NEB Class 11 Essays

 

1^st Essay

Sharing Tradition

        Frank Lapena

"Sharing Tradition" by Frank LaPena is a reflective essay that explores the importance of preserving Native American traditions and passing them down to future generations. LaPena, a Native American artist, writer, and professor, emphasizes the significance of cultural heritage and the role of storytelling in maintaining identity and community.

About essayist (Frank LaPena)

Frank LaPena (1937–2019) was a Wintu-Nomtipom artist, poet, and cultural leader. He dedicated his life to revitalizing and preserving Native American art, dance, and oral traditions. His work often reflects deep respect for his cultural roots and an awareness of the challenges faced by Indigenous communities in maintaining their traditions in a rapidly changing world.

Main themes

1.      Cultural Preservation and Continuity

• LaPena highlights the importance of keeping Native traditions alive by sharing stories, rituals, and customs with younger generations.

2.      Oral Tradition and Storytelling

• He underscores the role of storytelling as a means of preserving history, values, and identity.

3.      Community and Intergenerational Knowledge

• The essay celebrates the role of elders in transmitting knowledge and the responsibility of younger generations to listen and learn.

4.      Respect for Ancestry and Spirituality

• LaPena reflects on the spiritual and ancestral connections that shape cultural practices, reinforcing their sacredness.

5.      Resilience in the Face of Cultural Erosion

• While acknowledging the loss of some traditions, LaPena expresses a belief that through conscious effort, communities can revive and protect their heritage.

Summary

"Sharing Tradition" by Frank LaPena is a reflective essay that emphasizes the importance of preserving Native American culture through the passing down of traditions, stories, and rituals. LaPena, drawing from his Wintu heritage, highlights how traditions are not just practices but vital threads that connect communities to their ancestors and the natural world. He stresses that these customs hold deep spiritual and cultural significance, shaping the identity and values of Native peoples. By sharing stories and engaging in cultural ceremonies, LaPena argues, individuals maintain a living connection to their roots.

A key focus of the essay is the role of elders in transmitting knowledge to younger generations. LaPena expresses concern about the erosion of Native traditions due to modernization, loss of language, and the diminishing number of elders who hold this knowledge. He believes that storytelling and cultural practices are essential for bridging the gap between generations. By listening to the wisdom of elders, young people can gain a deeper understanding of their heritage, fostering pride and continuity within their communities.

LaPena concludes by underscoring the collective responsibility to keep traditions alive. He acknowledges the challenges but remains hopeful that through conscious effort, Native communities can revive and preserve their cultural practices. The essay serves as both a reminder and a call to action, encouraging all people to value and protect the traditions that shape their identities. Ultimately, LaPena’s message is one of resilience, unity, and the enduring power of cultural heritage.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. According to LaPena, what is the importance of the oral tradition? To what extent do you agree with his opinions and why?

According to Frank LaPena, oral tradition is vital for preserving the cultural identity, history, and spiritual beliefs of Native American communities. It serves as a bridge between generations, allowing elders to pass down essential knowledge, values, and life lessons that shape the identity and resilience of their people. LaPena emphasizes that oral tradition is more than storytelling it is a way to honor ancestors, maintain a connection to the land, and keep cultural practices alive.

I strongly agree with LaPena’s views because oral traditions play a crucial role in safeguarding the heritage of many communities, including Indigenous and minority cultures around the world. Without this form of knowledge transfer, valuable aspects of history and identity risk being lost. Oral traditions not only preserve the past but also foster a sense of belonging and unity, strengthening communities in the face of cultural erosion.

b. Who preserve and pass on the oral tradition?

Elders and cultural leaders are primarily responsible for preserving and passing on oral tradition. They serve as the keepers of stories, rituals, and historical knowledge, sharing their wisdom through storytelling, songs, and ceremonies. Elders play a vital role in teaching younger generations about their cultural identity, values, and spiritual beliefs, ensuring that these traditions remain alive. In many communities, parents and extended family members also contribute by recounting family histories and participating in cultural practices. Additionally, cultural institutions, schools, and community leaders may help preserve oral traditions by organizing events, festivals, and educational programs. This collective effort strengthens cultural continuity and reinforces the importance of preserving ancestral knowledge.

c. What is the danger of not passing on information from generation to generation?

The danger of not passing on information from generation to generation is the loss of cultural identity, history, and traditions. When stories, rituals, and knowledge are not shared, valuable aspects of a community’s heritage can fade, leading to disconnection from ancestral roots and a weakening of cultural pride. This loss can result in younger generations feeling detached from their history, reducing their understanding of their values and sense of belonging. In many Indigenous and minority communities, cultural erosion threatens languages, ceremonies, and spiritual beliefs that are not documented in written form. Without the transfer of knowledge, communities risk losing their unique perspectives and wisdom; which are essential for maintaining resilience, unity, and a strong collective identity.

d. What is the difference between oral tradition and literary tradition?

Oral tradition and literary tradition differ primarily in how knowledge, stories, and cultural values are preserved and transmitted. Oral tradition relies on spoken word, storytelling, songs, and performances passed down through generations by elders or community members. It is fluid and adaptable, allowing for variations as stories evolve with each retelling. In contrast, literary tradition involves recording information in written form, providing a fixed and permanent record that can be consistently referenced over time. While oral tradition often emphasizes communal participation and personal connection, literary tradition allows for broader dissemination and access across different regions and generations. Both traditions play vital roles in preserving culture, but oral tradition is more vulnerable to loss if not actively practiced, while literary tradition offers long-term preservation but may lack the intimacy and adaptability of oral narratives.

e. How does LaPena establish a relationship between art and the oral tradition?

Frank LaPena establishes a relationship between art and oral tradition by highlighting how both serve as essential tools for preserving and expressing cultural identity. He views art—such as painting, dance, and music—as extensions of the stories and values passed down through oral tradition. Just as storytelling keeps history and spiritual beliefs alive, artistic expressions visually and physically represent the same narratives, reinforcing cultural memory. LaPena suggests that art can capture the essence of oral traditions, transforming them into lasting forms that engage future generations. By intertwining art with storytelling, LaPena emphasizes that culture is preserved not only through words but also through creative practices that reflect the spirit and identity of a community. This connection helps ensure that even if the oral transmission of stories diminishes, the messages and meanings can live on through artistic expression.

Reference to the context

a. LaPena states that the oral tradition helps maintain the values of a culture. If you believe that the oral tradition is important, how would you maintain it?

To maintain the oral tradition, I would focus on creating opportunities for storytelling and cultural exchange within families and communities. Organizing regular gatherings where elders can share stories, songs, and personal experiences with younger generations is essential for keeping traditions alive.

I would also encourage the recording of these stories through audio, video, or written documentation—so they can be preserved and revisited over time. Incorporating oral traditions into educational programs and local festivals would help ensure that the broader community values and participates in the process. Additionally, using social media and digital platforms to share stories can expand the reach of oral traditions, making them accessible to a wider audience. By blending traditional methods with modern technology, oral traditions can remain relevant and vibrant, continuing to shape cultural identity for future generations.

b.“Not everyone is capable of fulfilling the roles of the elders.” Explain this statement with reference to the essay.

