PTE Summarize Written Text templates, each 30–40 words with gaps.

PTE Summarize Written Text templates, each 30–40 words with gaps.

They can be used for ANY passage in the exam.

---

Universal Template 1 (30–40 words)

Academic + Cause–Effect Hybrid

“The passage explains that _____, outlining how _____ leads to _____. It further highlights that _____, suggesting that _____, and concludes that _____ plays a crucial role in shaping the overall outcome.”

(Word count: ~34–38 depending on fills)

Passage 1 (Long – 180 words)

Climate change has become one of the most pressing global challenges, driven mainly by the continuous rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists report that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and clearing forests, have accelerated the warming of the planet at an unprecedented rate. This increase in temperature has triggered several environmental consequences, including melting glaciers, more frequent heatwaves, disrupted ecosystems, and rising sea levels that threaten coastal populations. Governments and international organizations have proposed various strategies, including shifting to renewable energy sources, enforcing carbon regulations, and promoting reforestation projects. However, progress remains slow due to economic dependencies on traditional energy systems and political disagreements between nations. Experts argue that without urgent collective action, the long-term effects of climate change could become irreversible, potentially leading to widespread food shortages, habitat destruction, and global economic instability.

 Summary Using Universal Template 1 (35 words)

The passage explains that climate change stems from rising greenhouse gases, outlining how human activities lead to severe environmental impacts. It further highlights slow global action, suggesting that cooperation is essential, and concludes that urgent collective effort plays a crucial role in shaping the overall outcome. (46 words)

---

Passage 2 (Long – 185 words)

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming industries by automating complex tasks and improving decision-making accuracy. In healthcare, AI algorithms can detect diseases earlier than traditional methods, while in finance they help analyze market patterns and reduce human error. Despite these benefits, experts warn that rapid technological growth also raises ethical concerns. One major issue is the potential displacement of workers as machines take over routine jobs, creating pressure on labor markets and widening economic inequality. Another challenge is the lack of transparency in AI systems, which can produce biased outcomes if the data used to train them is flawed. Policymakers and technology companies are working to establish regulations that ensure responsible AI development, focusing on fairness, accountability, and data privacy. As global reliance on AI increases, balancing innovation with ethical safeguards becomes essential for sustainable progress.

 Summary Using Universal Template 1 (36 words)

The passage explains that AI enhances efficiency across industries, outlining how automation leads to improved accuracy and productivity. It further highlights ethical concerns and job displacement, suggesting that regulation is necessary, and concludes that responsible governance plays a crucial role in shaping the overall outcome. (45 words)

 

---

Universal Template 2 (30–40 words)

Argument + Problem–Solution Hybrid

“The text discusses _____, presenting the issue of _____ and describing how _____ addresses it. It also argues that _____, ultimately indicating that _____ remains essential for achieving the intended purpose or long-term impact.”

(Word count: ~35–39 depending on fills)

Passage 1 (Long – ~180 words)

Modern cities around the world are facing increasing traffic congestion due to rapid urbanization and the growing number of private vehicles. As more people move to urban centers for education, employment, and better opportunities, existing road networks become overcrowded. This congestion not only causes long delays but also contributes to air pollution, noise, and higher fuel consumption. Researchers argue that building more roads is not a sustainable solution, as it often encourages even more car usage. Instead, many urban planners recommend improving public transportation systems by expanding bus routes, introducing metro lines, and upgrading rail networks. Additionally, some cities have implemented car-free zones, congestion charges, and incentives for using electric vehicles or bicycles. These measures aim to shift people away from private cars and reduce pressure on road infrastructure. While challenges remain—such as financial limitations and public resistance—experts believe that a long-term commitment to sustainable mobility is crucial for solving traffic problems and improving urban living conditions.

