What is an Auxiliary Verb? (सहायक क्रिया के हो?)

What is an Auxiliary Verb? (सहायक क्रिया के हो?)

An auxiliary verb (also called a helping verb) is a verb that helps the main verb to form tenses, questions, negatives, and passive voice. It cannot usually stand alone — it needs a main verb.

Nepali: सहायक क्रिया (हेल्पिङ भर्ब) भन्नाले मुख्य क्रियालाई काल, प्रश्न, नकारात्मक वाक्य र passive voice बनाउन मद्दत गर्ने क्रियालाई जनाउँछ। यो प्रायः एक्लै बस्न सक्दैन — मुख्य क्रिया चाहिन्छ।

Structure:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + Object

Examples:

English	Nepali
She is writing a letter.	उनी चिठी लेख्दै छिन्।
He has finished his work.	उनले काम सकिसकेका छन्।
Do you like tea?	तिमीलाई चिया मन पर्छ?
They can swim well.	उनीहरू राम्रोसँग पौडी खेल्न सक्छन्।

💡 Key Point: Auxiliary verb = helper. Main verb = meaning carrier.
Nepali: सहायक क्रिया = मद्दत गर्ने। मुख्य क्रिया = अर्थ बोक्ने।

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🔑 Types of Auxiliary Verbs (सहायक क्रियाका प्रकार)

There are two main types:

Type	Nepali	Examples
Primary Auxiliaries	प्राथमिक सहायक	be, do, have
Modal Auxiliaries	मोडल सहायक	can, could, may, might, must, should, would, will, shall

Primary Auxiliaries are further divided into 3:

1.      Be verbs (be क्रिया)

2.      Do verbs (do क्रिया)

3.      Have verbs (have क्रिया)

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1BE VERBS (be क्रिया)

📌 Forms of Be (be को रूपहरू)

Present	Past	Nepali
is	was	छ / थियो (एकवचन)
am	was	छु / थिएँ (I सँग)
are	were	छन् / थिए (बहुवचन)
be	be	हुनु (मूल रूप)
being	being	हुँदै (V4)
been	been	भएको (V3)

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Uses of Be Verbs (be क्रियाको प्रयोग)

Use 1: Continuous Tenses (चालु काल)

Structure: Subject + is/am/are/was/were + V4 (ing)

English	Nepali
She is reading.	उनी पढ्दै छिन्।
I am writing.	म लेख्दै छु।
They are playing.	उनीहरू खेल्दै छन्।
He was sleeping.	उनी सुत्दै थिए।
We were dancing.	हामी नाच्दै थियौं।

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Use 2: Passive Voice (कर्मवाच्य)

Structure: Subject + is/am/are/was/were + V3

English	Nepali
The letter is written.	चिठी लेखिएको छ।
The house was built.	घर बनाइएको थियो।
English is spoken here.	यहाँ अंग्रेजी बोलिन्छ।
The food was eaten.	खाना खाइएको थियो।

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Use 3: As Main Verb (मुख्य क्रियाको रूपमा)

English	Nepali
She is a doctor.	उनी डाक्टर हुन्।
I am happy.	म खुसी छु।
They were late.	उनीहरू ढिलो थिए।

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📊 Be Verbs Summary Table

Subject	Present	Past	Nepali
I	am	was	छु / थिएँ
He/She/It	is	was	छ / थियो
You/We/They	are	were	छौ/छन् / थियौ/थिए

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2️⃣ DO VERBS (do क्रिया)

📌 Forms of Do (do को रूपहरू)

Present	Past	Nepali
do	did	गर्नु
does	did	गर्छ (he/she/it)
doing	doing	गर्दै (V4)
done	done	गरेको (V3)

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📌 Uses of Do Verbs (do क्रियाको प्रयोग)

Use 1: Negative Sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्य)

Structure: Subject + do/does/did + not + V1

English	Nepali
I do not like tea.	मलाई चिया मन पर्दैन।
She does not eat meat.	उनी मासु खाँदिनन्।
They did not come.	उनीहरू आएनन्।
He does not study.	उनी पढ्दैनन्।

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Use 2: Questions (प्रश्न)

Structure: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V1?

English	Nepali
Do you like coffee?	तिमीलाई कफी मन पर्छ?
Does she speak English?	उनी अंग्रेजी बोल्छिन्?
Did they play football?	उनीहरूले फुटबल खेले?
Did he call you?	उनले तिमीलाई बोलाए?