In the essay, when LaPena states, “Not everyone is capable of fulfilling the roles of the elders,” he is emphasizing the unique responsibility and wisdom that elders hold within the community. Elders are seen as the carriers of cultural knowledge, traditions, and spiritual values that have been passed down through generations. Their roles are not just about age or experience, but about their deep understanding of cultural practices and their ability to communicate these traditions effectively to younger generations.

LaPena suggests that fulfilling this role requires more than just passing on stories—it requires a deep connection to one’s cultural roots, a respect for ancestral wisdom, and the ability to communicate these teachings in a way that resonates with others. Not everyone is equipped with these qualities, and as such, the role of elder is considered sacred and irreplaceable in many cultures. Without the proper transmission of this knowledge, traditions risk being lost.

c. What is the controlling idea or thesis of this essay?

The controlling idea or thesis of Frank LaPena’s essay “Sharing Tradition” is that the oral tradition is crucial for preserving and passing down cultural identity, values, and wisdom from one generation to the next. LaPena argues that the act of storytelling and the sharing of traditions by elders are vital for maintaining a community’s sense of belonging and spiritual connection. He emphasizes the responsibility of both elders and younger generations to actively engage in this transmission to ensure that cultural practices and knowledge are not lost. Through this process, the community can remain grounded in its heritage, fostering continuity and resilience in the face of external challenges.

d. How do topic sentences guide the reader through the essay? What would be lost without them?

Topic sentences guide the reader through Frank LaPena’s essay by clearly outlining the main point of each paragraph, helping to structure the argument and maintain a logical flow. They provide a roadmap, signaling what the reader can expect in the following sections and reinforcing the central themes of the essay, such as the importance of oral tradition, the role of elders, and the responsibility of younger generations. Without these topic sentences, the essay would lack clarity and direction, making it harder for the reader to follow LaPena's argument. The ideas might feel disjointed, and the reader could struggle to understand how each point connects to the overall thesis, diminishing the essay’s effectiveness in conveying its message.

e. What are the four major problems developed by LaPena with regard to maintaining the oral tradition. How are they used to structure the essay?

In “Sharing Tradition”, Frank LaPena develops four major problems regarding the maintenance of the oral tradition:

1.      Loss of Elders: LaPena highlights the diminishing number of elders who are the primary bearers of cultural knowledge and stories. As older generations pass away, the risk of losing valuable traditions increases, leaving younger generations without guidance or connection to their heritage.

2.      Modernization and Disconnection: The influence of modern technology and societal changes, such as urbanization, has caused younger generations to grow distanced from their cultural roots, resulting in a lack of interest or awareness in traditional practices.

3.      Language Loss: The decline of indigenous languages due to colonization and globalization is another problem LaPena addresses. Without the language, much of the nuance and depth of oral tradition can be lost, as language is deeply tied to cultural identity and the transmission of knowledge.

4.      Failure of Younger Generations to Engage: LaPena notes that many younger people are either uninterested or unaware of the importance of oral tradition, leading to a failure to learn and pass on the knowledge of previous generations.

Reference beyond the text

a. Write a paragraph or two explaining your attitude toward the oral tradition of passing along information.

I believe that the oral tradition of passing along information is invaluable and deeply important for maintaining cultural continuity and connection. Stories, songs, and spoken wisdom carry not only historical facts but also the emotions, values, and lessons that shape communities. Oral traditions offer a personal and intimate way of transmitting knowledge, allowing for a deeper understanding of one's culture and identity. In many ways, they create a bond between generations, ensuring that younger people can learn from the experiences and wisdom of their elders. This process is not just about preserving facts—it’s about keeping the spirit, values, and worldviews of a community alive.

At the same time, I think that while oral tradition is essential, it can be complemented by modern means of communication, like writing or digital recording, to ensure that this knowledge is preserved and shared beyond immediate communities. Technology can help safeguard oral traditions in ways that would have been unimaginable in the past, providing a lasting record that future generation can access. However, I do not think technology should replace face-to-face storytelling and the rich, communal experience that comes with it. Balancing both traditional and modern methods of passing down knowledge would, I believe, help maintain the cultural heritage while making it accessible to a wider audience.

b. Our culture is our identity. Write a few paragraphs explaining how you intend to preserve your culture, values and norms.

Preserving my culture, values, and norms is important to me because they are integral to my identity and shape how I navigate the world. One of the primary ways I intend to preserve my culture is through storytelling and sharing my experiences with younger generations. Just like the oral traditions in many cultures, recounting stories about our history, family customs, and traditions helps create a sense of continuity. I plan to actively engage with my family and community in sharing stories, explaining the significance of cultural practices, and discussing our heritage. This not only strengthens our collective identity but also ensures that future generations understand the values and lessons that have been passed down.

Additionally, I believe that participating in and organizing cultural events, such as festivals, rituals, and gatherings, is a powerful way to keep traditions alive. These events allow for the practice of cultural rituals and the celebration of norms that are meaningful in our community. In my daily life, I will make a conscious effort to live according to the values that are central to my culture, such as respect for elders, hospitality, and the importance of family. This personal commitment reflects the way culture is embodied and practiced, beyond just being something talked about.

To preserve my culture in the face of globalization and modernization, I also recognize the importance of documenting and sharing cultural practices in ways that adapt to the digital age. Whether through writing, photography, or video recordings, I want to contribute to the preservation of traditions for those who may not have direct access to them. By balancing traditional methods of preservation with modern tools, I believe I can help ensure that my culture, values, and norms remain a strong part of both my personal identity and the broader community.

2^nd Essay

How to Live Before You Die

Steve Jobs

 

"How to Live Before You Die" is a famous commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs at Stanford University in 2005. In this speech, Jobs shares his personal experiences, life lessons, and insights into pursuing passion, creativity, and meaning in life.

Essayist (Steve Jobs)

Steve Jobs (1955–2011) was the co-founder of Apple Inc. and one of the most influential figures in technology and business. Known for his innovation and visionary leadership, Jobs played a key role in shaping the personal computer, mobile phone, and consumer electronics industries. His approach to design, technology, and business was deeply rooted in creativity, simplicity, and a commitment to excellence. In his commencement speech, Jobs reflected on the highs and lows of his career, offering advice not just about professional success but about living a meaningful and purposeful life.

Themes

1.      The Importance of Following Your Passion: Jobs emphasizes the significance of doing what you love, even if it leads to unconventional or risky paths. He shares how his early love for calligraphy led to design elements in Apple's products, showing that the things you are passionate about, even those that don’t seem practical at first, can shape your future in unexpected ways.

2.      Embracing Failure and Overcoming Obstacles: Jobs discusses how setbacks—like being ousted from Apple, the company he co-founded—can lead to personal growth and new opportunities. He encourages graduates to not fear failure, but to embrace it as part of the journey toward achieving meaningful success.