Summary Using Universal Template 2 (36 words)

The text discusses rising urban traffic congestion, presenting the issue of overcrowded roads and describing how better public transport and mobility policies address it. It also argues that sustainable planning is necessary, ultimately indicating that long-term commitment remains essential for achieving meaningful impact. (43 words)

---

Passage 2 (Long – ~185 words)

Plastic pollution has become one of the most critical environmental threats of the twenty-first century. Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste enter oceans, harming marine species and contaminating food chains. A major challenge is that most plastics take hundreds of years to decompose, leading to long-term ecological damage. Environmentalists point out that weak waste-management systems, excessive single-use plastics, and low public awareness worsen the crisis. To tackle this growing problem, several countries have introduced bans on plastic bags, promoted biodegradable alternatives, and launched large-scale recycling programs. Community organizations also play an important role by educating people about responsible consumption and organizing beach clean-ups. Although progress is visible in some regions, global cooperation remains insufficient, and plastic production continues to rise. Experts emphasize that without strong legislative action and public participation, the world will struggle to reduce plastic pollution and protect ocean ecosystems for future generations.

Summary Using Universal Template 2 (37 words)

The text discusses widespread plastic pollution, presenting the issue of long-lasting waste and describing how bans, recycling, and awareness programs address it. It also argues that stronger cooperation is required, ultimately indicating that global participation remains essential for achieving long-term environmental protection. (42 words)

 

Universal Template with Connectors (30–40 words)

“Although the passage explains that _____, it also shows that _____ influences the overall situation. Moreover, it highlights _____, indicating that _____ plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.”

Passage 1 (200 words)

Urban farming has gained increasing attention as cities search for sustainable ways to provide fresh food to growing populations. As urban areas expand, traditional farmland becomes scarce, pushing researchers and planners to explore innovative food-production methods within city boundaries. Urban farming includes rooftop gardens, vertical farms, hydroponic systems, and community vegetable plots that allow residents to grow food in limited spaces. These methods help reduce transportation costs, lower carbon emissions, and promote healthier diets by making fresh produce more accessible. In addition, urban farming fosters community engagement as neighbors collaborate to maintain shared gardens and learn about sustainable agricultural practices. However, challenges remain, such as limited initial funding, lack of government support, and restricted access to water and electricity for large-scale operations. Some critics also argue that urban farming alone cannot meet the food demands of rapidly expanding cities. Nevertheless, experts believe that integrating these systems with existing food networks can strengthen urban resilience. By combining technological innovation with community participation, urban farming offers a promising approach to addressing food insecurity while improving environmental sustainability.

Summary (30–40 words, 5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that urban farming supports sustainable city living, it also shows that resource limitations affect large projects, Moreover, it highlights community engagement improves food systems, indicating that combined efforts ensure lasting sustainability plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion. (45 words)

---

Passage 2 (200 words)

Renewable energy technologies are transforming global power systems as countries search for cleaner and more reliable energy sources. Solar panels, wind turbines, and hydropower plants have become essential alternatives to fossil fuels, offering lower emissions and long-term environmental benefits. Many nations are now investing heavily in these technologies to reduce dependence on imported oil, stabilize energy prices, and address climate change. Despite these advantages, renewable energy development faces obstacles. Solar and wind power generation often fluctuate depending on weather conditions, creating challenges for maintaining a stable electricity supply. Additionally, high installation costs and limited storage capacity make it difficult for some regions to transition quickly. Governments and researchers are working to improve battery technology, modernize energy grids, and develop hybrid systems that combine renewable sources with traditional power plants. These efforts aim to create a more balanced and resilient energy infrastructure. As global demand for clean energy increases, collaboration between policymakers, industries, and scientists remains essential to achieving long-term sustainability and energy security.

