, writers, and musicians can share their work with a larger audience without depending on traditional media. This helps people showcase their talents and build careers from home.

However, while social media has many benefits, it should be used wisely. Too much time spent online can harm mental health, and false information can spread quickly. Therefore, society should focus on using social media for learning, communication, and positive change. If used responsibly, social media can play a very positive role in improving knowledge, relationships, and opportunities in the world.

b. How do you compare virtual communication and face-to-face communication?

Virtual communication takes place through digital platforms like video calls, messaging apps, and emails, while face-to-face communication happens in person. Both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the situation and need.

In virtual communication, people can connect instantly regardless of distance. It saves travel time and costs, making it easier for friends, family, and colleagues in different locations to stay in touch. It also allows flexible communication through text, voice, or video. However, it sometimes lacks emotional depth because body language, tone, and facial expressions are harder to notice.

On the other hand, face-to-face communication offers more personal connection. People can read each other’s expressions, gestures, and emotions clearly, which builds trust and understanding. Meetings and discussions in person are often more engaging and less likely to be misunderstood. However, it requires people to be physically present, which can be difficult if they live far away or have busy schedules.

In conclusion, both virtual and face-to-face communication are important in today’s world. Virtual communication is best for saving time and staying connected over long distances, while face-to-face communication is better for building strong relationships and deep understanding. Using both wisely can improve personal and professional interactions.

Writing

b. What is cyber bullying? What are its effects? How can it be stopped?

Cyberbullying is the use of digital platforms, such as social media, messaging apps, or online games, to harass, threaten, or humiliate someone. It can include sending hurtful messages, spreading false information, sharing private photos without permission, or making rude comments online. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying can happen anytime and anywhere, as long as the victim is connected to the internet.

The effects of cyberbullying can be serious. Victims may feel stressed, anxious, or depressed. It can lower their self-esteem and make them afraid to participate in online activities. In severe cases, it can lead to isolation, poor academic performance, or even self-harm. Because online content can spread quickly, the damage caused by cyberbullying is often widespread and long-lasting.

Cyberbullying can be stopped by taking strong preventive measures. Parents and teachers should educate children about respectful online behavior. Victims should block bullies, save evidence, and report the abuse to platform administrators or authorities. Social media companies must also monitor harmful content and take strict action against offenders.

In conclusion, cyberbullying is a harmful act that affects mental and emotional well-being. By spreading awareness, promoting kindness, and enforcing strict online rules, society can make the internet a safer and more positive space for everyone.

Unit 4 History and Culture

Grammar (Past Tense)

Definition of Past Tense

The past tense refers to actions or events that happened before the present time (i.e., in the past). It tells us when something happened.

1. Simple Past Tense

Definition

Describes a completed action that happened at a specific time in the past.

Common Time Adverbs

yesterday
last night/week/month/year
in 1990
two days ago
once / when

Structure

Subject + past form of verb (V2)

Examples:

I watched a movie yesterday.
She visited her grandparents last week.
They won the match two days ago.

2. Past Continuous Tense

Definition

Describes an ongoing action that was happening at a specific time in the past.

Common Time Adverbs:

while
when
at 5 PM yesterday
all evening
during the meeting

Structure:

Subject + was/were + verb-ing

Examples:

I was reading a book at 8 PM yesterday.
They were playing football when it started to rain.
She was cooking dinner while I was watching TV.

3. Past Perfect Tense

Definition

Describes an action that happened before another action or point in the past.

Common Time Adverbs:

already
before
after
by the time
when

Structure:

Subject + had + past participle (V3)

Examples:

She had left before I arrived.
They had finished the work by 5 PM.
I had already eaten when he came.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Definition:

Describes an ongoing action that started before and continued up to another point in the past.

Common Time Adverbs:

for
since
before
when
all day / all morning

Structure:

Subject + had been + verb-ing

Examples:

She had been studying for three hours before dinner.
They had been living in London since 2010.
I had been waiting for her when the train arrived.

Summary Table

Tense	Use	Structure	Time Adverbs	Example
Simple Past	Completed past action	V2	yesterday, ago, last year	I visited Nepal last year.
Past Continuous	Action in progress in past	was/were + V-ing	while, at 5 PM, when	She was cooking at 6 PM.
Past Perfect	Earlier past action	had + V3	before, already, by the time	He had left before I came.
Past Perfect Continuous	Ongoing action before a point in the past	had been + V-ing	for, since, all day	We had been working since morning.

B. Complete the texts below using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket.

a. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture disappeared (disappear) by the time Europeans first arrived (arrive) in the New World.
b. When I turned (turn) on the radio yesterday, I heard (hear) a song that was popular when I was (be) at the basic level of my study. It took (take) me back to some old memories.
c. I was looking for a job. I applied (apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, I got (get) it and now I am a job holder.

C. Choose the correct words from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.

a. Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.
b. Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.
c. My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs 5000.
d. She got up early in the morning yesterday.
e. When I was small, my father taught me at home.
f. Why did you throw the cap away?

D. Put the verb into the correct form and complete the sentences.

a. I went to see the film, but I did not it. (not/enjoy)
b. I met Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet)
c. It was very warm, so I took off my coat. (take off)
d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well. (not/sleep)
e. I started new job last week. (start)
g. He was too busy in the office yesterday. (be)
h. Nita invited her to the party, but she didn’t come. (invite)

Critical thinking

a. The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers. Present your view for or against this statement.

The Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal of India are among the greatest wonders of the world. It is true that both were created under the rule of powerful emperors who had almost unlimited authority. In one sense, these monuments can be called the result of autocratic rule, because ordinary people did not have the power to question or resist the king’s decisions. The emperors used huge amounts of money, resources, and human labor to complete these works. Many workers and even common citizens had to suffer while building them. For example, thousands of laborers died during the construction of the Great Wall. This shows the negative side of autocratic rulers.

On the other hand, these monuments also reflect the rulers’ vision and artistic sense. The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan, is a symbol of love and fine architecture. The Great Wall shows the determination to protect the nation. Without such strong rulers, these structures might never have been built, and the world would have missed great historical and cultural treasures.

Therefore, while the Great Wall and Taj Mahal are products of autocratic rulers, they also stand as symbols of human creativity, history, and culture.

b. How do you describe the pros and cons of feudalism?

Feudalism was a social and economic system that existed in medieval Europe and some parts of Asia. Under this system, the king gave land to nobles, nobles gave land to knights, and peasants worked on the land in return for protection. Like any system, feudalism had both advantages and disadvantages.

The main advantage of feudalism was security. At a time when people feared invasions and wars, peasants and villagers felt safe under the protection of lords and knights. It also created order and stability in society because everyone had a role. The nobles provided leadership, knights defended the land, and peasants worked to produce food. Feudalism also encouraged loyalty and service, which kept communities united.

However, there were many disadvantages too. Peasants and serfs had to work very hard and lived under strict control of their lords. They had little freedom and no chance to improve their social position. Most of the wealth went to the nobles, while the workers remained poor. Feudalism also slowed progress because people were tied to land and tradition, leaving little room for change.

In conclusion, feudalism provided security and order, but it was unfair and limited the growth of individuals and society.

Writing

a. Write an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.

From: balramshah12@gmail.com

To: davidwilson4341@gmail.com

Subject: Contribution of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Unification of Nepal

Dear David,

I hope you are fine and enjoying your life abroad. Today, I want to share with you something important about our history, especially the contributions of King Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.

Before the unification, Nepal was divided into many small kingdoms such as the Malla states in the Kathmandu Valley and the Baise and Chaubise states in the west. Because of this division, our country was weak and often under threat from stronger foreign powers like the British in India. At that time, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha, took the great responsibility of uniting all these states into one strong nation.

He was a brave, farsighted, and determined leader. He started his campaign from Nuwakot, which he captured in 1744. After that, he continued to expand Gorkha’s territory and finally conquered the Kathmandu Valley in 1769, making it the capital of unified Nepal. He also fought against the British and kept them away from Nepal, which helped preserve our independence.

Prithvi Narayan Shah gave us the famous idea of “Nepal as a garden of four castes and thirty-six sub-castes,” showing his vision of unity in diversity. Because of his courage and leadership, we Nepalis remember him as the “Father of the Nation.”

I feel proud of his contributions and hope you also feel inspired by his legacy. Please write back soon.

Yours lovingly,

Balram

Unit 5 Life and Love

Use of Will and be+ going to

1. Definition of "Will"

"Will" is a modal verb used to express future actions or decisions that are made at the moment of speaking.

Structure:

Subject + will + base verb (V1)

2. Definition of "Going to"

"Going to" is used to talk about planned actions or something we intend to do in the future. It's also used for predictions based on present evidence.

Structure:

Subject + is/am/are + going to + base verb (V1)

3. Differences between "Will" and "Going to"

Feature	Will	Going to
Decision time	Instant decision	Already planned
Prediction based on	Personal belief, opinion	Present evidence
Intention	Not planned	Pre-planned
Promise / Offer	Used	Not usually used
Structure	will + V1	is/am/are + going to + V1

4. Uses and Examples

A. Use of "Will"

a. Instant decisions

· I will help you with that.
(Decision made at the moment)

b. Promises / Offers

· I will call you tonight.

· Don’t worry, I will help you.

c. Predictions (without present evidence)

· I think it will rain tomorrow.
(Just an opinion)

d. Future facts or certainty

· The sun will rise at 6 AM.

B. Use of "Going to"

a. Planned future actions

· We are going to visit our grandparents next week.
(Already decided)

b. Predictions based on present evidence

· Look at those clouds! It is going to rain soon.
(Evidence: dark clouds)

c. Intentions

· I am going to start a new course next month.
(Intentional and planned)

5. Examples Compared

Sentence	Reason
I will answer the phone.	Instant decision
I am going to visit the doctor.	Planned visit
She will be a great leader.	Opinion-based prediction
Look! He is going to fall.	Prediction based on evidence
Don’t worry, I will pay for the meal.	Promise
We are going to paint the house this weekend.	Pre-arranged plan

Quick Tip:

· Use "will" when you're thinking now and deciding.

· Use "going to" when you've already thought and planned.