3.      The Impermanence of Life and the Need to Live Fully: A recurring theme in Jobs’ speech is the awareness of life’s fragility. He speaks about the importance of realizing that life is finite, which serves as a motivating factor to make bold decisions and live authentically. The phrase "Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life" reflects his belief that embracing life’s impermanence can lead to living more fully and purposefully.

4.      Connecting the Dots in Retrospect: Jobs reflects on how, looking back, the seemingly unrelated events in his life made sense in hindsight, even though they weren’t clear at the time. He encourages people to trust that the dots will connect in the future, even if you can’t see the full picture now. This theme encourages faith in the process of life and the importance of patience.

5.      The Power of Intuition and Creativity: Jobs stresses the value of trusting one’s intuition and creative impulses. He believes that many of the breakthroughs and successes in his life, including at Apple, came from not following conventional paths but instead relying on innovation, intuition, and creativity.

Summary

In his 2005 commencement address at Stanford University, Steve Jobs shares three key stories from his life, each conveying valuable lessons on living with purpose and passion. The first story discusses his time at Reed College, where he dropped out of formal education but continued to audit classes that interested him, such as calligraphy. Although this decision seemed impractical at the time, Jobs later realized that these classes influenced the design of Apple’s products, especially their focus on beautiful typography and user-friendly interfaces. He encourages the graduates to trust their instincts and pursue what excites them, even if the path seems uncertain, as these experiences can shape their future in unexpected ways.

The second story focuses on Jobs’ rise, fall, and return to Apple. After founding the company and leading it to success, he was unexpectedly fired from Apple, the very company he had created. This painful experience, however, led to a period of self-reflection and creativity. Jobs used this time to start new ventures, including Pixar, and eventually returned to Apple. He reflects on how failure, though difficult, can often lead to personal growth and new opportunities. He urges the graduates to embrace setbacks, as they may pave the way for success in the future, and to stay resilient in the face of adversity.

The third story centers on Jobs’ realization of life’s impermanence, which became even clearer after his diagnosis with pancreatic cancer. He reflects on the powerful reminder that death is inevitable and how it influences the choices we make in life. Jobs advises the graduates to live each day as if it were their last, emphasizing the importance of living authentically and staying true to one’s passions. He explains that being aware of life’s limited nature helps focus on what truly matters and prevents wasting time on things that don’t align with personal values.

In his concluding message, Jobs urges the graduates to live boldly and not to conform to the expectations of others. He famously says, “Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.” Jobs encourages the audience to follow their hearts and intuition, as doing so leads to the most fulfilling and meaningful life. Through these personal anecdotes, Jobs offers a powerful message about the importance of creativity, perseverance, and staying true to oneself in order to live fully before life comes to an end.

 

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. What is the story about Steve Jobs’ birth?

Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California. His biological parents were Joanne Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali, a graduate student couple who were not married at the time.

Steve Jobs was given birth by an unwed college graduate student. She decided to put her baby for adoption during her pregnancy. She wanted her baby to be adopted by an educated family. Initially, a lawyer’s family was ready to adopted Steve Jobs. But when he was born the lawyer’s family insisted to adopt him as they had changed their minds to adopt a girl. Later a mechanic named Paul Jobs, and his wife, Clara Jobs adopted him with a promise that one day they would sent him in college to study.

b. What does he mean when he says, “you can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards”?

When Steve Jobs said, “You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards,” he meant that the events and decisions in life often seem random or uncertain at the moment, but their significance becomes clear later on. He believed that even experiences that don't seem useful at first can play a vital role in shaping the future. Jobs shared how dropping out of college and taking a calligraphy class seemed like an unrelated decision, but years later, it influenced the design of the first Macintosh computer. His message was that while you can't predict how everything will fit together, trusting your intuition and pursuing what feels right can lead to unexpected and meaningful outcomes. Looking back, the “dots” align, revealing how each step contributed to the bigger picture.

c. What happened when Steve Jobs turned 30?

When Steve Jobs turned 30, he was fired from Apple, the company he co-founded. In 1985, Apple’s board sided with CEO John Sculley, whom Jobs had hired, during a power struggle between the two. Jobs was removed from his position leading the Macintosh division, effectively forcing him out of the company.

d. Jobs contends that you need to love to do what you do in order to be great at it. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

I agree with Steve Jobs' belief that loving what you do is essential to achieving greatness. Passion fuels persistence, creativity, and resilience—qualities that are crucial when facing challenges or setbacks. When you genuinely enjoy your work, you're more likely to put in the extra effort, think innovatively, and continuously improve. This intrinsic motivation often leads to breakthroughs and long-term success.

On the other hand, if you're not passionate about your work, it can feel draining and uninspiring, making it harder to push through difficult times. Jobs' own journey, from creating Apple in his garage to revolutionizing technology, reflects how his love for design, innovation, and pushing boundaries helped him achieve remarkable success. Passion turns work into something meaningful, driving people to excel and make a lasting impact.

e. Is death really life’s greatest invention?

Steve Jobs famously referred to death as "life’s greatest invention" in his 2005 Stanford commencement speech. His point was that death is what gives life its urgency and meaning. Without the inevitability of death, we might lack the drive to pursue our passions, take risks, or make meaningful choices. Jobs emphasized how awareness of mortality pushes us to prioritize what truly matters and to avoid being trapped by the fear of failure or the opinions of others.

From this perspective, death can be seen as a motivating force, encouraging us to live fully and creatively, knowing that time is limited. It serves as a reminder to focus on what is truly important and to leave a lasting legacy. In this way, death, though a tragic and difficult reality, is also an integral part of what makes life precious and worth living.

Reference to the context

c. What does he mean by “don’t settle”?

When Steve Jobs says, “Don’t settle,” he is urging people to pursue their highest potential and not to accept mediocrity or compromise in their work, passions, or life choices. Jobs believed that settling for something less than what you truly want or deserve leads to dissatisfaction and limits growth. In his own life, he was known for pushing boundaries, constantly striving for perfection, and refusing to accept anything that didn’t align with his vision. He encouraged others to trust their instincts, to hold out for what excites them, and to never settle for something that doesn’t fully resonate with their aspirations. This mindset, he argued, is essential for achieving greatness and fulfillment, as it pushes individuals to continue evolving and challenging themselves.

d. Which style of speech is used by the speaker to persuade the audience?

In his 2005 Stanford commencement speech, Steve Jobs uses a blend of inspirational, personal storytelling, and rhetorical speech styles to persuade the audience. He inspires his listeners by urging them to follow their passions, embrace failure as a learning opportunity, and take risks in order to achieve greatness. Through personal anecdotes, such as his decision to drop out of college and his experience of being fired from Apple, Jobs connects emotionally with the audience, demonstrating how setbacks can lead to success. He also employs rhetorical techniques, like asking thought-provoking questions and using direct appeals, to provoke introspection and encourage the audience to take action. This combination of styles makes his message relatable, engaging, and powerful, motivating the audience to live boldly and pursue what truly matters.

e. It is not easy to motivate others. How do you think Steve Jobs’ speech is so inspiring?