Summary (30–40 words, 5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that renewable energy reduces environmental harm, it also shows that weather conditions create production instability, Moreover, it highlights technological upgrades improve energy reliability, indicating that global cooperation ensures sustainable transition plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion. (44 words)

---

Passage 3 (200 words)

Digital education has rapidly expanded in recent years as schools and universities adopt online learning platforms to increase access to quality instruction. Virtual classrooms, video lectures, and interactive modules offer students flexible learning opportunities that can be tailored to individual needs. These digital tools allow learners to study at their own pace, access global resources, and connect with educators from around the world. However, the transition to online education is not without challenges. Technical issues, such as unstable internet connections and lack of devices, create barriers for students from low-income families. Additionally, the absence of face-to-face interaction can reduce motivation and make it difficult for teachers to provide personalized support. Many institutions are now implementing blended learning models that combine digital resources with traditional classroom methods. This approach aims to balance flexibility with personal engagement. Training teachers in digital literacy and improving access to technology are considered essential steps in making online education more equitable and effective. As digital learning continues to evolve, collaboration between educators, policymakers, and technology developers will remain vital for creating inclusive and high-quality educational environments.

Summary (30–40 words, 5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that digital learning expands global educational access, it also shows that technical barriers hinder disadvantaged students, Moreover, it highlights blended models enhance learning experiences, indicating that collaboration strengthens future educational systems plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion. (44 words)

---

Passage 4 (200 words)

Healthcare systems worldwide are undergoing rapid transformation as new medical technologies emerge. Innovations such as telemedicine, wearable health devices, and AI-driven diagnostics are helping doctors detect diseases earlier and manage patient care more efficiently. Telemedicine allows patients to consult doctors remotely, reducing travel costs and expanding access to care in rural areas. Wearable devices monitor vital signs continuously, enabling early intervention for chronic conditions. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist. Data privacy concerns, high implementation costs, and unequal access to digital tools prevent many patients from benefiting fully from new technologies. Healthcare workers also need specialized training to use advanced systems effectively. To address these issues, governments and health organizations are investing in digital infrastructure, cybersecurity measures, and workforce development programs. They aim to create a more inclusive and efficient healthcare system that leverages technology without compromising safety or equity. As medical innovation accelerates, cooperation between engineers, clinicians, and policymakers will be essential for building a sustainable and patient-centered healthcare future.

Summary (30–40 words, 5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that medical technology improves healthcare efficiency, it also shows that access inequality restricts patient benefits, Moreover, it highlights investment strengthens digital health infrastructure, indicating that cooperation supports future healthcare progress plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion. (44 words)

 

Passage 11 (200 words) – Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

AI technology is revolutionizing healthcare by improving diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. Machine learning algorithms analyze medical data faster than humans, detecting early signs of diseases and predicting patient outcomes. Hospitals use AI to manage resources efficiently and streamline administrative tasks. Additionally, wearable devices monitor patients continuously, alerting doctors to abnormal vital signs. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including privacy concerns, high implementation costs, and potential biases in algorithms. Experts recommend combining AI tools with human judgment, providing training for healthcare professionals, and developing ethical guidelines to ensure safe and effective usage. By addressing these challenges, AI can complement traditional medical practices and enhance patient care globally.

 Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that AI improves healthcare diagnostics and treatment, it also shows that privacy concerns limit widespread adoption, Moreover, it highlights training supports ethical AI usage, indicating that combined efforts improve patient outcomes plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 12 (200 words) – Climate Change and Agriculture

Rising global temperatures are affecting agricultural productivity worldwide. Crops are experiencing reduced yields due to heat stress, droughts, and changing rainfall patterns. Farmers in vulnerable regions face food insecurity and economic losses. Climate-smart agriculture practices, including crop rotation, drought-resistant seeds, and water-efficient irrigation, help mitigate these impacts. Governments are also providing financial support, early-warning systems, and training to farmers. However, implementation is uneven, and small-scale farmers often lack access to technology and funding. International collaboration, knowledge sharing, and sustainable policies are crucial for adapting agriculture to climate change and ensuring food security.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that climate change reduces crop yields, it also shows that small farmers lack sufficient resources, Moreover, it highlights sustainable practices improve agricultural resilience, indicating that collaboration ensures long-term food security plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 13 (200 words) – Renewable Energy Development

Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are essential to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. Countries are investing in infrastructure, research, and policies to support clean energy adoption. Despite progress, renewable sources face challenges such as fluctuating output, storage limitations, and high initial costs. Technological innovations in battery storage, grid management, and hybrid systems are helping overcome these issues. Policymakers emphasize incentives, regulations, and international cooperation to accelerate adoption. Transitioning to renewables reduces dependence on fossil fuels, stabilizes energy prices, and promotes environmental sustainability.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that renewables reduce carbon emissions effectively, it also shows that intermittent energy affects reliability, Moreover, it highlights innovation enhances energy system stability, indicating that policy support ensures sustainable transition success plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 14 (200 words) – Digital Education Trends

Online learning platforms are transforming education by providing flexible and accessible learning opportunities. Students can study at their own pace, access global resources, and interact with instructors digitally. Schools are adopting hybrid models combining online tools with in-person instruction to improve engagement. However, digital education faces barriers such as internet connectivity, device availability, and lack of motivation in virtual settings. Teacher training, interactive content, and government investment in infrastructure are necessary to address these challenges. As digital education continues to expand, it offers potential to bridge learning gaps, especially in underserved regions.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that digital education improves global learning access, it also shows that technical barriers hinder student participation, Moreover, it highlights teacher training enhances online engagement, indicating that infrastructure investment strengthens educational outcomes plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 15 (200 words) – Urbanization and Infrastructure

Rapid urbanization is straining city infrastructure, including transportation, housing, and public services. Growing populations lead to traffic congestion, pollution, and insufficient affordable housing. Smart city planning incorporates efficient public transport, sustainable building designs, and digital solutions for service delivery. Governments face challenges in financing, managing urban growth, and ensuring equitable access to services. Citizen participation, technology adoption, and long-term urban policies help mitigate the effects of rapid urbanization. Well-planned cities improve quality of life, reduce environmental impact, and promote economic growth.

 Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that urbanization supports economic growth opportunities, it also shows that infrastructure struggles with population increase, Moreover, it highlights smart planning improves city functionality, indicating that effective policy enhances urban livability standards plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 16 (200 words) – Mental Health Awareness

Mental health is increasingly recognized as vital for overall well-being. Awareness campaigns, counseling services, and workplace initiatives aim to reduce stigma and promote mental wellness. Early intervention prevents long-term psychological issues, and schools are introducing programs to support students’ emotional development. Despite progress, access to mental health services remains limited in many regions due to financial, cultural, and systemic barriers. Governments and NGOs are advocating policy reforms, public education, and telehealth services to improve availability. Promoting mental health awareness enhances social cohesion and productivity, highlighting its importance in modern societies.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that mental health awareness improves societal well-being, it also shows that service access remains limited globally, Moreover, it highlights policy reforms enhance public support, indicating that education strengthens overall community resilience plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 17 (200 words) – Artificial Intelligence in Transportation

AI is transforming transportation through self-driving vehicles, intelligent traffic management, and predictive maintenance. Smart algorithms optimize routes, reduce accidents, and improve fuel efficiency. Companies are testing autonomous cars, drones, and AI-powered logistics systems to enhance mobility. Challenges include high costs, cybersecurity risks, and regulatory hurdles. Collaboration among governments, industry, and researchers is necessary to implement safe and effective AI transportation solutions. By integrating AI responsibly, cities can achieve safer, faster, and more sustainable mobility.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that AI improves transportation efficiency and safety, it also shows that regulatory challenges delay system adoption, Moreover, it highlights collaboration ensures responsible technology implementation, indicating that integration enhances mobility and sustainability plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 18 (200 words) – Global Water Scarcity

Water scarcity affects millions worldwide due to population growth, climate change, and pollution. Agriculture, industry, and households compete for limited freshwater, causing economic and social tensions. Desalination plants, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater recycling help address shortages. Public awareness campaigns encourage water conservation, while international cooperation is needed for shared water resources. Despite progress, inadequate funding and governance impede solutions. Sustainable water management, technology adoption, and policy reform are essential to ensure access to clean water for future generations.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that water scarcity threatens global development and health, it also shows that poor governance worsens resource distribution, Moreover, it highlights technology improves water conservation efforts, indicating that policy reform ensures sustainable access plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 19 (200 words) – E-commerce Growth