Grammar

B. Match the expressions with their functions.
a.
A: What do you want to take?
B: I’ll have tea, please.
Deciding
b.
A: Are you free this evening?
B: No, I’m going to meet my uncle.
Expressing a prior plan
c. The day will be lovely tomorrow.
Predicting a future action
d. There is no cloud in the sky.
It’s going to be a lovely day.
Predicting with evidence
e. Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone.
Promising
f. I’ll take you to the movies if you like.
Offering
g. I’ll tell your parents what you did.
Threatening

C. Choose the correct answer.

a.
A: Are you busy this evening?
B: Yes, I am going to the movies. (will go/am going to)

b.
A: Where are you going for holiday this summer?
B: Not sure yet. Maybe I will go to Ilam. (will go/am going to)

c. I think you will like this movie. (will /are going to)

d. I can’t join you at the party, I am going to be away for two weeks. (will /am going to)

e. This exercise looks really hard. I will help you. (will/am going to)

f.
A: Hello. Can I speak to Sima, please?
B: Just a minute. I will get her. (will/am going to)
g. Perhaps she will pass the exam. (will/is going to)
h. ‘I haven’t got my phone.’ ‘That’s OK. I will lend you mine.’ (will/am going to)

D. Complete the sentences using will or be going to with the verbs.

a.
Hari: Did you call Bina?
Prem: Oh, I forgot. I will call her now. (call)
b.
Sunita: Have you got a ticket for the play?
Hema: Yes, I am going to watch it on Saturday. (watch)
c. ‘The alarm is ringing. It’s making an awful noise.’ ‘OK, I will switch it off.’ (switch)
d. Do you think they will like the the presents we got for them? (like)
e. ‘Lok is starting university tomorrow.’ ‘What is he going to study?’ (he/study)
f. If I meet him, I will tell him the news. (tell)
g. The phone is ringing. I will answer it. (answer)
h. If you don’t stop bullying her, I will tell the teacher. (tell)

Unit 6 Health and Exercise

Grammar

Definition of Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement means the verb must agree with its subject in number and person:

· A singular subject takes a singular verb.

· A plural subject takes a plural verb.

To learn about the process of making sentences, you have to learn the noun (subject) and verb relation in detail.

Singular nouns and plural noun

Singular noun (subject)

verbs

Ram

Sita

She

A baby

A child

This

That

Man

Woman

Only one thing or subject

V5 (does), is, has, was

Plural noun

(subject)

verbs

Ram and Sita

They

You

The babies

The children

These

Those

Men

Women

Two or more than two

V1 (do), are, have, were

Note: The subject "I" takes v1,do, am, have, & was as verbs.

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules (Basic to Advanced)

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules (1–85)

(From Basic to Advance)

1.
Basic Rule: Singular subject takes singular verb; plural subject takes plural verb.
She writes every day. / They write every day.

2.
Two singular nouns joined by "and" = plural verb.
Rita and Sam are friends.

3.
Two singular nouns joined by "or" or "nor" = singular verb.
Either the teacher or the student is responsible.

4.
Singular + plural subject joined by "or" or "nor" – verb agrees with the nearest subject.
Either the students or the teacher is wrong.
Either the teacher or the students are wrong.

5.
Collective nouns take singular/plural verb depending on meaning.
The team is winning. / The team are arguing among themselves.

6.
Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs.
The information is useful.

7.
Subjects joined by "as well as", "along with", "together with" take verb of the first subject.
The manager, as well as the employees, is present.

8.
Titles of books/movies/organizations take singular verbs even if plural in form.
The United Nations is meeting today.

9.
Words like "each", "every", "either", "neither" take singular verbs.
Each of the students is present.

10.
With fractions and percentages, verb depends on noun after "of".
Half of the cake is gone. / Half of the cookies are gone.

11.
"None" can take singular or plural verb depending on meaning.
None of the money is missing. / None of the students are absent.

12.
"Some", "all", "most" take verb depending on object after "of".
Some of the water is contaminated. / Some of the books are missing.

13.
In sentences beginning with "here" or "there", subject comes after the verb.
There are many problems.

14.
Plural subjects + "with"/"as well as" = verb agrees with main subject.
The teacher, along with the students, is excited.

15.
Infinitive or gerund phrase as subject = singular verb.
To read is important. / Swimming helps you stay fit.

16.
Words like "mathematics", "news", "physics" = singular.
Mathematics is my favorite subject.

17.
With "not only... but also", verb agrees with the second subject.
Not only the teacher but also the students are excited.

18.
With "either...or", "neither...nor", verb agrees with the nearer subject.
Neither the students nor the teacher is here.

19.
Words ending in "s" but singular in meaning = singular verb.
The news is shocking.

20.
Subject modified by phrases like "together with" = verb agrees with main subject.
The president, together with his advisors, is attending the meeting.

Intermediate Rules (21–60)

21.
Names of diseases = singular.
Diabetes is increasing globally.

22.
Indefinite pronouns = usually singular.
Everyone is invited.

23.
"And" joins subjects that refer to one person = singular verb.
My friend and mentor is here.

24.
Plural form nouns but singular in meaning = singular verb.
Economics is a tough subject.

25.
Titles or names of works = singular verb.
The Lord of the Rings is a classic.

26.
Expressions of time, money, or distance = singular verb.
Ten dollars is enough.

27.
"The number of" = singular verb.
The number of applicants is increasing.

28.
"A number of" = plural verb.
A number of students are absent.

29.
Inverted sentences – verb agrees with subject after it.
Here are the books you requested.

30.
Collective nouns used plurally = plural verb.
The jury are divided in their opinions.

31.
"None" = singular or plural verb based on context.
None of the cake is left. / None of the players are ready.

32.
Plural-looking nouns referring to one entity = singular.
The scissors is on the table. (Note: informally, "are" is more common.)

33.
"Both... and..." = plural verb.
Both my brother and sister are doctors.

34.
"More than one..." = singular verb.
More than one student is absent.

35.
Ignore modifying phrase after subject for verb agreement.
The boy with the dogs is friendly.

36.
Singular subject = singular verb
She plays well.

37.
Plural subject = plural verb
They play football.

38.
Two singular nouns with "and" = plural verb
Ram and Shyam are friends.

39.
Uncountable nouns = singular verb
Water is essential.

40.
Collective nouns = singular verb (when seen as a unit)
The team wins the match.

41.
Titles of books/movies = singular
"The Avengers" is popular.

42.
Indefinite pronouns = singular
Everyone likes music.

43.
Subjects separated by commas = use plural
Ramesh, Suresh, and Ganesh are here.

44.
"Either/or", "neither/nor" – verb agrees with nearer subject
Neither he nor his friends are coming.

45.
"Each", "every", etc. = singular
Each boy has a pen.

46.
Time, money, distance = singular
Five kilometers is a long walk.

47.
Nouns ending in -s (maths, physics) = singular
Mathematics is difficult.

48.
"One of" + plural = singular verb
One of the girls is absent.

49.
"The number of..." = singular
The number of students is increasing.

50.
"A number of..." = plural
A number of students are playing.

Advanced Rules (61–85)

61.
Fractions + uncountable = singular
Half of the water is gone.

62.
Fractions + countable = plural
Half of the apples are rotten.

63.
"There is"/"There are" – verb agrees with subject
There are many books.

64.
Singular + “or”/“nor” = singular verb
Neither tea nor coffee is available.

65.
Plural nouns used for tools = plural
Scissors are sharp.

66.
"More than one" = singular
More than one student has passed.

67.
"Many a" = singular
Many a man has failed.

68.
Plural form but singular meaning = singular
Economics is interesting.

69.
"Each of"/"Every one of" = singular
Each of the players is tired.

70.
Plural numbers as unit = singular
Ten years is a long time.

71.
Gerund subject = singular
Swimming is fun.

72.
"The majority of" – verb follows noun
The majority of people are happy.

73.
"As well as", etc. – verb with first subject
The teacher, as well as students, was present.

74.
Verb agrees with subject, not object
The list of items is long.

75.
Compound subject = one item = singular
Bread and butter is my breakfast.

76.
Proper nouns ending in "s" = singular
The United States is large.

77.
Relative clauses – verb agrees with antecedent
She is one of the girls who dance well.

78.
"Each of them who…" = verb with "each" = singular
Each of them who studies will pass.

79.
"None of the + plural noun" = plural
None of the students are present.

80.
"None" with uncountable = singular
None of the milk is wasted.

81.
"One-third of", "some of" = verb agrees with object
One-third of the books are missing.

82.
Plural nouns as one idea = singular
Fish and chips is my lunch.

83.
"One of those who..." = plural verb
She is one of those girls who work hard.

84.
Inversion – verb follows true subject
On the table lies the book.

85.
Always identify the real subject for correct verb
The sound of bells is soothing.

B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.

a. Everyone has (has/have) problems in their life. Countries also have (has/have) problems, and so does (do/does) the world. One of the greatest problems is (is/are) the growing population. The population in some countries is (is/are) huge.

b. A number of my friends love (love/loves) riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns (own/owns) a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father is (is/are) coming to pick me up in a car.

c. The pair of shoes on the floor is (is/are) mine. The shoes were (was/ were) made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was (was/were) worth it.

C. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.

a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.

Everyone of the workers receives the same benefits.
b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.

There are two gerbils in my bathroom.
c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.

Scissors are used to have our hair cut.
e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.

You and your friends are welcome to join us.
f. Are the news on at five or six?

Is the news on at five or six?
g. The man with all his children live in the city.

The man with all his children lives in the city.

h. Mathematics are Prem's favourite subject, while Economics is Alina's favourite subject.

Mathematics is Prem's favourite subject, while Economics is Alina's favourite subject.

Critical thinking

a. What do you do you to keep yourself fit? What food do you avoid and why?

Keeping myself fit is very important for my health and daily life. To stay fit, I follow some simple habits. I wake up early in the morning and go for a walk. Walking in fresh air keeps my body active and my mind fresh. Sometimes, I also do light exercise like stretching, jogging, or yoga. These activities help me improve my stamina, keep my muscles strong, and reduce stress. Besides exercise, I drink enough water every day and try to get proper sleep at night.