Steve Jobs' speech is inspiring because it blends vulnerability, authenticity, and a clear, motivating message. He doesn’t just tell the audience what to do; he shares his own life experiences, including struggles and failures, which makes his message relatable. Jobs speaks from a place of genuine passion and conviction, which creates an emotional connection with the audience. His personal stories, such as being fired from Apple and his reflections on death, demonstrate resilience and the importance of embracing challenges. He also frames life as a limited opportunity, urging listeners to seize it fully by following their passions and taking risks. The combination of humility, authenticity, and powerful lessons about life’s fleeting nature gives his speech a sense of urgency and inspires others to think differently, live boldly, and never settle for less than their best.

f. Why do you think Steve Jobs used the personal narrative story telling technique in his speech? What influence does it have on the audiences?

Steve Jobs used the personal narrative storytelling technique in his speech to create a deep emotional connection with the audience and make his message more relatable and impactful. By sharing stories from his own life, such as dropping out of college, being fired from Apple, and his reflections on death, Jobs humanizes himself, moving beyond his status as a tech mogul. This vulnerability allows the audience to see that even someone as successful as Jobs faced hardships and uncertainty, making his advice feel more authentic and achievable.

The influence on the audience is significant because storytelling engages listeners on an emotional level, making the message memorable. Personal stories illustrate key ideas in a concrete and tangible way, allowing the audience to reflect on their own lives and challenges. Jobs' storytelling inspires people to see setbacks as opportunities for growth, to trust their instincts, and to not be afraid of failure. It reinforces the idea that success isn’t just about external achievements but about staying true to oneself and navigating life’s uncertainties with passion and resilience.

Reference beyond the text

a. One of Steve Jobs mottos was: ‘Think differently’. Can this make a person succeed in life? What challenges are there in thinking differently?

Steve Jobs' motto, "Think differently," can certainly contribute to success, especially in creative fields or industries that require innovation and problem-solving. By thinking differently, individuals are encouraged to break free from conventional approaches, explore new ideas, and challenge the status quo. This mindset can lead to groundbreaking innovations, as it did with Apple’s revolutionary products. When a person thinks differently, they are more likely to see opportunities that others miss, take risks, and develop unique solutions to problems.

However, thinking differently also presents challenges. First, society and institutions often favor conformity, which can make nontraditional ideas hard to accept. People who think differently may face resistance, criticism, or isolation from others who prefer established methods. Additionally, it can be difficult to balance creativity with practicality, as unconventional ideas may not always be feasible or well-received in the short term. Failure is another challenge, as thinking differently can lead to mistakes or missteps that are not immediately understood or appreciated. Despite these challenges, the ability to think differently can ultimately lead to great success, as it opens the door to innovation and personal growth.

b. What does the slogan “Stay hungry; stay foolish” mean to you?

The slogan “Stay hungry; stay foolish” embodies the idea of remaining curious, ambitious, and open to new experiences, while not allowing success or complacency to hinder growth. “Stay hungry” refers to maintaining a constant desire for learning, improvement, and pursuing new goals, even when you’ve achieved some level of success. It suggests not resting on your laurels but constantly striving for more, pushing boundaries, and seeking out new opportunities.

“Stay foolish” encourages a mindset of risk-taking and not being afraid to make mistakes or look unconventional. It means staying open to unconventional ideas, even when they seem bold, unorthodox, or unrealistic. Embracing a “foolish” mentality means being willing to take chances, experiment, and not be bound by fear of failure or judgment from others.

Together, the slogan conveys the importance of maintaining a sense of wonder and ambition, while embracing the uncertainty and learning that comes with being willing to step outside the norm. It inspires individuals to stay passionate, adventurous, and resilient in their pursuit of personal and professional growth.

c. What does it mean to be a visionary? What makes Steve Jobs different from a fortune teller?

To be a visionary means having the ability to see beyond the present and imagine a future that doesn’t yet exist. Visionaries are often able to anticipate trends, identify opportunities, and envision solutions that others cannot see. They have a clear sense of direction and purpose, and they use their foresight to create or innovate, often leading change in their fields. A visionary is driven by a deep understanding of what could be, and they take the necessary steps to bring that vision to life.

Steve Jobs was a visionary because he didn’t just predict technological advancements; he created them. His foresight led to innovations like the iPhone, iPad, and MacBook, which transformed entire industries. Jobs didn’t merely predict what people wanted; he shaped what they would desire by designing products that combined functionality, simplicity, and elegance in ways no one had imagined before.

What makes Steve Jobs different from a fortune teller is that a fortune teller might claim to foresee the future in a passive, speculative way—predicting what might happen based on mystical or random insights. Jobs, on the other hand, actively shaped the future through his work, creativity, and leadership. He didn’t rely on predictions or guesses but on innovation, hard work, and a deep understanding of technology and human needs. His vision was not about seeing a future from the outside; it was about creating a new reality.

 

 3^rd essay

What I Require from Life

By J.B.S. Haldane

"What I Require from Life" is an essay by J.B.S. Haldane, a prominent British scientist and writer known for his work in biology and his outspoken views on science and society. In this essay, Haldane reflects on the needs and aspirations that shape a meaningful life, blending his scientific perspective with philosophical inquiry.

About essayist (J.B.S. Haldane)

J.B.S. Haldane (1892–1964) was a renowned scientist, known for his contributions to genetics and evolutionary biology. He was also a bold and original thinker who often expressed his views on social and political issues. Haldane was deeply interested in the intersection of science, ethics, and human progress, and he emphasized the importance of scientific inquiry and rational thinking. His writings reflect a broad curiosity about the world and humanity’s place within it.

Themes

1.      Human Aspirations and Needs: Haldane explores the essential requirements for a meaningful life, suggesting that these needs go beyond material comforts. He emphasizes intellectual curiosity, personal growth, and the pursuit of knowledge.

2.      The Role of Science and Rational Thinking: Haldane, a scientist himself, argues that scientific discovery and rational thought should be at the core of human life. He sees science as a path to understanding the world and solving human problems, and he calls for a society that nurtures and values scientific inquiry.

3.      Intellectual Independence: Haldane stresses the importance of thinking independently and not being confined by tradition or dogma. He urges people to question the status quo and to be open to new ideas.

4.      Social Responsibility: Haldane emphasizes that individual progress is not separate from the collective good. He believes that one’s actions should contribute to the betterment of society, and that humans should work toward creating a fairer, more just world.

Summary

In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane outlines his philosophical perspective on what constitutes a fulfilling and meaningful life. He begins by rejecting the idea that the ultimate purpose of life is to accumulate wealth or personal comforts. Instead, Haldane argues that intellectual curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge are the primary drivers of a meaningful existence. He stresses the importance of a life dedicated to learning, discovering, and understanding the world, rather than one focused solely on material gain or social status. Haldane believes that true fulfillment comes from personal growth and intellectual engagement, not from external achievements or possessions.