E-commerce has transformed the retail sector by offering convenience, variety, and competitive pricing. Online platforms enable customers to shop globally, compare products, and access reviews. Businesses benefit from reduced costs, wider markets, and data-driven marketing. However, challenges include cybersecurity risks, logistics management, and digital inequality. Small retailers may struggle to compete with large online corporations. Strategies such as secure payment systems, reliable delivery networks, and customer education help address these issues. E-commerce growth is expected to continue, reshaping global trade and consumer behavior.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that e-commerce improves retail convenience globally, it also shows that small businesses face strong competition, Moreover, it highlights secure systems enhance customer trust, indicating that strategies support sustainable online growth plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 20 (200 words) – Renewable Agriculture Practices

Sustainable agriculture aims to produce food while minimizing environmental impact. Techniques such as organic farming, integrated pest management, and soil conservation improve yields and preserve ecosystems. Farmers adopt crop rotation, composting, and water-efficient irrigation to maintain soil health and reduce chemical dependency. Governments provide incentives, training, and research support to encourage sustainable practices. Challenges include higher initial costs, lack of knowledge, and market limitations. Collaboration among farmers, scientists, and policymakers is crucial to implement long-term sustainable agriculture successfully. These practices enhance food security, reduce pollution, and promote biodiversity, ensuring a balance between productivity and ecological preservation.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that sustainable farming reduces environmental damage effectively, it also shows that farmers face initial implementation challenges, Moreover, it highlights collaboration improves agricultural outcomes significantly, indicating that policy support ensures long-term sustainability plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

 

Passage 5 (200 words)

Global tourism has expanded rapidly due to improved transportation, rising incomes, and the influence of social media. Popular destinations now attract millions of visitors each year, generating significant economic benefits for local businesses, hotels, and cultural sites. Tourism creates employment, promotes cultural exchange, and supports infrastructure development. However, the rapid growth of tourism also brings challenges. Overcrowding in popular destinations causes environmental degradation, pollution, and damage to historical landmarks. Local communities often face rising living costs, displacement, and the loss of cultural authenticity as cities become overly commercialized. Governments and travel organizations have begun promoting sustainable tourism practices, such as limiting visitor numbers, introducing eco-friendly policies, and encouraging travelers to explore less-visited regions. Educational campaigns also aim to teach tourists responsible behavior, including waste reduction, respecting local customs, and supporting small businesses. Although progress is slow in some areas, sustainable tourism is increasingly recognized as crucial for preserving natural and cultural heritage. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection remains a central priority for global tourism management.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that tourism boosts local economies and culture, it also shows that overcrowding damages environments and communities, Moreover, it highlights sustainable practices protect heritage sites, indicating that balanced management ensures tourism longevity plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 6 (200 words)

The rise of social media has dramatically altered how people communicate, share information, and builds relationships. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok allow users to connect instantly, express opinions, and access real-time updates from around the world. These tools have also given individuals and organizations powerful ways to raise awareness about social issues and mobilize communities. However, the rapid spread of online content also has negative consequences. Misinformation can circulate widely, creating confusion and reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Excessive social media use has been linked to anxiety, decreased attention spans, and reduced face-to-face interaction. Many governments and tech companies are now working to improve digital literacy, strengthen content moderation, and develop algorithms that identify false information. Mental-health experts encourage users to set boundaries and take breaks from online platforms to maintain emotional well-being. As social media continues to evolve, finding the right balance between open communication and responsible use remains essential for building a healthier digital society.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that social media enhances global digital communication, it also shows that misinformation harms users and society, Moreover, it highlights education improves responsible online behavior, indicating that balanced usage supports healthier communities plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 7 (200 words)

