Present Tense (वर्तमान काल) for PTE

Present Tense (वर्तमान काल) for PTE 

The present tense is a verb tense used to describe actions happening now, habitual actions, general truths, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present. In Nepali, it is called वर्तमान काल (Vartaman Kaal).

There are four types of present tense:

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1. Simple Present Tense (सामान्य वर्तमान काल)

Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + V1 (s/es for third person singular) + Object
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + V1 + Object
• Question: Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?

Time Adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every week, generally, normally

Examples (English – Nepali):

1.      I go to school every day. – म हरेक दिन विद्यालय जान्छु।

2.      She reads a book. – उनी एउटा किताब पढ्छिन्।

3.      They play football on Sundays. – उनीहरू आइतबार फुटबल खेल्छन्।

4.      He does not like tea. – उसलाई चिया मन पर्दैन।

5.      Do you speak Nepali? – तिमी नेपाली बोल्छौ?

6.      Water boils at 100°C. – पानी १००°C मा उमाल्छ।

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2. Present Continuous Tense (अपूर्ण/चालु वर्तमान काल)

Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + is/am/are + V1+ing + Object
• Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + V1+ing + Object
• Question: Is/Am/Are + Subject + V1+ing + Object?

Time Adverbs: now, right now, at the moment, at present, currently, today, this week, look!, listen!

Examples (English – Nepali):

1.      I am writing a letter now. – म अहिले एउटा चिठी लेख्दै छु।

2.      She is cooking food. – उनी खाना पकाउँदै छिन्।

3.      They are playing in the garden. – उनीहरू बगैंचामा खेल्दै छन्।

4.      He is not studying at the moment. – ऊ अहिले पढ्दै छैन।

5.      Are you listening to me? – तिमी मेरो कुरा सुन्दै छौ?

6.      The children are sleeping now. – बच्चाहरू अहिले सुत्दै छन्।

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3. Present Perfect Tense (पूर्ण वर्तमान काल)

Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + has/have + V3 (past participle) + Object
• Negative: Subject + has/have + not + V3 + Object
• Question: Has/Have + Subject + V3 + Object?

Time Adverbs: just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, until now, this week/month/year

Examples (English – Nepali):

1.      I have finished my homework. – मैले मेरो गृहकार्य सकें।

2.      She has visited Pokhara. – उनले पोखरा घुमेकी छिन्।

3.      They have lived here for ten years. – उनीहरू यहाँ दस वर्षदेखि बसेका छन्।

4.      He has not eaten yet. – उसले अझै खाएको छैन।

5.      Have you ever seen a tiger? – तिमीले कहिल्यै बाघ देखेका छौ?

6.      We have just arrived. – हामी भर्खरै आइपुगेका छौं।

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4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमान काल)

Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + has/have + been + V1+ing + Object + since/for
• Negative: Subject + has/have + not + been + V1+ing + Object + since/for
• Question: Has/Have + Subject + been + V1+ing + Object + since/for?

Time Adverbs: since, for, all day, all morning, how long, lately, recently

Examples (English – Nepali):

1.      I have been reading since morning. – म बिहानदेखि पढ्दै छु।

2.      She has been working here for five years. – उनी यहाँ पाँच वर्षदेखि काम गर्दै छिन्।

3.      They have been playing for two hours. – उनीहरू दुई घण्टादेखि खेल्दै छन्।

4.      He has not been feeling well lately. – ऊ हालै स्वस्थ महसुस गर्दै छैन।

5.      Have you been waiting long? – तिमी लामो समयदेखि कुर्दै छौ?

6.      It has been raining all day. – दिनभरि पानी पर्दै छ।

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Summary Table (सारांश तालिका)

Type	Structure	Nepali Meaning	Example
Simple Present	S + V1(s/es)	सामान्य वर्तमान	I go. – म जान्छु।
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V1+ing	चालु वर्तमान	I am going. – म जाँदै छु।
Present Perfect	S + has/have + V3	पूर्ण वर्तमान	I have gone. – म गएको छु।
Present Perfect Continuous	S + has/have + been + V1+ing	पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमान	I have been going. – म जाँदै छु (समयदेखि)।