Haldane also emphasizes the essential role of science and rational thinking in shaping human life. As a scientist, he argues that the pursuit of scientific knowledge is crucial for understanding the natural world and solving the complex problems faced by society. He views science not only as a way to expand human understanding but also as a means to improve the human condition. For Haldane, scientific inquiry is inseparable from the goal of societal progress. He believes that a commitment to rational thought and scientific exploration should be central to human life, shaping both personal decisions and collective action.

Finally, Haldane underscores the importance of social responsibility in a fulfilling life. He asserts that individual progress cannot be separated from the collective good and that people should use their intellectual and personal growth to contribute to society. He calls for a life that not only seeks personal enrichment but also works toward creating a fairer, more just world for everyone. Haldane’s reflections blend his scientific worldview with a moral commitment to improving society, advocating for a life that combines curiosity, intellectual rigor, and a sense of responsibility to the broader community.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. How does the writer distinguish between a peaceful age and a heroic age?

In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane distinguishes between a peaceful age and a heroic age by contrasting the nature of human activity and ambition in each period. A peaceful age, according to Haldane, is characterized by stability, security, and the absence of major conflict. In such an age, people may focus on personal comfort, routine, and maintaining the status quo, often prioritizing material success over larger, more challenging goals. In contrast, a heroic age is marked by struggle, innovation, and the pursuit of great ideals or goals that require significant effort and sacrifice. During heroic times, individuals are driven by the need to overcome obstacles, push boundaries, and contribute to causes that transcend their personal interests. Haldane suggests that while peaceful ages may provide comfort, it is the challenges and aspirations of heroic ages that push humanity forward, encouraging progress, change, and the pursuit of meaningful achievements.

b. Why does the writer want more freedom of speech than most people?

In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane expresses a desire for more freedom of speech because he believes it is essential for the pursuit of knowledge, intellectual growth, and the advancement of society. Haldane, as a scientist and independent thinker, values the ability to challenge existing ideas, question established norms, and explore new concepts without fear of censorship or repression. He argues that the free exchange of ideas is vital for progress, as it allows individuals to share insights, debate differing viewpoints, and critically examine societal issues. Haldane recognizes that true intellectual freedom is necessary for discovering truths, solving problems, and pushing the boundaries of human understanding. His call for greater freedom of speech reflects his belief in the importance of an open, transparent society where all ideas, no matter how unconventional, can be expressed and scrutinized.

c. According to the writer, what are the four general human needs?

According to the writer the four general human needs are work, freedom of speech, health and friendship. In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane outlines four general human needs that he believes are essential for a meaningful and fulfilling life: work, freedom of speech, health, and friendship.

·         Work: Haldane stresses the importance of meaningful work, which provides individuals with purpose, structure, and the opportunity to contribute to society. He believes that work should not just be about earning a living but should also provide intellectual and emotional satisfaction.

·         Freedom of speech: He argues that the ability to express ideas openly and without fear of repression is vital for intellectual and societal progress. Freedom of speech allows individuals to challenge norms, exchange ideas, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge.

·         Health: Haldane recognizes that good physical and mental health is crucial for individuals to live fully and engage with the world around them. Without health, other aspects of life—such as work and relationships—become more difficult to pursue.

·         Friendship: Haldane highlights the importance of meaningful social connections, emphasizing that friendships and relationships with others are fundamental to emotional well-being and a fulfilling life.

 

d. What is the difference between desire and demand according to the writer?

In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane distinguishes between desire and demand by emphasizing that desire is an inherent, personal longing or wish for something, while demand is a more active, sometimes public call for something that one believes is necessary or deserved. Desire is driven by individual need or aspiration, and it may be private or internal, not necessarily influenced by external factors. It is something that a person might wish for, but it does not carry the expectation of entitlement or require immediate action.

On the other hand, demand involves a stronger sense of urgency and entitlement. It implies that the individual not only wants something but believes it is a right or necessity that should be fulfilled, often with a sense of expectation or forcefulness. Haldane suggests that while desire is a personal wish, demand often arises from a more public or societal perspective, where people feel justified in seeking their needs or rights to be met.

e. Why does the writer demand security?

In "What I Require from Life," J.B.S. Haldane demands security because he believes it is essential for intellectual and creative freedom. For Haldane, security provides the stability needed to think critically, pursue scientific research, and engage in meaningful work without constant fear of personal or financial instability. He views security as a foundation that allows individuals to focus on higher goals, such as the advancement of knowledge, creativity, and social progress, without the distractions of worrying about basic survival or financial hardship. In his view, without security, people are limited in their ability to take risks, innovate, and contribute to society in significant ways. Therefore, he sees security not as a luxury, but as a fundamental need that enables individuals to fully realize their potential and fulfill their responsibilities.

Reference to the context

Explain the following lines with reference to the context:

a. “The satisfaction of adventure is something much more solid than a thrill.”

In this statement, “The satisfaction of adventure is something much more solid than a thrill,” J.B.S. Haldane suggests that the deeper value of adventure lies not in the fleeting excitement or adrenaline rush it provides, but in the lasting sense of fulfillment and personal growth that comes from overcoming challenges and exploring the unknown. While a thrill might offer temporary enjoyment or excitement, the satisfaction from adventure is more enduring. It comes from the sense of accomplishment, learning, and self-discovery that arises from venturing into new and uncertain territory, whether physically, intellectually, or emotionally. Haldane emphasizes that true adventure enriches the individual, providing a sense of purpose and a lasting impact that goes beyond the immediate pleasure of the experience.

b.“I want the workers to see the fruit of their own work not in profits for others, but in their own and their friends’ well-being.”

In this statement, “I want the workers to see the fruit of their own work not in profits for others, but in their own and their friends’ well-being,” J.B.S. Haldane expresses his belief in the importance of fair distribution of the rewards of labor. He argues that workers should not simply produce goods or services that generate profit for someone else, but should instead directly benefit from their labor in a way that enhances their own quality of life and that of their communities. Haldane emphasizes the idea of economic justice, where the efforts of workers lead to tangible improvements in their own well-being, such as better living conditions, health, and social security. This perspective reflects Haldane’s commitment to creating a society where work is not just a means to an economic end for a few, but a way for all individuals to improve their lives and experience a sense of fulfillment.

c. Why do you think the essayist has taken reference from the ancient philosophers?

The essayist, J.B.S. Haldane, likely references ancient philosophers in "What I Require from Life" to draw on timeless ideas about human nature, purpose, and ethics. Ancient philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, grappled with questions of what it means to live a meaningful and fulfilling life. By referencing them, Haldane connects his own reflections on life’s requirements to a long tradition of thought that emphasizes the importance of intellectual inquiry, moral responsibility, and the search for truth.

Using ancient philosophy allows Haldane to ground his own ideas in a broader intellectual framework, providing a sense of continuity and depth to his arguments. Philosophers like Aristotle, who focused on virtue and human flourishing, align with Haldane’s themes of intellectual and social fulfillment. By invoking these philosophers, Haldane reinforces the idea that the pursuit of knowledge, freedom, and well-being has always been central to human life, offering a timeless perspective on the challenges and aspirations that define a meaningful existence.

d. Discuss the essay in terms of its language, purpose, subject, point of view and mode of writing.