Food also plays a big role in fitness. I try to eat healthy food like rice, vegetables, fruits, pulses, milk, and eggs. Such food gives me energy and makes my body strong. However, I avoid junk food like chips, noodles, burgers, and deep-fried items. These foods are oily and unhealthy. They may taste good, but they cause obesity, stomach problems, and sometimes even heart disease. I also avoid too many sugary foods and soft drinks because they harm teeth and increase the risk of diabetes.

In conclusion, by doing regular exercise, drinking water, sleeping well, and avoiding junk food, I try to keep myself fit and live a healthy lifestyle.

b. Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country. What can a state do to keep her citizen healthy?

Healthy citizens are very important for the progress of any nation. If people are physically and mentally strong, they can work hard, be productive, and contribute to the development of the country. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state to take proper steps to keep its citizens healthy.

First, the government should provide good healthcare facilities at low or no cost so that even poor people can get treatment when they are sick. Hospitals, health posts, and mobile health camps should be available in both urban and rural areas. Second, the state should spread awareness about cleanliness, balanced diet, and the importance of exercise. Healthy lifestyle campaigns can help prevent diseases.

The government should also make sure that safe drinking water and proper sanitation are available in every community. Pollution control, waste management, and clean environment policies are equally necessary. Moreover, the state should promote sports and physical activities by building parks, gyms, and playgrounds.

In conclusion, healthy citizens are the backbone of a nation. By ensuring good healthcare, sanitation, awareness, and opportunities for exercise, the state can keep its people healthy and make the country strong and prosperous.

Writing

a. Yoga can be good to stay physically and mentally healthy. Do you practice any yoga? Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.

The Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is an ancient practice that helps people stay healthy both physically and mentally. It includes breathing exercises, meditation, and body postures that bring balance to our mind and body. Today, yoga is popular all around the world because of its many health benefits.

One of the main benefits of yoga is physical fitness. Different yoga postures stretch and strengthen the muscles, improve flexibility, and keep the body active. Regular practice of yoga improves blood circulation, digestion, and breathing. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart problems.

Yoga is not only for the body but also for the mind. Breathing exercises and meditation calm the mind, reduce stress, and increase concentration. People who practice yoga regularly often feel more relaxed, positive, and energetic. It also helps improve sleep and keeps negative thoughts away. In today’s busy life, yoga is a natural way to fight stress and anxiety.

Yoga also develops discipline and self-control. It teaches patience and mindfulness, which improve our daily habits. Moreover, yoga can be practiced by people of all ages without the need for expensive equipment. This makes it an easy and affordable way to stay healthy.

In conclusion, yoga is a gift for both the body and the mind. It keeps us strong, flexible, and peaceful. Practicing yoga regularly can lead to a healthier and happier life. Therefore, everyone should make yoga a part of their daily routine.

b. How can a person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally fresh and healthy.

Mental health is very important for living a happy and successful life. A person with good mental health can think clearly, make better decisions, and face challenges with confidence. To stay mentally fresh and healthy, one should follow some useful habits.

First, doing regular exercise keeps both body and mind active. Second, eating a balanced diet provides the brain with proper energy. Third, enough sleep of 7–8 hours every night is necessary to refresh the mind. Fourth, practicing meditation or yoga helps to reduce stress. Fifth, having a positive attitude makes life easier and more peaceful.

Sixth, one should manage time wisely to avoid unnecessary pressure. Seventh, sharing feelings with family and friends prevents loneliness and gives emotional support. Eighth, avoiding alcohol, smoking, and drugs keeps the brain healthy. Ninth, taking short breaks during study or work helps in regaining focus. Finally, following hobbies like music, reading, or gardening makes the mind relaxed and joyful.

In conclusion, mental health is the key to overall well-being. By following these simple tips, a person can stay mentally strong, fresh, and ready to face the challenges of life.

Unit 7 Ecology and Development

Prefix, Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs

Prefix – Definition

A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root/base word to change its meaning. It does not stand alone but modifies the sense of the word.

Example:

· happy → unhappy (not happy)

· legal → illegal (not legal)

· do → redo (do again)

Uses of Prefixes

1. Negation (not) → un-, in-, dis-, non-

o unfair, inactive, dislike, nonstop

2. Reversal/Removal → de-, dis-

o deforest, disconnect

3. Repetition → re-

o rewrite, rebuild

4. Time/Order → pre-, post-

o preview, postpone

5. Bad/Wrong → mal-, mis-

o malpractice, misbehave

Examples in Sentences

1. The road is unsafe at night. (prefix un- = not)

2. The teacher asked me to rewrite the essay. (prefix re- = again)

3. He was punished for misbehaving in class. (prefix mis- = wrongly)

C. Make two other words by using each prefix given above and use them in sentences.

1. mal- (bad/evil)

malfunction – The computer stopped working because of a malfunction.
malnutrition – Many children in poor areas suffer from malnutrition.

2. mis- (wrong/badly)

misunderstand – Please don’t misunderstand my words.
misplace – I often misplace my keys at home.

3. un- (not)

unhappy – She felt unhappy after hearing the sad news.
unfair – It is unfair to punish only one student for the mistake.

4. in- (not)

invisible – The stars are invisible during the day.
incomplete – His homework was incomplete.

5. pre- (before)

preview – We watched the movie preview before the release.
preschool – My brother goes to preschool every morning.

6. il- (not)

illegal – It is illegal to drive without a license.
illogical – His argument was weak and illogical.

7. dis- (opposite, not)

disagree – I disagree with your opinion.
disconnect – Please disconnect the charger when not in use.

8. im- (not)

impossible – Nothing is impossible if you work hard.
impolite – It is impolite to interrupt someone while speaking.

9. re- (again)

rewrite – The teacher asked me to rewrite the essay.
rebuild – The villagers will rebuild the bridge after the flood.

10. ir- (not)

irregular – The patient has an irregular heartbeat.
irresponsible – He is irresponsible with his duties.

11. de- (reverse, remove)

devalue – Bad behavior can devalue a person’s reputation.
deforest – People should not deforest the jungle carelessly.

12. non- (not)

nonsense – Stop talking nonsense in the class.
nonstop – The bus runs nonstop from Pokhara to Kathmandu.

1. Transitive Verbs

Definition

A transitive verb is a verb that needs an object to complete its meaning.
The action passes from the subject to the object.

Formula: Subject + Verb + Object

Uses

· They answer “what?” or “whom?” after the verb.

· Without an object, the sentence feels incomplete.

Examples

1. She wrote a letter. (What did she write? → a letter = object)

2. They played football. (What did they play? → football = object)

3. He bought a new bike. (What did he buy? → bike = object)

2. Intransitive Verbs

Definition

An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take an object.
The action does not pass to an object.

Formula: Subject + Verb (+ Adverb/Complement)

Uses

· Often followed by adverbs or prepositional phrases (but not direct objects).

· They answer “how?”, “where?”, or “when?”, not “what” or “whom.”

Examples

1. The baby cried loudly. (No object, but has adverb)

2. Birds fly in the sky. (Prepositional phrase, not an object)

3. She slept peacefully.

3. Linking Verbs

Definition

A linking verb is a verb that does not show action but connects the subject with its complement (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes/renames the subject).

Formula: Subject + Linking Verb + Complement

Uses

· Most common linking verb is “be” (am, is, are, was, were).

· Other linking verbs: seem, become, appear, look, taste, feel, remain, grow, sound, smell.

· They link the subject with state, quality, or condition.

Examples

1. She is a teacher. (teacher = complement → tells what she is)

2. The soup tastes delicious. (delicious = adjective describing soup)

3. He became a doctor. (doctor = complement)

Grammar

c. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.
a. His father looks handsome.
looks = linking verb
b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.
drinks = transitive verb
c. He became a watchman.
became = linking verb
d. This bread smells good.
smells = linking verb
e. The dog barked loudly.
barked = intransitive verb
f. He chased the dog.
chased = transitive verb
g. My sister swims fast.
intransitive verb
h. He painted a picture.
painted = transitive verb
i. Radhika always asks questions.
asks = transitive verb
j. Anjana has a long hair.
has = linking verb
k. Hungry lion roars.
intransitive verb
l. He tried again and again.
tried = intransitive verb
m. The weather is hot.
is = linking verb

n. Owls hide in the daytime.
hide = intransitive verb

Critical thinking

a. Do you think that the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable to the essay? How?

Yes, I think the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is very suitable to the essay. A diploma normally represents formal education and technical training. But in the essay, the writer shows how ordinary villagers, without formal schooling, are able to protect and manage forests successfully. Their work is equal to, or sometimes even better than, professional foresters with academic degrees.

The people described in the essay are local villagers who depend on the forest for their daily life. They collect firewood, grass, fruits, and herbs, so they understand the value of the forest very well. Even without diplomas, they use their traditional knowledge, cooperation, and sense of responsibility to conserve the forest. They make rules, punish those who break them, and share the benefits equally. This shows their wisdom and skills in forest management.

The title also suggests that formal education is not the only source of knowledge. Experience, observation, and community spirit can also teach valuable lessons. The villagers prove that real-life practice is as important as classroom study. Their success shows that certificates and diplomas are not the only qualifications needed for social progress.

Therefore, the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable because it honors the villagers who have become natural foresters by their dedication and collective effort, even without academic degrees. It reminds us to respect local knowledge and to understand that education can come from life as well as from books.

b. Can a person make a difference in a society? Discuss with an example from a person who has made a difference in your society.

Yes, a single person can make a big difference in society. History and present life show that the courage, vision, and hard work of one individual can inspire many people and bring positive changes. Society is built by people, and even one person’s good actions can influence others to follow the same path.

In my society, I have seen the example of Madan Krishna Shrestha, a well-known comedian, actor, and social activist of Nepal. He, along with his partner Hari Bansha Acharya, has not only entertained millions through comedy but also spread awareness about social issues like corruption, poverty, education, and health. Through dramas, films, and public programs, he has encouraged people to think critically and act responsibly. Their performances often carry strong social messages, teaching lessons in a humorous but powerful way.

Madan Krishna Shrestha also showed great courage in speaking about his struggles with illness, which gave hope to many other patients. His openness and positive attitude inspired people to stay strong in difficult times. He proved that artists can play an important role in shaping society, not only by entertaining but also by educating and guiding people.

