You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14
which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The Cacao: a
Sweet History
A Chapter 1
Most people today think of chocolate as
something sweet to eat or drink that can be easily found in stores around the
world. It might surprise you that chocolate was once highly treasured. The
tasty secret of the cacao (Kah Kow) tree was discovered 2,000 years ago in the
tropical rainforests of the Americas. The story of how chocolate grew from a
local Mesoamerican beverage into a global sweet encompasses many cultures and
continents.
B Chapter 2
Historians believe the Maya people of Central
America first learned to farm cacao plants around two thousand years ago. The
Maya took cacao trees from the rainforests and grew them in their gardens. They
cooked cacao seeds, the crushed them into a soft paste. They mixed the paste
with water and flavorful spices to make an unsweetened chocolate drink. The
Maya poured the chocolate drink back and forth between two containers so that
the liquid would have a layer of bubbles or foam.
Educational history content
Cacao and chocolate were an important part of
Maya culture. There are often images of cacao plants on Maya buildings and art
objects. Ruling families drank chocolate at special ceremonies. And, even
poorer members of society could enjoy the drink once in a while. Historians
believe that cacao seeds were also used in marriage ceremonies as a sign of the
union between a husband and a wife.
The Aztec culture in current-day Mexico also
prized chocolate. But, cacao plants could not grow in the area where the Aztecs
lived. So, they traded to get cacao. They even used cacao seeds as a form of
money to pay taxes. Chocolate also played a special role in both Maya and Aztec
royal and religious events. Priests presented cacao seeds and offerings to the
gods and served chocolate drinks during sacred ceremonies. Only the very
wealthy in Aztec societies could afford to drink chocolate because cacao was so
valuable. The Aztec ruler Montezuma was believed to drink fifty cups of
chocolate every day. Some experts believe the word for chocolate came from the
Aztec word “xocolatl” which in the Nahuatl language means “bitter water.”
Others believe the word “chocolate” was created by combining Mayan and Nahuatl
words.
C Chapter 3
The explorer Christopher Columbus brought
cacao seeds to Spain after his trip to Central America in 1502. But it was the
Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes who understood that chocolate could be a
valuable investment. In 1519, Cortes arrived in current-day Mexico. He believed
the chocolate drink would become popular with Spaniards. After the Spanish
soldiers defeated the Aztec empire, they were able to seize the supplies of
cacao and send them home. Spain later began planting cacao in its colonies in
the Americans in order to satisfy the large demand for chocolate. The wealthy
people of Spain first enjoyed a sweetened version of chocolate drink. Later,
the popularity of the drink spread throughout Europe. The English, Dutch and
French began to plant cacao trees in their own colonies. Chocolate remained a
drink that only wealthy people could afford to drink until the eighteenth
century. During the period known as the Industrial Revolution, new technologies
helped make chocolate less costly to produce.
Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
D Chapter 4
Farmers grow cacao trees in many countries in
Africa, Central and South America. The trees grow in the shady areas of the
rainforests near the Earth’s equator. But these trees can be difficult to grow.
They require an exact amount of water, warmth, soil and protection. After about
five years, cacao trees start producing large fruits called pods, which grow
near the trunk of the tree. The seeds inside the pods are harvested to make
chocolate. There are several kinds of cacao trees. Most of the world’s
chocolate is made from the seed of the forastero tree. But farmers can also
grow criollo or trinitario cacao plants. Cacao trees grown on farms are much
more easily threatened by diseases and insects than wild trees. Growing cacao
is very hard work for farmers. They sell their harvest on a futures market.
This means that economic conditions beyond their control can affect the amount
of money they will earn. Today, chocolate industry officials, activists, and
scientists are working with farmers. They are trying to make sure that cacao
can be grown in a way that is fair to the timers and safe for the environment.
E Chapter 5
To become chocolate, cacao seeds go through a
long production process in a factory. Workers must sort, clean and cook the
seeds. Then they break off the covering of the seeds so that only the inside
fruit, or nibs, remain. Workers crush the nibs into a soft substance called
chocolate liquor. This gets separated into cocoa solids and fat called cocoa
butter. Chocolate makers have their own special recipes in which they combine
chocolate liquor with exact amounts of sugar, milk and cocoa fat. They finely
crush this “crumb” mixture in order to make it smooth. The mixture then goes
through two more processes before it is shaped into a mold form.
Chocolate making is big business. The market
value of the yearly cacao crop around the world is more than five billion
dollars. Chocolate is especially popular in Europe and the United States. For
example, in 2005, the United States bought 1.4 billion dollars worth of cocoa
products. Each year, Americans eat an average of more than five kilograms of
chocolate per person. Speciality shops that sell costly chocolates are also
very popular. Many offer chocolate lovers the chance to taste chocolates grown
in different areas of the world.
Chocolate making kits
Questions 1-5
Reading passage 1 has 5 chapters. Which chapter contains the
following information?
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet
1 the part of cacao trees used to produce
chocolate
2 average chocolate consumption by people in the
US per person per year
3 risks faced by fanners in the cacao business
4 where the first sweetened chocolate drink
appeared
5 how ancient American civilizations obtained
cacao
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement is true
FALSE
if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if
the information is not given in the passage
6 use cacao and chocolate in ceremonies were
restricted Maya royal families
Cacao farming guides
7 The Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes invested
in chocolate and chocolate drinks.