J.B.S. Haldane's essay, "What I Require from Life," can be analyzed through various aspects such as its language, purpose, subject, point of view, and mode of writing.

1.      Language: Haldane's language is both intellectual and accessible. He uses clear, concise language to convey complex ideas, balancing a formal tone with straightforward, thought-provoking statements. His style is not overly technical, despite his background in science, and he avoids jargon, making the essay approachable for a wider audience. The language is reflective and philosophical, inviting readers to consider the deeper meanings of life and human needs.

2.      Purpose: The primary purpose of the essay is to express Haldane's personal beliefs about what constitutes a meaningful life. He articulates the values and needs that he believes are essential for fulfillment, such as intellectual curiosity, social responsibility, and the pursuit of knowledge. His purpose is also to inspire readers to think critically about their own lives, encouraging them to seek purpose beyond material success and to contribute to society in a way that promotes the well-being of all.

3.      Subject: The subject of the essay is Haldane's reflections on the human condition and the requirements for a fulfilling life. He discusses four key needs—work, freedom of speech, health, and friendship—and examines the role of intellectual freedom, creativity, and social justice in creating a meaningful existence. He addresses both individual and collective responsibilities, blending personal aspirations with broader societal ideals.

4.      Point of View: The essay is written from a first-person point of view, allowing Haldane to present his personal thoughts, reflections, and beliefs. This subjective point of view makes the essay more intimate and direct, as Haldane speaks from his own experience and perspective, giving readers insight into his intellectual and ethical framework. This personal approach also invites readers to reflect on their own values and needs.

5.      Mode of Writing: Haldane’s mode of writing is philosophical and reflective, with a tone that is both serious and contemplative. He uses a combination of persuasive and expository techniques, presenting his ideas in a logical manner while also trying to persuade the reader of the importance of his beliefs. The essay is not purely academic; it is a blend of intellectual exploration and personal opinion. Through anecdotes, philosophical musings, and a call for action, Haldane encourages readers to critically examine their own lives and consider the broader social and moral implications of their choices.

e. What is socialism? How is it different from capitalism?

Socialism is an economic and political system in which the means of production, such as factories, land, and resources, are owned and controlled by the state, the community, or the workers themselves. The core idea of socialism is to reduce inequality by ensuring that wealth is distributed more evenly among the population. Under socialism, the government often plays a significant role in planning and regulating the economy, aiming to provide for the basic needs of all citizens, including healthcare, education, and social welfare. The goal is to achieve a fairer distribution of resources, minimize poverty, and ensure that everyone has access to essential services and opportunities.

Capitalism, on the other hand, is an economic system where the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. In a capitalist economy, businesses and individuals make decisions about production, distribution, and investment based on market forces like supply and demand. Capitalism is driven by competition, and prices are determined by the market rather than by the state. The primary focus of capitalism is on individual freedom and economic growth, with the belief that competition leads to innovation, efficiency, and wealth creation. However, capitalism can also result in significant income inequality and uneven access to resources.

Write an essay about your dream house.

My Dream House

My dream house is a reflection of both my personality and my aspirations, designed to provide comfort, peace, and a sense of belonging. It would be situated in a peaceful location, away from the hustle and bustle of city life, yet not too far from essential amenities. I imagine it being nestled in a serene countryside or on a hill with a beautiful view of nature, where I can enjoy the tranquility of the environment. The house would be spacious, with large windows that allow natural light to flood in, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere throughout the day.

The interior of my dream house would be a blend of modern style and traditional comfort. I would have an open-plan living area with a cozy living room, featuring a fireplace for those chilly evenings, and a modern kitchen equipped with the latest appliances for both functionality and style. The living room would be connected to a large dining area, perfect for hosting family gatherings and dinner parties. A library would also be an important part of my dream house, filled with books and a comfortable reading nook where I could escape into different worlds.

The bedrooms in my dream house would be spacious and designed for relaxation. The master bedroom would have an en-suite bathroom with a luxurious bathtub, creating a spa-like experience at home. There would also be a room dedicated to guests, with a calming, welcoming atmosphere, and an art studio where I could express my creativity. Additionally, I envision a balcony or a terrace where I could sit, enjoy a cup of coffee, and soak in the beauty of the surroundings.

Ultimately, my dream house would be environmentally friendly, with sustainable energy sources such as solar panels and a rainwater harvesting system. The garden would be lush with plants, flowers, and fruit trees, providing a peaceful retreat where I could unwind and connect with nature. I would also have a space for outdoor activities, such as a swimming pool or a small pond, where I could enjoy time with family and friends. Ultimately, my dream house would not just be a place to live, but a sanctuary that nurtures body and mind, offering comfort, peace, and a sense of belonging.

 

 4^th essay

What is Poverty?

                               By Jo Goodwin Parker

"What is Poverty?" is a powerful essay written by Jo Goodwin Parker, in which the author reflects on her personal experiences with poverty. Parker, through vivid and emotional language, describes the harsh realities of living in poverty, making it more than just an abstract concept. The essay draws attention to the human cost of poverty and challenges common misconceptions about poor people.

About essayist

Jo Goodwin Parker is a writer who uses her personal experience to shed light on the struggles of living in poverty. She is an advocate for the poor, aiming to bring awareness to the systemic issues and human suffering associated with poverty. Through this essay, Parker draws on her lived experience to portray poverty not just as a lack of money, but as a multifaceted condition affecting nearly every aspect of life.

Themes

1.      The Reality of Poverty: Parker emphasizes the physical, emotional, and mental toll that poverty takes on individuals and families. She vividly describes the struggles of hunger, the inability to provide for children, and the lack of basic necessities.

2.      Misconceptions about Poverty: The essay addresses how society often misunderstands poverty, reducing it to a lack of financial resources rather than acknowledging the broader social, psychological, and physical impacts.

3.      Human Dignity and Compassion: Parker argues that people living in poverty are often dehumanized and stripped of their dignity. The essay urges readers to see the poor as individuals with their own needs, desires, and struggles, deserving of empathy and respect.

4.      Social Inequality: Through her personal narrative, Parker highlights the systemic inequalities that perpetuate poverty, showing that it is not just the result of individual failure but a product of social structures that leave people in need.

Summary

In "What is Poverty?" Jo Goodwin Parker offers a deeply personal and vivid account of the harsh realities of living in poverty. Through her essay, Parker describes poverty not merely as a financial condition but as a relentless and consuming way of life. She paints pictures of the daily struggles faced by those in poverty, from the constant fight to secure enough food to the mental and physical exhaustion that comes from never having enough. Parker shares the emotional toll of being unable to provide for her children and the isolation that poverty creates, where people are often made to feel invisible and worthless.