This example proves that one person’s voice, creativity, and effort can bring awareness, unity, and positive change in society. Therefore, I strongly believe that a person can make a difference, no matter how small their actions may seem at first.

c. Write an essay on 'The Community Forest in Nepal'. Describe how these community forests have contributed to maintain ecology in our environment.

The Community Forest in Nepal

Forests are very important for our life and environment. They give us oxygen, food, medicine, and raw materials, and they protect the soil and water. In Nepal, forests cover a large part of the land. But in the past, careless use, deforestation, and overgrazing destroyed many forests. To solve this problem, the government of Nepal started the community forest program, where the local people themselves take care of the forest.

A community forest is a forest area handed over to the local people to manage, use, and protect. The local users form a committee, make rules, and share both responsibilities and benefits. They decide when to cut trees, how much firewood to collect, and how to punish rule-breakers. This system gives a sense of ownership, so people feel the forest is theirs.

Community forests have contributed a lot to maintaining ecology in our environment. First, they help in reducing deforestation because people protect trees instead of cutting them carelessly. Second, they support soil and water conservation, which prevents floods, landslides, and droughts. Third, they provide a habitat for wildlife and preserve biodiversity. Fourth, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which helps to control air pollution and climate change.

Besides ecological balance, community forests also improve the economy. Villagers get firewood, fodder, timber, and non-timber products in a sustainable way. They also earn income by selling forest products and use it for schools, health posts, and drinking water projects.

In conclusion, community forests in Nepal are a successful example of people’s participation in conservation. They protect nature, improve the local economy, and make our environment greener and healthier. If we continue this practice sincerely, our forests and ecology will remain safe for future generations.

Class 11 Unit 8 Humour and Satire

Simple Present and Present Continuous

1. Simple Present Tense

Structure

· Affirmative: Subject + base verb (+ s/es for singular)

a) I/You/We/They play football.

b) He/She/It plays football.

· Negative: Subject + do/does + not + base verb (verb1)

a) I do not (don’t) play football.

b) He does not (doesn’t) play football.

· Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + Base verb?

a) Do you play football?

b) Does he play football?

Uses

1. Habitual actions / routines

a) I brush my teeth twice a day.

2. General truths / facts / laws of nature

a) Water boils at 100°C.

3. Permanent situations

a) She lives in Kathmandu.

4. Scheduled events (future) or timetables

a) The train leaves at 6 p.m.

Time Adverbs Used

· always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day/week/month/year

Examples:

a) He always wakes up early.

b) I usually go to school by bus.

c) The sun rises in the east.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Structure

· Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb4+ obj.)

a) I am reading a book.

b) He/She/It is reading a book.

c) We/They are reading a book.

· Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb(+ing)

a) I am not reading a book.

· Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb(+ing)?

a) Are you reading a book?

b) Is he reading a book?

Uses

1. Actions happening now / at the moment

a) She is studying in her room right now.

2. Temporary actions / situations

a) I am staying at my friend’s house for a week.

3. Future arrangements (planned events)

a) We are meeting the teacher tomorrow.

4. Actions changing / developing

a) The weather is getting colder these days.

Time Adverbs Used

· now, right now, at the moment, currently, these days, today, tonight, tomorrow

Examples:

a) She is cooking dinner now.

b) They are playing football at the moment.

c) I am reading a new novel these days.

D. List any five words found in an English dictionary beginning with the prefix ‘super-.’ What common meaning do all of these words share? How do the words in your list change meaning if you eliminate the prefix?

Five words with the prefix super-

1. superman

2. supermarket

3. superpower

4. supernatural

5. superstar

How the words change if the prefix is removed

1. superman → man

a) superman = a man with extraordinary powers

b) man = an ordinary male person

2. supermarket → market

a) supermarket = a very large market with many goods

b) market = a normal place to buy and sell goods

3. superpower → power

a) superpower = an exceptional ability or a very powerful country

b) power = normal strength or energy

4. supernatural → natural

a) supernatural = beyond natural, unexplainable by science

b) natural = existing in nature, normal

5. superstar → star

a) superstar = a very famous and talented celebrity

b) star = an ordinary star in the sky or just a famous person

Grammar

B. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or present continuous.

a. Nisha speaks (speak) English very well.

b. Hurry up! We are waiting (wait) for you.

c. Excuse me! Do you speak (you/speak) English?

d. She is having (have) a shower in bathroom.

e. How often do you read (you/read) a newspaper?

f. I'm sorry, I don't understand (not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?

g. You can turn off the radio. I am not listening (not/listen) to it.

h. I usually get up (get up) at 5 o'clock every morning.

i. Look! The river is flowing (flow) very fast.

j. Amrita does not seem (not/seem) very happy at the moment.

C. Are the underlined verbs in the correct form? Correct them where necessary.

a. Water boils at 100° C.

Water boils at 100° C.

b. The water boils. Can you turn it off?

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?

c. I must go now. It gets late.

I must go now. It is geting late.

d. This sauce's tasting really good.

This sauce tastes really good.

e. I’m thinking this is your key.

I think this is your key.

f. Are you believing in God?

Do you believe in God?

g. I usually go to school on foot.

I usually go to school on foot.

h. Look! That man tries to open the door of her car.

Look! That man is trying to open the door of her car.

i. The moon is going round the earth.

The moon goes round the earth.

j. I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.

I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.

Critical Thinking

b. Can education bring change in the belief of superstition? Present your arguments to support your answer.

Yes, education can bring change in the belief of superstition. Superstition is a belief in things that are not based on science or logic, such as believing in ghosts, bad luck from black cats, or fortune told by astrologers. Such beliefs often create fear, confusion, and backwardness in society. The best way to overcome them is through proper education.

Education helps people to think logically and question old traditions. An educated person does not easily accept something without proof. For example, instead of believing that an illness is caused by evil spirits, education teaches us that it is caused by germs and can be treated by medicine. This scientific understanding replaces fear with confidence.

Moreover, education spreads awareness about equality and human rights. Many superstitions, such as discrimination against women during menstruation or untouchability, are based on ignorance. When people are educated, they learn that such practices are harmful and meaningless. They begin to respect others and follow rational ideas instead of blind beliefs.

Education also inspires young people to use modern technology, read books, and access new information. When knowledge increases, superstition naturally decreases.

In conclusion, education is the most powerful tool to change society. It opens the mind, replaces fear with knowledge, and helps people live in a scientific and progressive way. Therefore, education can and does bring positive change in the belief of superstition.

Writing

a. Write an essay on superstitions that exists in your community in about 250 words.

Superstitions in My Community

Superstition means a belief in things that are not based on science or logic but on tradition, fear, or ignorance. Even in modern times, many superstitions still exist in my community. These beliefs have been passed down from one generation to another, and people often follow them without questioning.

One common superstition in my community is about sneezing. If a person sneezes when someone is leaving for an important work, it is believed that the work will not be successful. People sometimes even stop their journey for a while after a sneeze. Another superstition is about cats. If a black cat crosses the road in front of you, people believe it brings bad luck.

There are also superstitions related to dreams. If someone dreams about losing teeth, it is believed that a relative may die soon. Similarly, dreaming of fish is considered a sign of pregnancy in the family. In addition, many people believe that an owl sitting on the roof of a house is a bad omen, bringing misfortune or even death.

Superstitions are also connected to festivals and rituals. During solar eclipses, pregnant women are told not to touch sharp objects or eat food, because it is believed to harm the baby. Many people also believe that keeping lemon and chili at the door of a shop will keep away evil spirits.

Although education and science have advanced, such superstitions still influence daily life in my community. They sometimes create unnecessary fear and prevent logical thinking. However, with more awareness and education, these beliefs can slowly be reduced.

In conclusion, superstitions are still deeply rooted in my community, but through proper knowledge and reasoning, people can learn to live more confidently and scientifically.

b. “Superstition is prevalent in every walk of life.” Argue for or against this statement.

I agree with the statement that superstition is prevalent in every walk of life. Superstition means blind beliefs in things without scientific proof. Although the world has advanced in technology and education, superstitions are still found in villages, cities, and even among educated people.

In family life, many people follow superstitions in marriage, birth, and death rituals. For example, they believe that certain days are unlucky for starting new work, or that a crying owl near the house brings death. In daily activities, people stop their journey if a cat crosses the road or a person sneezes. These practices clearly show how superstitions affect everyday behavior.

In health, instead of going to the doctor, some people still believe in witch doctors or healers. They think that diseases are caused by evil spirits rather than germs or poor hygiene. Even in business, many shopkeepers keep lemon and chili at the door to protect against the “evil eye.” Similarly, farmers sometimes believe that bad harvests are caused by angry gods rather than natural factors like drought.

Superstition is also present in modern society. Educated people still read horoscopes before marriage or making important decisions. Some even believe that certain numbers, colors, or dreams decide their future. This proves that superstition exists in all areas, regardless of age, place, or education.

In conclusion, superstition is truly present in every walk of life. It influences how people think, act, and make decisions. Although education and science are reducing these beliefs, they cannot be removed completely at once because they are deeply rooted in culture and tradition. Only continuous awareness, logical thinking, and scientific education can gradually weaken superstition from our society.

Unit 9 Democracy and Human Rights

Pronunciation

Pronunciation of –ed in Verbs

The ending –ed has three pronunciations: /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.

1. /t/ sound

Rule:
If the verb ends with voiceless sounds (p, k, f, s, sh, ch, x, etc.), –ed is pronounced /t/.

Examples

asked /ɑːskt/
missed /mɪst/
washed /wɒʃt/
watched /wɒtʃt/
picked /pɪkt/
fixed /fɪkst/
walked /wɔːkt/
brushed /brʌʃt/
stopped /stɒpt/
reached /riːtʃt/
laughed /læft/

2. /d/ sound

Rule:
If the verb ends with a voiced sound (vowel, b, g, l, m, n, r etc.) except t or d, –ed is pronounced /d/.

Examples

killed /kɪld/
smiled /smaɪld/

3. /ɪd/ sound

Rule:
If the verb ends with t or d, –ed is pronounced /ɪd/ (extra syllable).

Examples

ended /endɪd/
decided /dɪsaɪdɪd/
visited /vɪzɪtɪd/
lasted /lɑːstɪd/
wanted /wɒntɪd/
enjoyed /ɪndʒɔɪd/

Example sentence:

She wanted a new phone.
We visited the museum.