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Use 3: Emphasis (जोड दिनु)

English	Nepali
I do love you.	म तिमीलाई साँच्चै माया गर्छु।
She does work hard.	उनी साँच्चै मेहनत गर्छिन्।
He did finish it.	उनले साँच्चै सकाए।

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Use 4: Short Answers (छोटो जवाफ)

Question	Short Answer	Nepali
Do you like tea?	Yes, I do.	हो, मन पर्छ।
Does she sing?	No, she doesn't.	होइन, गाउँदिनन्।
Did they come?	Yes, they did.	हो, आए।

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📊 Do Verbs Summary Table

Subject	Present	Past	Nepali
I/You/We/They	do	did	गर्छु/गर्छौ/गर्छौं/गर्छन्
He/She/It	does	did	गर्छ/गर्छिन्/गर्छ

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3HAVE VERBS (have क्रिया)

Forms of Have (have को रूपहरू)

Present	Past	Nepali
have	had	छ / थियो (I, you, we, they)
has	had	छ (he/she/it)
having	having	हुँदै (V4)
had	had	भएको (V3)

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📌 Uses of Have Verbs (have क्रियाको प्रयोग)

Use 1: Perfect Tenses (पूर्ण काल)

Structure: Subject + have/has/had + V3

English	Nepali
I have finished.	मैले सकें।
She has written a letter.	उनले चिठी लेखेकी छिन्।
They had left before I came.	म आउनुअघि उनीहरू गइसकेका थिए।
He has eaten rice.	उनले भात खाएका छन्।

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Use 2: As Main Verb (मुख्य क्रियाको रूपमा — स्वामित्व)

English	Nepali
I have a car.	मसँग कार छ।
She has two brothers.	उनका दुई दाजुभाइ छन्।
They had a dog.	उनीहरूसँग कुकुर थियो।
He has a beautiful voice.	उनको सुन्दर आवाज छ।

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Use 3: Have to (बाध्यता)

Structure: Subject + have to/has to/had to + V1

English	Nepali
I have to go now.	मलाई अहिले जानु छ।
She has to study.	उनले पढ्नु पर्छ।
They had to leave early.	उनीहरूले चाँडै जानु पर्यो।
He has to work hard.	उनले मेहनत गर्नु पर्छ।

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Use 4: Causative (गराउनु)

Structure: Subject + have/has/had + object + V3

English	Nepali
I had my hair cut.	मैले कपाल कटाएँ।
She has her room cleaned.	उनले कोठा सफा गराउँछिन्।
He had his car repaired.	उनले कार मर्मत गराए।

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📊 Have Verbs Summary Table

Subject	Present	Past	Nepali
I/You/We/They	have	had	छ / थियो
He/She/It	has	had	छ / थियो

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4MODAL VERBS (मोडल क्रिया)

What are Modal Verbs? (मोडल क्रिया के हुन्?)

Modal verbs show possibility, ability, permission, obligation, advice, or request. They do not change form (no -s, -ed, -ing).

Nepali: मोडल क्रिया ले सम्भावना, क्षमता, अनुमति, बाध्यता, सल्लाह वा अनुरोध देखाउँछन्। यिनको रूप कहिल्यै परिवर्तन हुँदैन।

Common Modal Verbs:

Modal	Nepali Meaning
can	सक्नु
could	सक्थ्यो (past)
may	सक्छ (अनुमति)
might	सक्छ (सम्भावना)
must	पर्छ (बाध्यता)
should	पर्छ (सल्लाह)
would	गर्थ्यो (इच्छा)
will	गर्नेछ (भविष्य)
shall	गर्नेछ (प्रस्ताव)
ought to	पर्छ (नैतिक)
need	आवश्यक छ
dare	आँट गर्नु

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📌 Uses of Each Modal Verb (प्रत्येक मोडलको प्रयोग)

1. CAN – सक्नु (Ability / Permission)

English	Nepali
She can swim.	उनी पौडी खेल्न सक्छिन्।
Can I go now?	म अहिले जान सक्छु?
He can speak English.	उनी अंग्रेजी बोल्न सक्छन्।

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2. COULD – सक्थ्यो (Past Ability / Polite Request)

English	Nepali
He could run fast.	उनी छिटो दौडन सक्थे।
Could you help me?	तिमी मलाई मद्दत गर्न सक्छौ?
She could sing well.	उनी राम्रो गाउन सक्थिन्।

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3. MAY – सक्छ (Permission / Possibility)

English	Nepali
You may leave now.	तिमी अहिले जान सक्छौ।
It may rain today.	आज पानी पर्न सक्छ।
May I come in?	म भित्र आउन सक्छु?