Parker challenges common misconceptions about poverty, emphasizing that it is not a result of laziness or lack of effort. She describes how poverty is a systemic issue, where individuals and families are trapped in a cycle of hardship that is difficult to escape. For her, poverty is not just a financial condition; it encompasses the inability to access basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, and education. She also speaks of the societal judgment that poor people face, which compounds their struggles, making them feel stigmatized and dehumanized.

Ultimately, Parker calls for a shift in perspective, urging readers to recognize the humanity of those living in poverty and to consider the larger social structures that perpetuate inequality. She argues that poverty is not just an individual failure but a societal problem that requires compassion, understanding, and systemic change. By sharing her experiences and calling attention to the broader implications of poverty, Parker challenges the reader to see beyond stereotypes and to advocate for a world that values the dignity and well-being of all people.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. What is poverty according to Parker?

According to Jo Goodwin Parker, poverty is much more than a lack of financial resources; it is a profound and all-encompassing condition that affects every aspect of life. Parker describes poverty as a relentless struggle for survival, where basic needs like food, shelter, and warmth are often unattainable. It strips individuals of their dignity, making them feel invisible and dehumanized. Poverty, in Parker’s view, is not caused by laziness or personal failure but by systemic inequalities and societal structures that trap people in a cycle of hardship. It is a condition that consumes both physically and emotionally, leaving those who experience it with little opportunity for improvement or escape.

b. How is poverty difficult for Parker’s children? List some specific examples.

Poverty is difficult for Parker's children in several ways, as it affects their basic needs and emotional well-being. Some specific examples from the essay include:

1.      Lack of Proper Food: Parker describes how her children often had to go without enough food, sometimes eating things that were not nutritious or sufficient to keep them healthy. This left her children hungry and in poor health, as she struggled to provide them with the basics.

2.      Inability to Provide for Their Needs: Parker talks about the overwhelming feeling of not being able to provide her children with what they needed, like clothes or other necessities. The constant worry about meeting their basic needs caused emotional strain.

3.      Social Stigma and Isolation: Parker reflects on the shame her children experienced because of their poverty, as they were often judged by others for not having what wealthier children had. This social stigma created feelings of exclusion and embarrassment, leading to emotional distress.

4.      Health Concerns: Parker mentions that the lack of proper healthcare meant her children often went without treatment for illnesses, which made their physical well-being vulnerable. They had to endure sickness without access to the proper medical attention.

c. How does Parker try to obtain help, and what problems does she encounter?

In "What is Poverty?" Jo Goodwin Parker tries to obtain help by reaching out to social services and welfare programs, but she faces numerous obstacles that prevent her from receiving the support she desperately needs. One of the main problems she encounters is the bureaucratic red tape associated with these programs. The application processes are complex and often demeaning, forcing her to navigate through a series of impersonal procedures that do not address her immediate needs. She also mentions the judgmental attitudes she faces when seeking help, where social workers and others often treat her as if she is to blame for her poverty, making the experience humiliating and emotionally exhausting.

Furthermore, Parker highlights the insufficient assistance she receives, which is not enough to meet her family’s basic needs. The help offered is often minimal, and the focus is on short-term solutions rather than addressing the underlying issues of poverty. She also notes that her attempts to seek help often lead to feelings of shame and frustration, as she is made to feel like a failure for needing assistance, reinforcing the stigma surrounding poverty. Despite her efforts to obtain help, the systemic barriers and judgment she faces only add to her difficulties, making it harder for her to escape her impoverished situation.

d. Why are people’s opinions and prejudices her greatest obstacles?

In "What is Poverty?", Jo Goodwin Parker argues that people's opinions and prejudices are her greatest obstacles because they not only exacerbate her poverty but also dehumanize her and others in similar situations. These prejudices create a societal stigma that poor people are lazy, irresponsible, or undeserving, which makes it harder for them to receive the help and compassion they need. Parker describes how, when she seeks assistance from welfare programs or interacts with others, she often encounters judgment and condescension, as if her poverty is a personal failing rather than a result of systemic inequalities.

This judgment leads to emotional distress and shame, preventing her from accessing the support that could help her and her children. The prejudices surrounding poverty make it difficult for her to maintain her dignity and ask for help without feeling humiliated. Additionally, societal opinions about poverty often overshadow the real struggles faced by those living in it, reducing their experiences to stereotypes and ignoring the deeper issues at play, such as lack of opportunity, systemic injustice, and the emotional toll of poverty. These prejudices thus become an invisible but powerful barrier, trapping individuals like Parker in their circumstances and hindering their ability to break free from poverty.

e. How does Parker defend her inability to get help? How does she discount the usual solutions society has for poverty (e.g., welfare, education, and health clinics)?

In "What is Poverty?", Jo Goodwin Parker defends her inability to get help by highlighting the ineffectiveness and humiliation of the usual societal solutions to poverty, such as welfare, education, and health clinics. She argues that these systems are not designed to truly help people escape poverty but rather to maintain the status quo.

Parker discounts welfare by pointing out that the assistance provided is often insufficient and demeaning. The process of applying for help is filled with bureaucratic hurdles, and the aid received is too minimal to cover even the most basic needs. She emphasizes how this system forces her to endure embarrassment and humiliation while offering little in terms of long-term solutions. Welfare does not provide the opportunities or resources needed for someone to break out of poverty; it merely offers temporary relief.

Regarding education, Parker critiques the belief that access to education can lift people out of poverty. She argues that for many living in poverty, education is not easily accessible or practical when basic survival is the priority. Even when education is available, it does not always lead to well-paying jobs or offer a real escape from poverty, especially when systemic barriers like discrimination and lack of resources persist.

Parker also discounts the effectiveness of health clinics, noting that even though healthcare is essential, many people living in poverty cannot afford the costs associated with getting medical help or dealing with health issues. Clinics may be available, but the quality of care is often subpar, and the underlying issues of poverty—such as poor nutrition and inadequate housing—are never fully addressed.

In all these ways, Parker argues that society's usual solutions to poverty are insufficient and do not tackle the root causes of the problem. Instead of offering meaningful change, they maintain a cycle of dependence and prevent individuals from escaping their difficult circumstances.

Reference to the context

a. Explain the following: Poverty is looking into a black future.

In "What is Poverty?", the phrase "Poverty is looking into a black future" is a metaphor used by Jo Goodwin Parker to convey the hopelessness and despair that accompany living in poverty. The word "black" in this context symbolizes darkness, uncertainty, and a lack of vision or opportunity. For someone living in poverty, the future appears bleak, with little to no possibility of improvement. The metaphor suggests that when you are trapped in poverty, your outlook on the future is clouded by fear, insecurity, and the overwhelming feeling that there are no opportunities for change or progress. This reflects the emotional and psychological toll poverty has, making the future seem uncertain and filled with challenges, where escape or upward mobility seems almost impossible.

b. What does Parker mean by “The poor are always silent”?

In "What is Poverty?", when Jo Goodwin Parker says, "The poor are always silent," she is highlighting the societal tendency to ignore or dismiss the voices of poor people. The poor, according to Parker, are often unheard because they are marginalized, and their struggles are minimized or overlooked. The silence is not a choice, but a result of the stigma and shame associated with poverty. People living in poverty are often made to feel as though they have no right to speak out about their difficulties, or their concerns are seen as unimportant or undeserving of attention.