D. Pronunciation of Plural –s / –es

Plural s/es has three pronunciations: /s/, /z/, /ɪz/.

1. /s/ sound

Rule:
If the noun ends with voiceless sounds (p, k, f, t etc.), plural s is pronounced /s/.

Examples

cats /kæts/
books /bʊks/
roofs /ruːfs/
shops /ʃɒps/

Example sentence:

The cats are sleeping.

2. /z/ sound

Rule:
If the noun ends with voiced sounds (vowel, b, g, l, m, n, r etc.), plural s is pronounced /z/.

Examples

dogs /dɒgz/
boys /bɔɪz/
rooms /ruːmz/
girls /gɜːlz/
trees /triːz/

Example sentence:

The dogs are barking.

3. /ɪz/ sound

Rule:
If the noun ends with s, z, sh, ch, j, x, plural es is pronounced /ɪz/.

Examples

horses /hɔːsɪz/
houses /haʊsɪz/
noises /nɔɪzɪz/
pages /peɪdʒɪz/
babies /beɪbɪz/
benches /bentʃɪz/
classes /klɑːsɪz/

C. The 'd' or 'ed' in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put these verbs in the correct box.

[asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked, smiled, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed, enjoyed]

/t/

asked, missed, washed, watched, picked, fixed, walked, blessed (v), brushed, stopped, reached, laughed

/d/

killed, smiled

/ɪd/

ended, decided, visited, lasted, blessed (adj), wanted, enjoyed

D. Put these nouns into the correct box according to the pronunciation of the plural suffix: s/es.

[cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees, pages, babies, benches, classes]

/s/

cats, books, roofs, shops

/z/

dogs, boys, rooms, girls, trees,

/ɪz/

horses, houses, noises, pages, babies, benches, classes

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't. Use one of these verbs. [drink, visit, leave, roam, quit]
a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t leave it.
b. That's a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.
c. I'm going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?
d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It's not very healthy.
e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.
b. It's a great film. You should go and see it.
c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I'll be late.
d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.
e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.
f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.
g. I should get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.

Biography of Ganesh Man Singh

Ganesh Man Singh was one of the most respected freedom fighters and democratic leaders in Nepal. He was born on November 9, 1915, in Kathmandu. He devoted his entire life to fighting against injustice and establishing democracy in Nepal. Because of his bravery and dedication, he is often remembered as the “Supreme Leader” of the People’s Movement.

During the Rana regime, Nepal suffered from autocratic rule and lack of basic rights. Ganesh Man Singh played an important role in the democratic movement organized by the Nepali Congress. In 1951, he actively participated in the revolution that overthrew the Rana rule and helped introduce democracy in Nepal. His leadership inspired many people to fight for freedom and justice.

Later, he again played a historic role during the 1990 People's Movement (Jana Andolan). As the commander of the movement, he united political parties and the public to protest against the partyless Panchayat system. Due to his courageous leadership, the movement successfully restored multi-party democracy and constitutional monarchy in Nepal in 1990. This was a major turning point in Nepal’s political history.

Ganesh Man Singh was widely respected for his honesty, courage, and strong principles. Unlike many politicians, he lived a simple life and never sought personal power. For his great contribution to democracy and human rights, he received several international honors, including the United Nations Human Rights Award in 1993.

Ganesh Man Singh passed away in 1997, but his legacy continues to inspire Nepali citizens. He is remembered as a fearless leader who sacrificed his life for democracy, freedom, and the rights of the people of Nepal.

Unit 10 Home Life and Family Relationship

Unit 10

Home Life and Family Relationship

Ways with words
A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word.

a. All my efforts to convince her for the tour were futile.
b. The lost traveller huddled up under a shelter made of branches and leaves.
c. Her rude behaviour was the main cause of irritation for him.
d. She moved awkwardly in the room, thinking that I was watching.
e. She is mumbling something, but I can’t hear her.
f. When I met my sister after a long time, she talked to me in a feeble voice.

B. Tick (√) the correct words that are similar in meaning to the underlined words.

a. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father’s pressure.

ii. unwillingly

b. She moved her fingers exasperatedly through her hair.

iv. annoyingly

c. My grandmother is over eighty. She lifted her hands feebly.

iii. weakly

d. She is wearing a tattered shawl.

ii. torn

e. I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet in this expensive city.

iv. earn just enough money

D. Syllable

c. Consult an English dictionary and find the number of syllables in the following words.

bury : bur-y
2 syllables

development : de-vel-op-ment
4 syllables

syllabic : syl-lab-ic
3 syllables

Vowel : vow-el
2 syllables

education : ed-u-ca-tion
4 syllables

discipline : dis-ci-pline
3 syllables

examination : ex-am-i-na-tion
5 syllables

children : chil-dren
2 syllables

separately : sep-a-rate-ly
4 syllables

pronunciation : pro-nun-cia-tion
5 syllables

Critical thinking

a. What can be the expectations of the parents from their offspring at the old age?

Every human is different. Often times what one desires the other does not even see fit. Our parents are also one among the same crowd, like us. There must be some expectations they have from their children, our work is to understand and fulfill them.

When people get old, they get sensitive and even the slightest of things hurt them. Same goes for the elderly parent. They have lived a full life, worked, earned respect, and fulfilled their responsibilities. So when they are old, they want us not to forget this and treat them with dignity and respect.

After retirement the elderly people do not find purpose and meaning in their day, most of the time they do not have routine. So most of them stay usually alone at home often times we hear them complain that no one spends time with them, they miss company, they have nothing to do, no one to talk to, etc.

Your father was the one taking care of everything before he retired, your mother was so busy all her life looking after her family and now because they are old they have near to nothing to do during their day. They want their children to involve them in conversations, decisions or any other big and small thing.

These were just some common things that the elderly parents miss and want from you or want their children to know. But again every person and their wants are different, so we do the things according to our parent’s desire.

b. Some children who live in a distance tend to be indifferent to the feelings of their parents. Why do you think they are like that? Discuss.

There are various reasons for children to live in a distance from their parents. The reason may be study, job, business and so on. For achieving their goal and fulfilling their self desires, they have to invest more time and efforts and hence their realtion with parents becomes weaker due to of their busy schedule. When children live in a distance, they gradually keep away relation from their parents. Finally, it creates a gap or distance between parents and their children. In todays world childrens think that money and success are more important than the parents’ feelings. They do hard work for earning and saving but not making the parents happy.

Some children begin a new life with their family far from their parents. Their wife and children become more important than their old-age parents. That is why they have no time to call them and visit their parents. This indifference not only degrades the relationship between the parents and their children but also makes the parents live a lonely and miserable life.

c. A mother’s love is everlasting and indispensable. Justify.

There is nothing that can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Women are naturally caring and devoted mothers. Before birth, a woman carries her child for nine months, and after birth, she continues to show love and affection throughout the child’s childhood and even into adulthood. Every mother always makes sure that her children are safe and happy during their childhood. It is the deep love a mother feels for her child that drives these feelings and actions.

After birth, a child finds his mother to be his first friend, who plays with him and provides extra care and nourishment. Without expecting anything in return, a mother keeps working for the betterment of her child. She plays many roles in her child’s life: a mentor, a teacher, a friend, and a caretaker. When a child is born, it is the mother who easily understands the feelings and needs of her child. She spends every moment around her child to fulfill all his needs. From childhood, a mother teaches her children what is right and what is wrong in order to help them become good human beings. She also encourages them to do good things in life.

As children, we often take our mothers for granted, but without them our lives would be meaningless. A mother is a precious gift from God whom we must love and respect. She performs her duties with a pure heart and complete devotion. A mother is the first teacher of every child, and if a child learns life’s lessons under her guidance, nothing can stop him from achieving great success.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.

a. In spite of, the fact that he is an octogenarian; he still leads an active life.

b. I still enjoyed the week although, the weather was bad.

c. He has passed MA. However, he hasn’t got a job.

d. Although, I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.

e. Ramila didn’t get the job, in spite of, the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.

f. In spite of, the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.

g. We can go to the park for lunch although, the weather report says it’s going to rain.

h. However, I speak English well, my first language is actually Maithili.

C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)

Although he was annoyed, he didn’t say anything.

b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)

Playing the stock market is exciting, however, it can be risky.

c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)

Even though he works slowly, he never makes a mistake.

d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)

In spite of rain, we still went to the park.

e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)

Despite being expensive, Hark bought the watch.

f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)

He is very poor but wears expensive clothes.

D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.

a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.

– Although he had very little time, he offered to help us.
– In spite of having very little time, he offered to help us.

b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.

– Although she is very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.
– In spite of being very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

c. He’s a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.

– Although he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
– In spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.

– Although they have a lot of money, they are still not happy.
– In spite of having a lot of money, they are still not happy.

e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.

– Although the traffic was heavy, we got there in time.
– In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there in time.

Unit 11 Arts and Creations

Ways with words

A. Circle the correct meanings of the underlined words.

a. Martin Luther started a revolt against the conventions of the Roman Catholic Church.
creations

b. It blended classical styles with new ideas.
mixed together

c. The dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.
serves as a sign of

d. The arts flourished during the Renaissance.
grew and improved

e. The new passion for learning also led to amazing discoveries in science.
enthusiasm.

C. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences.

a. a hot potato : a controversial situation
The racial discrimination issue is a political hot potato.

b. once in a blue moon : not very often or rarely
Dad is working in Japan and he visits home once in a blue moon.

c. a bed of roses : easy or comfortable situation or activity
It’s to be remembered that life is not a bed of roses.

d. when pigs fly : used to say that something will never happen
He plans to clean his house every week, but he will probably do it only when pigs fly.

e. miss the boat : miss an opportunity
If you don’t buy now, you may find that you’ve missed the boat.

f. zip your lip : shut up
She zipped her lip at the meeting yesterday, as it was pointless saying anything.

g. fight tooth and nail : to fight with great ferocity
I want this job so I’m going to fight tooth and nail for it.

h. when life gives you lemon, make lemonade : change something negative into a positive
My grandfather lost his job due to the coronavirus, but he decided to keep busy and active. He says, “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”

i. goose egg : a score of zero
We had a good game, but the score was goose egg.

D. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings.

a. break down : to stop functioning

b. check out : to leave a hotel

c. fed up : tired of something or someone

d. fill out : to complete a form

e. get away : to escape

f. give away : to give something to someone for free

g. give up : to quit a habit

h. look forward to : to wait anxiously for something or an event

i. make up : to invent a story or lie

j. pass away : to die

k. put out : to extinguish

l. take off : to remove clothes or shoes from the body, to depart as in airplane

Critical Thinking

a. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government? Explain.

Yes I agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government. Machiavelli was a politician and writer. Machiavelli reveals several facts that how a good leader can turn into immoral and evil. He says that in order to maintain power and protect nation or territory, a leader makes a number of mistakes.

It’s the duty of a leader to protect his government. So he can go beyond the rules and perform dishonest things to preserve his power. But the leaders whose goal is the pursuit of power, unlimited wealth, or the fame that accompanies success often appear self-centered. This desire is so strong that the leaders violate the moral standards that once governed their conduct. Many leaders reach the top by imposing their will on others, or even destroying those who stand in their way. When they reach the top, they may suspect that others are trying to knock them off their base and hence perform some out of the rules things to protect their leadership.

b. Do you think that art and literature are important assets of a country? Give reasons.

Art and literature are the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text.

Art and literature serves the people, and help them in their struggle for a better life, by arousing the people’s emotions against oppression and injustice and increasing their sensitivity regarding the people’s sufferings. Our country is facing the tremendous challenge of abolishing poverty, unemployment, inflation, ignorance, casteism, communalism, and other social evils, and hence artists and writers must join the ranks of those who are struggling for a better Nepal, they must inspire the people by their writings, and write against oppression and injustice. Thus we can say that art and literature are important assets of a country.

Writing

a. Write an essay on “Literature is the reflection of society.”

Literature is the Reflection of Society

Since the dawn of man, the art of storytelling was utilized to pass on critically deemed information about society, life, and everything. During the early days, much of our history was transposed orally through song and spoken word. Literature, like many art forms, is expressionism. It’s taking a thought and converting it into a tangible object that can be interpreted by others.

Many authors have been represented social, political, ecological, historical, scientific phenomenon in their works. All our glorious past has secured in the literary pages so that today’s generation gain knowledge about the myth of The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Old Testament and The Bible, etc. it is only possible by the literary sources that present generation know who were our forefathers and how human came into existence.

Thus, society creates literature because all traditions, customs, religious stories reflect through the literary works, but the excellence and natural surroundings of the reflection hinge on a writer’s approach of mind, whether he is enlightened in his outlook or conservative. That’s why literature is the mirror of society because it stuffed with all human emotions and activities including good and bad and social and political happenings.

b. It is said that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Yes, I agree with the statement that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Undoubtedly, reading is essential for all-round development of the personality. Reading is an essential basic skills building activity. One’s language fluency is determined by the quality of reading. Besides, vocabulary enrichment, ideas collection, familiarization with different types of writing formats, speaking fluency, etc, all depend upon reading.

It is true a person who has the reading habit, never feels lonely and bored. The books open up a magical world for him or her and he lives among angels in the pages of the books. Books never let go the readers astray. They make them wise and pragmatic. We must endeavour to develop this fabulous habit of reading.

Thus, one thing is absolutely clear, if we want to become great leaders in future, we must be great readers in the present.

c. Write a short biography of a national literary, artistic or historical figure you appreciate most.

Biography of Bhanubhakta Acharya

Bhanubhakta Acharya is one of the most respected literary figures in the history of Nepali literature. He is widely known as the “Adikavi” (first poet) of the Nepali language because of his significant contribution to developing Nepali poetry. He was born on 29 Ashar 1871 B.S. (1814 A.D.) in Tanahun District. He was born into a Brahmin family and received his early education at home from his grandfather, who taught him Sanskrit, religion, and classical literature. These teachings deeply influenced his interest in poetry and literature.

Bhanubhakta Acharya became famous for translating the great Hindu epic Ramayana, originally written in Sanskrit by Valmiki, into simple and understandable Nepali language. His translation, known as Bhanubhakta Ramayana, made the religious text accessible to ordinary Nepali people who could not understand Sanskrit. This contribution helped spread knowledge of religion and literature among the common people.

During his life, Bhanubhakta also faced some difficulties. Due to a misunderstanding in official documents, he was once imprisoned. While in prison, he wrote a powerful poem in the form of a letter to the Prime Minister, expressing his feelings and innocence. His poetic talent impressed the authorities, and he was eventually released from prison.

Although Bhanubhakta Acharya made great contributions to Nepali literature, his works were not widely recognized during his lifetime. He died in 1868 A.D., without receiving much fame for his literary achievements. Later, his poems and writings were collected and published by Motiram Bhatta in 1887, which helped introduce his works to the public.

Today, Bhanubhakta Acharya is remembered as a pioneer of Nepali literature. His birth anniversary is celebrated every year as Bhanu Jayanti with poetry recitations and literary programs. His contributions have made him an immortal figure in Nepali literary history.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences with correct relative pronouns and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

a. That’s the house where I was born.
b. My aunt Nita, whoa journalist, is coming to visit next week.
c. People wholike outdoor activities will love our holidays.
d. The early 1960s, when the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in pop culture.
e. My essay on Shakespeare, which I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end.
f. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.
g. That’s the girl whose brother is in your class.
h. The snake that was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbor.

C. Join the following pairs of sentences with an appropriate relative clause.

a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.

He is a musician whose albums have sold millions.

b. Amelia speaks English and Chines fluently. She is from Shanghai.

Amelia who is from Shanghai speaks English and Chines fluently.

c. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.

That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays there.

d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.

Dublin is my favourite city which is the capital of Ireland.

e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.

The person to whom they spoke was really helpful.

f. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.

This smartphone takes great photos whioch I bought it last week.

Unit 12 Fantasy

Ways with words

A. Find the meanings of the following words and phrases from a dictionary and make sentences by using them.

a. peep into : to get a quick look into something
He peeped into the box and saw that his wife had gotten him a new watch.

b. pop down : to go somewhere quickly
I’ll try to pop down tomorrow evening after dinner.

c. remarkable : unusual, surprising, excellent or worthy of notice
She has made remarkable progress.

d. hedge : a row of bushes or small trees planted close together along the edge of a garden, field or road
Buying a house is the best hedge against inflation.

e. wonder : desire to know something
I wonder what the world is doing now.

f. tumble : to fall quickly without control
He took a tumble in the hay with the farmers’ daughter.

g. doze off : to sleep, especially during the day
He was just beginning to doze off when the telephone rang.

h. earnestly : seriously
Even when I studied most earnestly it seemed more like play than work.

i. tiny : very small
He made a tiny hole in the paper.

j. creep : to move slowly, quietly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed
She crept toward the edge of the roof and looked over.

In detail

USE OF “I WISH / IF ONLY”

We use I wish / If only to express:

1. Present regrets (something that is not true now)

2. Past regrets (something that did not happen)

3. Wishes about future / desires

4. Complaints / annoyance

1. WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT (unreal present)

Structure:
I wish / If only + past simple

Used when we want the present situation to be different.

Examples:

1. I wish I had a car.
(मसँग कार भए हुन्थ्यो। तर छैन।)

2. If only I knew the answer!
(म उत्तर जान्थेँ भने राम्रो हुन्थ्यो। तर जान्दिन।)

3. I wish she were here.
(उनी यहाँ भए हुन्थ्यो।)

4. I wish I were taller.
(म अलि अग्लो भए हुन्थेँ।)

2. WISHES ABOUT THE PAST (unreal past)

Structure:
I wish / If only + past perfect

Used for regrets about something that already happened.

Examples:

1. I wish I had studied harder.
(मैले राम्रोसँग पढेको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

2. If only he had told me the truth.
(उले मलाई सत्य भनेको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

3. I wish we had left earlier.
(हामी पहिल्यै निस्किएको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

3. WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE (desires / hopes)

Structure:
I wish / If only + would + V1

Used to express something we want to happen in the future OR someone’s annoying habit.

Examples:

1. I wish it would stop raining.
(पानी पर्न बन्द भए हुन्थ्यो।)

2. If only he would listen to me.
(उले मलाई सुनेको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

3. I wish she would call me.
(उनीले मलाई फोन गरेको भए राम्रो हुन्थ्यो।)

4. COMPLAINTS / ANNOYANCE

Structure:
I wish / If only + would

Used when someone's behavior annoys you.

Examples:

1. I wish you would stop shouting!
(तिमी चिच्याउन रोकेको भए हुन्थ्यो!)

2. If only they would come on time!
(उनीहरू समयमै आएको भए हुन्थ्यो!)

3. I wish he would not smoke here.
(उले यहाँ धूम्रपान नगरेको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

Summary Table

Situation	Structure	Example	Nepali Meaning
Present regret	wish + past simple	I wish I knew.	म जान्थेँ भने।
Past regret	wish + past perfect	I wish I had gone.	म गएको भए हुन्थ्यो।
Future wish	wish + would	I wish it would rain.	पानी परेको भए हुन्थ्यो।
Annoyance	wish + would	I wish you would listen.	तिमीले सुनेको भए।

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “I WISH” AND “IF ONLY”

1. Meaning

Both I wish and If only express regret, desire, or complaint.

But:

“If only” is stronger and more emotional.

➡It shows a stronger feeling, stronger regret, or stronger desire.

“I wish” is softer and more common.

➡Used in everyday situations.

Emotional Strength

Form	Emotion Level	Usage
I wish	Normal	Regular wishes or regrets
If only	Strong	Deep regret, sadness, or strong desire

3. Examples (with Nepali meanings)

Present Situation (Wish + Past Simple)

I wish

· I wish I had more money.
(मसँग धेरै पैसा भए हुन्थ्यो।)

If only (stronger)

· If only I had more money!
(काश! मसँग धेरै पैसा भए हुन्थ्यो!)

Past Regrets (Wish + Past Perfect)

I wish

· I wish I had studied harder.
(मैले कडा मेहनत गरेको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

If only (strong regret)

· If only I had studied harder!
(काश! मैले अझ कडा पढेको भए!)
→ Stronger sadness/regret.