8 The forastero tree produces the best
chocolate.
9 some parts in cacao seed are get rid of during
the chocolate process
10 Chocolate is welcomed more in some countries
or continents than other parts around the world.
Questions 11-14
The flow chart below shows the steps in chocolate making.
Complete the flow chart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from
the passage for each blank
Discover more
cocoa solids
chocolate
cocoa
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Cacao seeds
↓ sorting, cleaning
and cooking ridding seeds of their 11…………………..
Nibs
↓ crushing
12…………………
↓ Add sugar, milk and
13………………..
Crumb mixture
↓ Crush finely then
come into a shape in a 14……………….
chocolate
Chocolate making kits
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20
minutes on Questions 15-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Cosmetics in
Ancient Past
A
Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide
use today, it is interesting to compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs
related to them in ancient times to those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and
perfumes have been popular since the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the
discovery of a great deal of pertinent archaeological material, dating from the
third millennium BC. Mosaics, glass perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots,
clay jars, etc., some inscribed by the hand of the artisan. Evidence also
appears in the Bible and other classical writings, where it is written that
spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the ancient
world and coveted by kings and princes. The written and pictorial descriptions,
as well as archaeological findings, all show how important body care and
aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people. The chain of
evidence spans many centuries, detailing the usage of cosmetics in various
cultures from the earliest period of recorded history.
B
In antiquity, however, at least in the onset,
cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and for healing purposes. Cosmetics
were also connected with cultic worship and witchcraft: to appease the various
gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the statuary images and even to their
attendants. From this, in the course of time, developed the custom of personal
use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the body, and to conceal defects.
C
Perfumes and fragrant spices were precious
commodities in antiquity, very much in demand, and at times even exceeded
silver and gold in value. Therefore they were luxury products, used mainly in
the temples and in the homes of the noble and wealthy. The Judean kings kept
them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13). And the Queen of Sheba brought to
Solomon “camels laden with spices, gold in great quantity and precious stones.”
(1 Kings 10:2, 10). However, within time, the use of cosmetics became the
custom of that period. The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower
classes as well as among the wealthy; in the same way, they washed the body, so
they used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and
anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.
D
Facial treatment was highly developed and
women devoted many hours to it. They used to spread various scented creams on
the face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian
papyrus from the 16th century BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes,
wrinkles, and other signs of age. Greek and Roman women would cover their faces
in the evening with a “beauty mask” to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly
of flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on their face all night. The
next morning they would wash it off with asses’ milk. The very common creams
used by women in the ancient Far East, particularly important in the hot
climate and prevalent in that area of the globe, were made up of oils and
aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these creams was extracted from olives,
almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and plants; but, for those of limited
means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.
E
Women in the ancient past commonly put colors
around their eyes. Besides beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as
covering the sensitive skin of the lids with colored ointments that prevented
dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint repelled the little flies that
transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian women colored the upper eyelid black
and the lower one green and painted the space between the upper lid and the
eyebrow gray and blue. The women of Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds. The
use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible, always
with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40). In
contrast, Job named one of his daughters “Keren Happukh”- “horn of eye paint”
(Job 42:14)
F
Great importance was attached to the care for
hair in ancient times. Long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and
kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and
cared for. Women devoted much time to the style of the hair; while no cutting,
they would apply much care to it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and
“building it up” sometimes with the help of wigs. Egyptian women generally wore
their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer. In Mesopotamia,
women cherished long hair as a part of their beauty, and hair flowing down
their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian
women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding it in a bun at the back. In
Ancient Israel, brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day as a sign
of their virginity. Ordinary people and slaves, however, usually wore their
hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they could not afford to invest
in the kind of treatment that long hair required.
G
From the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian
sources, as well as the words of classical authors, it appears that the centers
of the trade-in aromatic resins and incense were located in the kingdoms of
southern Arabia, and even as far as India, where some of these precious
aromatic plants were grown. “Dealers from Sheba and Rammah dealt with you,
offering the choicest spices…” (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans functioned as the
important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very important
component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country. It is known that the
Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land
of Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her
temple. In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins
are mentioned; the text from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers
to balls of myrrh as a part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the
Aramaean kings. The trade-in spices and perfumes are also mentioned in the
Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26), “Camels carrying gum tragacanth and
balm and myrrh”.
Books & Literature
Questions 15-21
Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.
15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by
aging
16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war
17 long hair of girls had special meanings in
marriage
18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics
use in ancient times
19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases
20 from witchcraft to beautification
21 more expensive than gold
Question 22-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement is true
FALSE
if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if
the information is not given in the passage
22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes
dates back to the third millennium BC.
Books & Literature
23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury
products, their use was exclusive to the noble and the wealthy.
24 In the ancient Far East, fish fats were used
as a cream by a woman from poor households.
25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly
against the use of kohl for painting the eyes.