Climate adaptation strategies have become increasingly important as countries experience extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Scientists warn that rising global temperatures will intensify these disasters, threatening food security, water availability, and public health. To reduce vulnerability, many nations are investing in early-warning systems, improved irrigation methods, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Coastal regions are building stronger flood defenses, planting mangroves, and developing evacuation plans to protect communities from rising sea levels. Despite these efforts, significant obstacles remain. Low-income countries lack funding and technical expertise to implement large-scale adaptation projects. Political instability and administrative delays often prevent effective planning and long-term action. International organizations are promoting financial support, technology transfer, and global partnerships to help vulnerable countries build resilience. Encouraging community participation and educating citizens about climate risks are also considered vital steps for successful adaptation. As climate impacts intensify, coordinated global action will be essential to safeguard people and ecosystems.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that adaptation strategies reduce climate vulnerability, it also shows that developing nations face financial barriers, Moreover, it highlights global partnerships strengthen resilience efforts, indicating that coordinated action protects future generations plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 8 (200 words)

Scientific literacy has become increasingly important in modern societies as people must navigate complex issues such as genetic engineering, climate change, and medical technologies. Understanding scientific concepts helps citizens evaluate evidence, make informed decisions, and participate in public debates. Schools and universities are working to strengthen science education through hands-on experiments, interactive activities, and project-based learning. However, many challenges hinder scientific literacy. Limited resources in developing regions prevent students from accessing laboratories and proper learning materials. Additionally, misinformation spreads quickly online, leading to misconceptions about vaccines, climate science, and health practices. Educators and policymakers advocate for stronger science communication, emphasizing clarity, accuracy, and accessibility. Media outlets and scientific institutions are encouraged to simplify technical information without distorting facts. Public-awareness campaigns aim to improve critical-thinking skills and promote evidence-based decision-making. As science continues to shape daily life, developing a scientifically informed population is essential for building healthier, more resilient societies.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that scientific literacy supports informed public decisions, it also shows that misinformation weakens understanding and trust, Moreover, it highlights education improves critical scientific thinking, indicating that effective communication strengthens societal progress plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 9 (200 words)

The global shift toward remote work has accelerated dramatically due to technological advancements and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Companies have adopted digital tools such as video conferencing, cloud storage, and project-management software to maintain productivity while employees work from home. Remote work offers many advantages, including flexible schedules, reduced commuting time, and improved work-life balance. Businesses also benefit from lower operational costs and access to a wider talent pool. Despite these benefits, remote work presents several challenges. Employees may experience isolation, difficulty separating work from personal life, and increased digital fatigue. Managers struggle with maintaining team collaboration and monitoring progress effectively. To address these issues, organizations are implementing hybrid work models, offering mental-health support, and creating structured communication systems. Training programs help employees adapt to digital workflows and improve time-management skills. As remote work becomes more common, companies must find strategies that balance flexibility, productivity, and employee well-being.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that remote work improves flexibility and productivity, it also shows that isolation challenges employee mental health, Moreover, it highlights hybrid models support balanced workflows, indicating that adaptable systems enhance workforce well-being plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.

---

Passage 10 (200 words)

Water scarcity is becoming a critical global issue as populations grow, industries expand, and climate change intensifies droughts. Many regions struggle to secure clean drinking water and maintain agricultural production. Overextraction of groundwater, pollution from factories, and inefficient irrigation systems further worsen the crisis. To tackle these challenges, countries are developing advanced desalination plants, rainwater-harvesting systems, and wastewater-treatment technologies. Governments are also encouraging farmers to adopt water-efficient crops and modern irrigation techniques such as drip systems. Public-awareness campaigns emphasize the importance of conservation and responsible water use at the household level. However, financial limitations and weak governance often delay the implementation of large-scale water-management projects. International cooperation is considered vital, especially for countries that share major rivers. Experts argue that long-term planning, strong policies, and community involvement are essential to securing sustainable water resources for the future.

Summary (5-word blanks)

Although the passage explains that water scarcity threatens global sustainability, it also shows that poor management intensifies regional shortages, Moreover, it highlights technology improves long-term water security, indicating that cooperative planning ensures resource stability plays a significant role in shaping the author’s final conclusion.