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4. MIGHT – सक्छ (Weak Possibility)

English	Nepali
She might come late.	उनी ढिलो आउन सक्छिन्।
He might be sick.	उनी बिरामी हुन सक्छन्।
They might not agree.	उनीहरू मान्न सक्दैनन्।

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5. MUST – पर्छ (Strong Obligation / Certainty)

English	Nepali
You must study hard.	तिमीले मेहनत पढ्नु पर्छ।
She must be tired.	उनी थकित हुनुपर्छ।
We must obey rules.	हामीले नियम पालना गर्नु पर्छ।

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6. SHOULD – पर्छ (Advice / Suggestion)

English	Nepali
You should rest.	तिमीले आराम गर्नुपर्छ।
He should see a doctor.	उनले डाक्टरलाई देखाउनुपर्छ।
We should help others.	हामीले अरूलाई मद्दत गर्नुपर्छ।

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7. WOULD – गर्थ्यो (Past Habit / Polite Request / Conditional)

English	Nepali
I would help you.	म तिमीलाई मद्दत गर्थें।
Would you like tea?	तिमीलाई चिया चाहिन्छ?
She would always smile.	उनी सधैं हाँस्थिन्।

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8. WILL – गर्नेछ (Future / Willingness)

English	Nepali
She will come tomorrow.	उनी भोलि आउनेछिन्।
I will help you.	म तिमीलाई मद्दत गर्नेछु।
Will you join us?	तिमी हामीसँग आउनेछौ?

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9. SHALL – गर्नेछ (Offer / Suggestion — I/We)

English	Nepali
Shall I open the window?	म झ्याल खोलुँ?
We shall meet tomorrow.	हामी भोलि भेट्नेछौं।
Shall we go now?	हामी अहिले जाऔं?

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10. OUGHT TO – पर्छ (Moral Duty)

English	Nepali
You ought to respect elders.	तिमीले ठूलालाई आदर गर्नुपर्छ।
We ought to help the poor.	हामीले गरिबलाई मद्दत गर्नुपर्छ।

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11. NEED – आवश्यक छ

English	Nepali
You need not worry.	तिमीले चिन्ता गर्नु आवश्यक छैन।
She need not come.	उनी आउनु आवश्यक छैन।

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12. DARE – आँट गर्नु

English	Nepali
He dare not speak.	उनी बोल्न आँट गर्दैनन्।
Dare you challenge me?	तिमी मलाई चुनौती दिन आँट गर्छौ?

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📊 Modal Verbs Summary Table

Modal	Nepali	Function	Example
can	सक्नु	Ability/Permission	She can swim.
could	सक्थ्यो	Past ability/Polite	He could run.
may	सक्छ	Permission/Possibility	It may rain.
might	सक्छ	Weak possibility	She might come.
must	पर्छ	Strong obligation	You must study.
should	पर्छ	Advice	You should rest.
would	गर्थ्यो	Past habit/Polite	I would help.
will	गर्नेछ	Future	She will come.
shall	गर्नेछ	Offer/Suggestion	Shall I go?
ought to	पर्छ	Moral duty	You ought to help.
need	आवश्यक	Necessity	You need not go.
dare	आँट	Courage	He dare not speak.

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🧠 Quick Comparison: Be vs Do vs Have vs Modal

Auxiliary	Nepali	Main Use	Example
Be	हुनु	Continuous, Passive	She is writing.
Do	गर्नु	Negative, Question	Do you like tea?
Have	हुनु	Perfect, Possession	She has finished.
Modal	मोडल	Possibility, Ability	She can swim.

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Important Rules (महत्वपूर्ण नियम)

Rule	Nepali	Example
Modals never take -s	मोडलमा -s लाग्दैन	❌ She cans swim. ✅ She can swim.
Modals + V1 (base)	मोडल + V1	✅ She can go. ❌ She can goes.
Do/Does/Did + V1	Do/Does/Did + V1	✅ He does eat. ❌ He does eats.
Have/Has/Had + V3	Have/Has/Had + V3	✅ She has eaten. ❌ She has ate.
Be + V4 (continuous)	Be + V4	✅ She is going. ❌ She is go.
Be + V3 (passive)	Be + V3	✅ It is done. ❌ It is did.

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✍️ Practice Exercise

Choose the correct auxiliary verb:

1.      She _____ (is/does/has) writing a letter.

2.      _____ (Do/Does/Did) you like coffee?

3.      He _____ (have/has/had) finished his work.

4.      They _____ (can/cans) swim well.

5.      I _____ (am/is/are) happy.

6.      She _____ (do/does/did) not eat meat.

7.      We _____ (have/has/had) a car.

8.      You _____ (must/musts) study hard.

9.      The letter _____ (is/was) written yesterday.

10. _____ (Shall/Will) I open the door?

Answers:

	Answer	Auxiliary Type	Reason
1	is	Be	Continuous tense (is + V4)
2	Do	Do	Question with "you"
3	has	Have	Perfect tense (has + V3)
4	can	Modal	Ability (no -s)
5	am	Be	I + am
6	does	Do	Negative with she
7	have	Have	Possession with we
8	must	Modal	Obligation (no -s)
9	was	Be	Passive past
10	Shall	Modal	Offer with I

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 Final Summary (अन्तिम सारांश)

Auxiliary	Forms	Nepali	Key Use
Be	is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been	हुनु	Continuous + Passive
Do	do, does, did	गर्नु	Negative + Question
Have	have, has, had	हुनु	Perfect + Possession
Modal	can, could, may, might, must, should, would, will, shall, ought to, need, dare	मोडल	Possibility, Ability, Obligation