Future Desires / Complaints (Wish + Would)

I wish

· I wish it would stop raining.
(पानी पर्न रोकिएको भए हुन्थ्यो।)

If only

· If only it would stop raining!
(काश! पानी पर्न रोकिएको भए!)

Quick Summary

Aspect	I wish	If only
Emotion	normal	much stronger
Usage	daily use	deep regret, strong desire
Structure	same as “If only”	same structure but stronger tone
Formality	neutral	more dramatic / emotional

4. Can we use both for the same meaning?

YES!
Grammatically, structures are the same.
Difference is only emotional strength.

Example:

· I wish I were at home.

· If only I were at home!
➡️ Both correct, second is stronger.

Unit 13

Career and Entrepreneurship

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following. The first letter has been given.

a. making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc. (comfortable)
b. having a degree from the university (graduated)
c. without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other (independently)
d. the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something (innovation)
e. familiar with something, having read, seen or experienced it (acquainted)
f. a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks (entrepreneur)
g. an opportunity or a place for somebody to express their opinions publicly or make progress in a particular area (platform)
h. to use something, especially for a practical purpose (utilize)

B. Write the plural forms of the following nouns.

a. calf : calves
b. basis : bases
c. sheaf : sheaves
d. cactus : cacti / cactuses
e. louse : lice
f. crisis : crises
g. person : people / persons
h. formula : formulas
i. ox: oxen
j. fungus : fungi
k. goose : geese
l. oasis : oases
m. analysis : analyses
n. curriculum : curricula
o. appendix : appendixes
p. fungus : fungi

Critical thinking

a. Pun says, “We do not have culture of innovation that encourages young people to be innovative and creative”. Do you agree with him? Explain.

An innovation culture is part of the corporate culture and determines how much innovation is supported and promoted by management and employees. The culture of innovation is therefore the framework for every innovation activity. If the culture is not positive, it can hinder innovation, even if the idea and the innovation team are still perfect. It is thus a decisive factor in the success of innovation.

Our country Nepal is said to be a developing country but development process is very slow here. Our education system is still based on paper and classrooms, and it hasn’t changed much over the years. There are no opportunities for young people who are likely to do something new since we do not have culture of encouraging them. Innovative and creative thinking are not encouraged in our educational system. Every year, thousands of students leave the country in pursuit of a higher education because of this. A research-based education is usually given the highest emphasis in industrialised nations. To do this, they invest a great deal of money and effort. Our culture discourages young people from taking risks, therefore there are no possibilities for them in Nepal.

b. What qualities does an individual need to become an entrepreneur?

Entrepreneurs are innovative pioneers who venture opportunities and create new market at home and aboard. Becoming an entrepreneur requires more than just a creative idea. All entrepreneurs share commonalities in their attributes, abilities and qualities that empower them to beat the chances and pursue their objectives.

Successful entrepreneurs need to see success. Many of the top businessmen around have seen a product and the associated success that could possibly come with it. If he/she don’t plan extensively about their new idea or concept, without thinking ahead, they might encounter unforeseen difficulties with management or cash flow. Perseverance is a key in becoming a full-time entrepreneur. A true entrepreneur will be able to prevent the feeling of being burnt out, if they know what their goals are, and if they love the task of always having to meet deadlines. Discipline is also the key in this field, as an entrepreneur must work hard in order to achieve.

Entrepreneurs also need to manage their time properly. There’s no point in spending a whole day over a task, when in reality it will be cheaper and more effective to hire someone to help you with a certain task, thus enabling you to produce more profit. A successful entrepreneur must have an air or a grace about him that will demand respect from other individuals.

Successful entrepreneurs are never secure in their field, although this may be the same with other bog-standard jobs, however the rewards that can be obtained from having the mentioned attributes can be really substantial. By working hard and never giving up, an individual is bound to become a successful entrepreneur.

Grammar

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

a. I don’t know where Muna is. Have you seen (you/see) her?
b. Janak wasn’t (not/be) very well last week.
c. Last night I lost (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.
d. I have lost (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them?
e. I have known (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.
f. She lived (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.
g.
A: What’s wrong?
B: I have broken (break) a glass.
h.
A: When did you arrive (you/arrive)?
B: At 10 pm last night.
i. How long have you known (you/know) Sarmila for?
j. This is the first time I have driven (drive) a car.

F. Use been or gone.

a. I’ve never been to Japan.
b. Kalpana has gone to Korea. She may come back next year.
c.
A: Where’s Rachana?
B: She has gone to the shops.
d. Harina was here earlier but I think she has gone now.
e. Have you ever been to London?

Unit 14

Power and Politics

Ways with words

A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.

a. Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat.
sketch
b. Napoleon won one victory after another, defeating the Austrians in eighteen battles.
beating
c. Portrait painters thought this pose made men look more dignified.
good-looking
d. They announced France a republic.
officially declared
e. Napoleon conquered Austria in 1805.
triumphed over
f. There was no place to house his soldiers in the bitter Russian winter.
Cold
g. Napoleon was humiliated when he was defeated.
shamed

Ways with words

A. Match the words on the left side with their meanings on the right.

a. proclaim – declare
b. unswerving – steady or constant
c. magnanimous – generous or forgiving
d. trample – crush
e. tremendous – huge
f. inevitable – unavoidable
g. dire – dreadful
h. anguish – distress
i. impending – upcoming
j. ruthless – pitiless

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them from the text to solve the puzzle based on the meaning clues given below.

1. unquestionable, impossible to doubt

indubitable

2. never done or known before

unprecedented

3. emergence or origination

emanation

4. obviously or clearly

evidently

5. impossible to achieve or overcome

insuperable

6. moved with a violent, irregular action

agitated

7. appropriate or suitable

apt

8. force back

repel

9. conservative

orthodox

10. up to now

hitherto

B. Find the words from the text that mean the following.

a. misleading or illusionary (deceptive)

b. in a natural state; not yet processed or refined (crude)

c. a mystical horse like animal with a single straight horn projecting from its forehead (unicorn)

d. never dying or decaying (immortal)

e. come to an end; stop (cease)

f. to activate or put into motion (actuate)

Critical Thinking

a. Do you believe that soul really exists? Write your arguments in support of your answer.

I believe that souls do exist. Have you ever imagined about your own death? Have you ever thought that what happens after the incident that the world calls death? Could you ever convince yourself that your existence on this planet earth would be finished once you die?

I couldn’t ever convince myself with the fact that I’ll be finished once I die. Death would cause the degradation of my physical body but it’s just unimaginable that I will too get over once the death occurs. This “I” is nothing but the soul.

I know that the science that we’re familiar with hasn’t proved the existence of souls yet. But we shouldn’t be hopeless. The boundary of science is expanding day by day. Even the fans and lights that we use every day were once unimaginable but we know that today they exist. There are new fields added to science every day. Some of the fields that have tried to progress in this topic are metaphysics, para psychology etc.

As far as the ancient science is concerned, it had proved the existence of soul long ago. It also developed methods by which one can experience one’s soul. But anyways, I hope that there would be a day when the modern science will too prove the existence of soul.

b. If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind. Discuss.

I support the statement that “If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind.” Psychologists say our “self talk” or “internal dialogue” can make or break fitness routine.

The problem is that many people simply aren’t aware of how destructive their thoughts are. The thing that precedes our behavior is a thought, and we sometimes aren’t good at getting in touch with our thoughts. Let me take my fitness example. The first step in charting the right course to fitness is to recognize how my thoughts are undermining my exercise plans. The second step is to challenge the negative thinking – and there’s certainly no shortage of that when it comes to exercise.

It can be tough for beginners to master the skills necessary to adhere to an exercise plan, but give it time. If I could stick it out for six months, it starts to become a part of who I am versus what I do. Plus, I’ll probably see some positive results that can motivate me to keep at it. Among them: better muscle tone, feeling stronger and more fit, weight loss, improved mood and better sleep.

Writing

Write critically on the given topics.

a. The existence of God

The existence of God is foundational to the study of theology. The Bible does not seek to prove God’s existence, but rather takes it for granted. Scripture expresses a strong doctrine of natural revelation: the existence and attributes of God are evident from the creation itself, even though sinful human beings suppress and distort their natural knowledge of God. The dominant question in the Old and New Testaments is not whether God is, but rather who God is. Philosophers both Christian and non-Christian have offered a wide range of arguments for God’s existence, and the discipline of natural theology (what can be known or proven about God from nature alone) is flourishing today.

Some philosophers, however, have proposed that belief in God is rationally justified even without theistic arguments or evidences. Meanwhile, professing atheists have offered arguments against God’s existence; the most popular is the argument from evil, which contends that the existence and extent of evil in the world gives us good reason not to believe in God. In response, Christian thinkers have developed various theodicies, which seek to explain why God is morally justified in permitting the evils we observe.

If theology is the study of God and his works, then the existence of God is as foundational to theology as the existence of rocks is to geology. Two basic questions have been raised regarding belief in God’s existence: (1) Is it true? (2) Is it rationally justified (and if so, on what grounds)? The second is distinct from the first because a belief can be true without being rationally justified (e.g., someone might irrationally believe that he’ll die on a Thursday, a belief that turns out by chance to be true). Philosophers have grappled with both questions for millennia. In this essay, we will consider what the Bible says in answer to these questions, before sampling the answers of some influential Christian thinkers.

Grammar

A. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘used to’. You can make an affirmative/ negative statement or a question.

a. I/live in a flat when I was a child.

I used to live in a flat when I was a child.

b. She/love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

She used to love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

c. He/go to fishing in the summer?

Did he use to go fishing in the summer?

d. My sister/play tennis when she was at school.

My sister used to play tennis when she was at school.

e. He/play football every weekend?

Did he use to play football every weekend?

f. My grandfather/speak five languages.

My grandfather used to speak five languages.

g. I/not hate school from the beginning.

I did not use to hate school from the beginning.

h. You/live in Kathmandu?

Did you use to live in Kathmandu?

i. He/play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

He used to play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

j. She/wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

She used to wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

B. Write a short paragraph describing your past habits.

For five years, I lived with my uncle. During that time, I used to wake up early in the morning and start my daily activities at his home. Although I had many household responsibilities, I always tried my best to achieve first place in my class. My school did not have enough resources, but my teachers were very dedicated. They used locally available materials to make their lessons interesting and effective. They were kind and encouraging, which motivated us to study harder. Our English teacher often gave us project work, which helped improve our knowledge and academic performance. Those habits helped me become more disciplined and hardworking.