Parker also implies that this silence is reinforced by systemic barriers, such as the lack of access to platforms where the poor can voice their experiences or advocate for change. In this way, the silence becomes a form of oppression, where the poor are silenced both by their circumstances and by societal prejudices, leaving their pain and struggles largely unheard by those who may have the power to help.

c. What writing strategy does the author use at the beginning of most of the paragraphs? Do you notice a recurring pattern? What is it?

At the beginning of most of the paragraphs in "What is Poverty?", Jo Goodwin Parker uses a repetition strategy, where she often begins with phrases like "Poverty is..." or "It is..." This creates a repetitive, rhythmic structure throughout the essay, emphasizing the various aspects of poverty and its overwhelming, all-encompassing nature. Each new paragraph builds upon the last, presenting different facets of poverty, such as hunger, shame, and dehumanization, while maintaining a consistent pattern that reinforces the main theme.

This recurring pattern of beginning with simple, declarative sentences allows Parker to stress the severity of the conditions she describes, giving the essay a sense of urgency and emotional weight. It also helps create a uniform tone, making the narrative feel relentless and unyielding, much like the experience of living in poverty. By repeating this structure, Parker emphasizes that poverty touches every aspect of life and cannot be easily dismissed or overlooked.

d. How does Parker develop each paragraph? What details make each paragraph memorable?

Jo Goodwin Parker develops each paragraph in "What is Poverty?" by using a combination of sensory details, personal anecdotes, and emotional appeal. At the start of each paragraph, Parker often presents a direct statement about what poverty is, which is then followed by specific details that evoke strong imagery. For example, when describing hunger, she uses vivid sensory language, explaining how hunger feels physically—"it is the ache in the stomach that never goes away." These descriptions create a tangible sense of discomfort and make the reader almost feel the physical toll of living in poverty. The use of sensory details makes each paragraph memorable by engaging the reader's senses, allowing them to empathize with the struggle.

Parker also weaves personal anecdotes throughout the essay, grounding her descriptions of poverty in real-life experiences. She speaks about her own children, describing the pain of not being able to provide for them in simple ways, like buying them clothes or enough food. These stories make her experience more relatable and humanize the broader issue of poverty. For instance, she talks about her children feeling ashamed of not having what other children possess, which adds a personal, emotional element that makes the reader reflect on the societal effects of poverty, especially on the young and vulnerable.

Lastly, Parker’s use of emotional appeal deepens the impact of each paragraph. She describes the humiliation and helplessness that come with seeking help from welfare or social services, where the poor are often treated with disdain. Her reflections on feeling invisible or less than human because of poverty evoke strong emotions in the reader, prompting them to think critically about the societal attitudes toward the poor. These emotional and personal elements, combined with vivid descriptions, make each paragraph memorable and contribute to the overall powerful impact of the essay.

e. In the final paragraph, how does the author use questions to involve the reader in the issue of poverty?

In the final paragraph of "What is Poverty?", Jo Goodwin Parker uses rhetorical questions to directly engage the reader and prompt them to reflect on the issue of poverty. By asking questions like, "What are you doing for the poor?" or "What are you going to do about it?", Parker shifts the focus from her own experience to the reader’s responsibility in addressing poverty. These questions are not meant to be answered immediately but instead serve to provoke self-reflection and personal accountability. They make the reader consider their own role in perpetuating or alleviating poverty, forcing them to confront their own biases or indifference.

The questions are designed to challenge the reader's comfort and compel them to take a stance. By posing them in the context of her essay, Parker invites readers to examine their attitudes toward the poor and think critically about the broader social issues that contribute to poverty. The use of questions makes the issue feel more urgent and personal, emphasizing that the reader’s involvement is essential in making a meaningful change. This strategy effectively draws the reader into the conversation, making them feel a sense of responsibility to engage with the issue of poverty and work toward solutions.

Reference beyond the text

a. Define a social problem (homelessness, unemployment, racism) imitating Parker’s style.

A Social Problem: Unemployment

Unemployment is the gnawing emptiness of a wallet that no longer carries the weight of hope. It is waking up each day with nowhere to go, no purpose to fulfill, and nothing but the constant ache of uncertainty. It is the endless searching, the knocking on doors that never open, the rejection letters that pile up like debris. Unemployment is a slow drain of self-worth, the feeling of being invisible to society, reduced to a number in a statistic, ignored and overlooked by the very world you once contributed to. It is a cycle of waiting, where days stretch into weeks, and weeks into months, each passing moment reminding you that you are not enough.

Unemployment is not just the absence of a paycheck; it is the absence of dignity. It is a quiet desperation in the eyes of those who struggle to explain their situation to loved ones, to friends, to anyone who still asks, "How are you?" It is the stigma that follows you when people assume that you’re lazy, unqualified, or unworthy of work, without ever understanding the real, grinding hardship of looking for a job day after day. Unemployment becomes a shackle that ties you to your fears, forcing you to fight against the crushing weight of judgment and hopelessness.

Unemployment is a silent epidemic, one that many pretend doesn’t exist or assume will never touch them. But it is there, lurking in every corner, in every empty desk, in every closed door. It is the reality of too many people who find themselves pushed aside, discarded, and forgotten by a system that promises opportunity but delivers only exclusion. It is the need for work, for respect, for the basic human right to contribute, to belong, to live with purpose. It is not just a personal struggle; it is a societal failure, and it affects us all.

b. Using adjectives to highlight the futility of the situation, write a short definition essay on Growing up in Poverty.

Growing Up in Poverty

Growing up in poverty is a constant, suffocating struggle against an unyielding tide of hardship. It is a life filled with insufficient resources, unrelenting challenges, and a sense of hopeless limitation that follows you through each passing day. The perpetual hunger for more—more food, more love, more opportunities—lingers at the edge of every moment, but remains out of reach, like a distant dream. Children raised in poverty often experience grueling emotional strain, their worth defined not by their potential, but by their circumstances.

It is a life marked by invisible barriers that prevent you from accessing basic needs like quality education, proper healthcare, and a stable home. The fear of uncertain tomorrows casts a long shadow over everything, leaving children with little to hold on to but the fleeting hope that things might improve. The disheartening reality of living paycheck to paycheck, or not knowing where your next meal will come from, is an exhausting burden that creates unshakable stress and emotional scars. Dreams feel futile when there are so many more pressing needs, like surviving the day or keeping the lights on.

Growing up in poverty is also a cycle that is difficult to break. Each generation faces the same unfortunate circumstances, with few opportunities to escape the grinding wheel of deprivation. Judgmental societal attitudes only deepen the sense of worthlessness, leaving children to grow up feeling small and unimportant. The constant struggle to survive in a world that seems to ignore their existence makes it hard to envision a future free from poverty. For many, growing up in poverty is not just a financial condition, but a lifelong emotional and psychological battle against insurmountable odds.