26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn
solely by women of ancient cultures
27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal
expedition to Punt to establish a trade route for myrrh
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which
are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Books & Literature
The Secrets of
Persuasion
A
Our mother may have told you the secret to
getting what you ask for was to say please. The reality is rather more
surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has made a life’s work
from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through
high-powered microscopes. Others goad rats through mazes or mix bubbling fluids
in glass beakers. Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with
towels and believes that by doing so he is discovering important insights into
how society works.
B
Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them
later), are part of his research into how we persuade others to say yes. He
wants to know why some people have a knack for bending the will of others, be
it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose
children are compliant even without threats of extreme violence. While he’s
anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil
salesmen, for decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor
has been creating systems for the principles and methods of persuasion and
writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem to be born with the skills;
Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us who
aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an
easy mark for the blandishment of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always
wondered why they could get me to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I
hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from London, where his is plugging
his latest book.
C
He found that laboratory experiments on the
psychology of persuasion were telling only part of the story, so he began to
research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training programmes:
“I learnt how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an
office, how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six
general “principles of influence” and has since put them to the test under
slightly more scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing
about with towels. Many hotels leave a little card in each bathroom asking
guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and electricity and reduce
pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative effectiveness
of different words on those cards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate
simply because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more
compelling? To test this, the researchers changed the card’s message from an
environmental one to the simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of
guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests given this
message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old
message. In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of
Persuasion”, co-written with another social scientist and a
business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the persuasive
force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by
what we believe other people like us are doing.
Educational history content
D
So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a
lot from confectionery. Yes! Cites the work of New Jersey behavioural scientist
David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons would respond to ridiculously
small favour from their food server, in the form of after-dinner chocolate for
each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the
chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared
to when no chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped
individually in front of each diner, tips went up 14%. The scientific
breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner one chocolate,
headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each as if
such generosity had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%. This is
“reciprocity” in action: we want to return favours done to us, often without
bothering to calculate the relative value of what is being received and given.
E
Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s
Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting staff using such a cynical
trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different from that
of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say
‘can we have some more?” ‘ But she certainly understands the general principle
of reciprocity. The way to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re
not expecting in the way of service. It might be something as small as leaving
a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that last time they were in
they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. “In America, it would
translate into an instant tip. In New Zealand, it translates into a huge smile
and thanks to you.” And no doubt, return visits.
THE FIVE
PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASION
F
Reciprocity: People
want to give back to those who have given to them. The trick here is to get in
first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling
women in supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: People want more
of things they can have less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity
(“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”), and Cialdini suggests
parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say ‘this is an
unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time’.”
Food
G
Authority: We trust people
who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly of your
credentials before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many
people fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about
their expertise.” In one study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their
exercises were advised to display their qualification certificates prominently.
They did and experienced an immediate leap in patient compliance.
H
Commitment/consistency: We
want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we have already
made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting charitable
donations. First, ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your
egg-and-spoon marathon. Later, return with the sponsorship form to those who
said yes and remind them of their earlier commitment.
I
Linking: We say yes more
often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “linking” can be
weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to
a named researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the
subject (eg, Cynthia Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys
were twice as likely to be completed. We favour people who resemble us, even if
the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.
J
Social proof: We
decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing.
Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in
a way that you would like your child to, because the child looks to the side,
rather than at you.” More perniciously, social proof is the force underpinning
the competitive materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses”
Questions 28-31
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
28 The main purpose of Cialdini’s research
of writing is to
Books & Literature
A
explain the reason way researcher should investigate in person
B
explore the secret that why some people become the famous salesperson
C help
people to sale products
D prove
maybe there is a science in the psychology of persuasion
29 Which of the statement is CORRECT according to
Cialdini’s research methodology
A he
checked data in a lot of latest books
B he
conducted this experiment in the laboratory
C he
interviewed and contract with many salespeople
D he
made lot phone calls collecting what he wants to know
30 Which of the following is CORRECT according to
towel experiment in the passage?
A
Different hotel guests act in a different response
B Most
guests act by the idea of environment preservation
C more
customers tend to cooperate as the message requires than simply act
environmentally
D
people tend to follow the hotel’s original message more
31 Which of the following is CORRECT according to
the candy shop experiment in the passage?
A
Presenting way affects diner’s tips
B
Regular customer gives tips more than irregulars
C
People give tips only when offered chocolate
Chocolate making kits
D
Chocolate with bill got higher tips
Questions 32-35
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement is true
FALSE
if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN
if the information is not given in the passage
32 Robert Cialdini experienced “principles of
influence” himself in realistic life.
33 Principle of persuasion has different types in
different countries.
34 In New Zealand, people tend to give tips to
attendants after being served chocolate.
35 Elder generation of New Zealand is easily
attracted by extra service of restaurants by the principle of reciprocity.
Questions 36-40
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed
A-E) with correct description below.
Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 36-40 on
answer sheet.
NB You
may use any letter more than once.
A
Reciprocity of scarcity
B Authority
C previous comment
D Linking
36 Some expert may reveal qualification in front
of clients.
37 Parents tend to say something that other kids
are doing the same.
38 Advertisers ruthlessly exploit the limitation
of chances.
39 Use a familiar name in a survey.
40 Ask colleagues to offer a helping hand
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