Unit 17 Globalization and Diaspora

B. Complete each sentence using what/how/where/whether + one of these verbs:

apply get do ride use go

a. Do you know how to get to Rama’s house?

b. I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not.

c. Have you decided where to go for your picnic?

d. Can you show me how to use this camera?

e. Ask Hari. He’ll tell you how to ride a bicycle.

f. I was really astonished. I didn’t know what to do on the horse.

C. Paraphrase the sentences

Example:
She has lost her weight. (seem)
→ She seems to have lost her weight.

a. Mahesh forgets closing the windows. (tend)
→ Mahesh tends to forget to close the windows.

b. Your car has broken down. (appear)
→ Your car appears to have broken down.

c. Ashika is worried about her exam. (seem)
→ Ashika seems to be worried about her exam.

d. They have developed the theory. (claim)
→ They claim to have developed the theory.

e. He’s enjoying his new job. (pretend)
→ He pretends to be enjoying his new job.

Unit 18 Immigration and Identity

Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.

a. Can you …… the box in the back garden? (bury/berry)

Can you bury the box in the back garden?

b. Alex could not …… the branch off the tree. (break/brake)

Alex could not break the branch off the tree.

c. …… pencil is on the floor? (Who's/Whose)

Whose pencil is on the floor?

d. We have got very …… (phew/few) tasks left.

We have got very few tasks left.

e. Some tribes worship their gods before they …… (prey/pray)

Some tribes worship their gods before they pray.

f. …… it. Everything is messed up.(Dam /Damn)

Damn it. Everything is messed up.

g. What a wonderful …… the professor presented. (lesson/lessen)

What a wonderful lesson the professor presented.

Grammar

Change the following into indirect speech.

a. She said, "While I was having dinner, the phone rang."

She said that while she was having dinner, the phone rang.

b. My friend said, "Where are they staying?"

My friend asked where they were staying.
c. Jamila said, "I travel a lot in my job."

Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

d. She said to me, "We lived in China for five years."

She told me that they had lived in China for five years.

e. He said to me, "Do you like ice-cream?"

He told me if I had liked ice-cream.

f. They said, "Hurray! We've won the match."

They exclaimed with delight that they had won the match.

g. He said, "I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great."

He said that he'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine was great.

h. Sony said, "I go to the gym next to your house."

Sony said that she went to the gym next to my house.

i. He said, "Be quiet after 10 o'clock."

He told me to be quiet after 10 o'clock.

j. He said, "I don't want to go to the party unless he invites me."

He said that he didn't want to go to the party unless he invited him.

k. He said to me, "I will see you tomorrow if you meet me."

He told me that he would see me the following day if I met him.

l. She said, "If I were you, I would give up the work."

She said that if she were me, she would give up the work.

Unit 19 Travel and Tourism

Grammar

B. Complete these sentences using the verbs given in the brackets.

a. Letters are delivered by the postman every day. (deliver)
b. This bag was found in the bus yesterday. (find)
c. The gate is locked at 7:00 pm every evening. (lock)
d. I was invited to the party last week. (invite)
e. The telephone was invented by Graham Bell. (invent)
f. Muna Madan was written by Devkota. (write)
g. How much money was stolen in the robbery? (steal)
h. Do you know cheese is made from milk? (make)
i. I was born in Kathmandu, but was grown in Dhangadhi. (grow)

C. Change the following sentences into passive.

a. I didn’t fix the problem.

The problem wasn't fixed by me.

b. Police protect the town.

The town is protected by police.

c. John’s mother raised him in a small town.

He was raised in a small town by John’s mother.

d. Someone painted the building last year.

The building was built last year.

e. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.

f. Some students study grammar on the Internet.

Grammar is studied on the internet by some students.

g. Someone had broken the window by 3:00 p.m.

The window had been broken by 3: p.m.

h. A strange man was watching us.

We were being watched by a strange man.

i. Tokyo will hold the Olympics in 2020.

The Olympics will be held in 2020 by Tokyo.

j. We are working on the report right now.

The report is being worked in right now by us.

k. My manager has told him to arrive earlier.

He has been told to arrive earlier by my manager.

l. They could not have made the mistake.

The mistake could not have been made by them.

m. I hope they are going to hire me soon.

I hope I am going to be hired soon by them.

n. I don't like people staring at me.

I don't like being statered at.

o. She likes people waving at her.

She likes being waved at.

p. Who told you the story?

By whom were you told the story ?

q. Is he repairing the bicycle?

Is the bicycle being repaired by him?

Writing

A. Write a travelogue of your recent visit to a natural/religious place in about 300 words.

Last month, our Grade 11 class organized an educational visit to the sacred Pashupatinath Temple area, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main objective of the visit was to learn through observation rather than rote learning. The temple lies on the banks of the holy Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu. The entire area is rich in religious, cultural, and historical importance.

The Pashupati area includes several famous places such as Gaushala, Pingalasthan, Jay Bageshwori Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple, Deupatan, and Gaurighat. It is believed that there are around 500 temples and shrines and nearly 1,000 shivalingas in this sacred area. The main temple of Pashupatinath is built in the traditional pagoda architectural style, which reflects the unique art and culture of Nepal.

According to historical evidence, the sacred Panchamukhi Jyotirlinga inside the temple was established during the ancient Gopal Dynasty. Over the centuries, many rulers contributed to the renovation and development of the temple. Kings and queens such as Pratap Malla and other rulers from the Shah and Rana periods helped in rebuilding and preserving the temple complex.

Large religious fairs are organized here during important festivals like Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Bala Chaturdashi, and Janai Purnima. During these occasions, thousands of pilgrims from Nepal and abroad visit the temple to offer prayers and seek blessings of Lord Shiva.

During our visit, we observed the religious rituals, the cultural atmosphere, and the devotion of the pilgrims. However, we also noticed environmental problems such as pollution and unmanaged sewage along the Bagmati River. Proper sanitation, afforestation, and better management by the authorities could further increase the beauty and importance of this sacred place.

The visit was a memorable and educational experience. It helped us understand the religious heritage, culture, and historical significance of Pashupatinath more deeply.

B. Write an essay in about 500 words on 'Importance of Tourism in Nepal'.

Tourism plays a vital role in the economic, cultural, and social development of Nepal. Known for its natural beauty, cultural diversity, and historical heritage, Nepal has become one of the most attractive travel destinations in the world. Every year thousands of tourists visit the country to experience its majestic mountains, ancient temples, and unique traditions.

Major cities such as Kathmandu and Pokhara attract a large number of tourists. Kathmandu is famous for its ancient temples and cultural heritage, while Pokhara is known for its beautiful lakes and breathtaking views of the Himalayas. Visitors also travel to many UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as Pashupatinath Temple, Boudhanath Stupa, Swayambhunath Stupa, Lumbini, and the historic Kathmandu Durbar Square.

Tourism is one of the most important sources of foreign currency for Nepal. When foreign visitors come to Nepal, they spend money on hotels, food, transportation, and souvenirs. This helps to improve the national economy and creates employment opportunities for thousands of people working in hotels, travel agencies, handicraft industries, and transportation services.

Tourism also promotes Nepali art and culture. Foreign visitors show great interest in traditional handicrafts such as carpets, statues, paintings, and handmade ornaments. These products reflect the creativity and cultural richness of the Nepali people and help promote Nepal’s identity around the world.

Moreover, tourism helps people from different countries learn about Nepal’s traditions, religions, and lifestyle. When tourists visit historical and religious places, they gain knowledge about Nepali culture, architecture, and history. This cultural exchange strengthens international friendship and mutual understanding.

In conclusion, tourism is extremely important for the development of Nepal. It contributes to economic growth, cultural promotion, and international recognition. Therefore, the government and citizens should work together to protect natural resources, maintain heritage sites, and develop better infrastructure so that tourism can continue to flourish in Nepal.

Saturday, 14 March 2026

Compulsory English Grade 11 Grammar

Grammar

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.

Ways with words A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word.

B. Tick (√) the correct words that are similar in meaning to the underlined words.

a. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father’s pressure.

b. She moved her fingers exasperatedly through her hair.

c. My grandmother is over eighty. She lifted her hands feebly.

d. She is wearing a tattered shawl.

e. I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet in this expensive city.

D. Syllable

c. Consult an English dictionary and find the number of syllables in the following words.

Critical thinking

a. What can be the expectations of the parents from their offspring at the old age?

B. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.

a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)

b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)

c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)

d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)

e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)

f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)

D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.

a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.

b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.

c. He’s a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.

d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.

e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.

Ways with words

A. Circle the correct meanings of the underlined words.

C. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences.

D. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings.

Critical Thinking

b. Do you think that art and literature are important assets of a country? Give reasons.

Writing

a. Write an essay on “Literature is the reflection of society.”

b. It is said that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

c. Write a short biography of a national literary, artistic or historical figure you appreciate most.

Biography of Bhanubhakta Acharya

B. Complete the following sentences with correct relative pronouns and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.

b. Amelia speaks English and Chines fluently. She is from Shanghai.

c. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.

d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.

e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.

f. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.

Ways with words

A. Find the meanings of the following words and phrases from a dictionary and make sentences by using them.

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following. The first letter has been given.

B. Write the plural forms of the following nouns.

Critical thinking

a. Pun says, “We do not have culture of innovation that encourages young people to be innovative and creative”. Do you agree with him? Explain.

Grammar

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

F. Use been or gone.

Ways with words

A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.

Ways with words

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them from the text to solve the puzzle based on the meaning clues given below.

1. unquestionable, impossible to doubt

2. never done or known before

3. emergence or origination

4. obviously or clearly

5. impossible to achieve or overcome

6. moved with a violent, irregular action

7. appropriate or suitable

8. force back

9. conservative

10. up to now

B. Find the words from the text that mean the following.

Critical Thinking

a. Do you believe that soul really exists? Write your arguments in support of your answer.

b. If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind. Discuss.

Writing

Write critically on the given topics.

a. The existence of God

Grammar

A. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘used to’. You can make an affirmative/ negative statement or a question.

Ways with words
A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word.