The History of Bicycles
Bicycles are one of the most popular modes of
transportation in the world. They were first developed in the early 19th
century. The earliest versions, known as ‘running machines’ or ‘hobby horses,’
had no pedals and had to be pushed along with the feet. In 1860, pedals were
added to the front wheel, creating the first true bicycle. However, these
bicycles were difficult to control and quite dangerous.
Later, in the 1870s, bicycles with larger
front wheels and small rear wheels — called penny-farthings — became popular.
Although they were faster, they were not very safe. In 1885, John Kemp Starley
invented the safety bicycle, which had two wheels of equal size and a chain
drive system. This design became the model for modern bicycles.
Today, bicycles are used for transportation,
exercise, and recreation. Many cities around the world promote cycling as an
eco-friendly option to reduce pollution and traffic congestion.
1. Sentence Completion
1.
The
earliest bicycles were called __________ or hobby horses.
2.
Pedals
were first added to the __________ wheel.
3.
Penny-farthing
bicycles had a large __________ wheel.
4.
The
modern bicycle design was created by __________.
5.
Cycling
is promoted by cities to reduce __________.
2. Note Completion
Early Bicycles
- First
bicycles: no pedals; pushed with feet.
- Pedals added
in the year: __________.
- Penny-farthings:
large front wheel, small back wheel.
Modern Bicycle Invention
- Invented in
__________ by John Kemp Starley.
- Feature: two
wheels of equal size and a __________ drive.
Current Use
- Bicycles
used for: transport, exercise, __________.
- Helps reduce
pollution and __________ congestion.
3. Summary Completion
Bicycles were first developed in the early
1800s. The first versions had no pedals and were pushed with the __________.
Later, in the 1860s, pedals were added, although these bicycles were dangerous
and difficult to __________. The penny-farthing design was introduced in the
1870s but was also unsafe. In 1885, the __________ bicycle was invented by John
Kemp Starley, leading to the design used today. Bicycles are now considered an
eco-friendly way to travel, helping reduce both __________ and congestion in
modern cities.
The Rise of Online Shopping
In recent years, online shopping has become a
common way for people to purchase goods. It began in the late 1990s when the
internet became widely available. Early websites only sold books and CDs, but
soon, many other products were offered. The main advantages of online shopping
are convenience, a wider variety of products, and the ability to compare prices
easily.
However, online shopping also has
disadvantages. Customers cannot touch or try products before buying, and
sometimes delivery takes longer than expected. In addition, there are concerns
about product quality and security when entering payment details.
Despite these challenges, the popularity of
online shopping continues to grow. Retailers are improving customer service and
offering faster delivery options. Many companies also provide easy return
policies, which help to build customer trust. In the future, shopping online
may become even more advanced with technologies like virtual reality and drone
delivery.
1. Sentence Completion
1.
Online
shopping became common in the late __________.
2.
Early
online stores mainly sold __________ and CDs.
3.
One
advantage of online shopping is the ability to __________ prices.
4.
A
problem with online shopping is that products cannot be __________ before
buying.
5.
In
the future, technologies like __________ delivery may be used.
2. Note Completion
Advantages of Online Shopping
- Convenience
- Wide variety
of __________
- Easy price
comparison
Disadvantages of Online Shopping
- Can’t touch
or try items
- Slow
__________ in some cases
- Concerns
about quality and __________
Future Possibilities
- Use of
virtual reality
- Drone
__________ for faster shipping
3. Summary Completion
Online shopping started becoming popular in
the late 1990s with the sale of books and CDs. Today, people enjoy the
convenience and the ability to compare __________. However, online shopping has
some problems, such as delays in __________ and concerns about product quality.
Retailers are improving their services with faster shipping and better
__________ policies. In the future, advanced technology like drone delivery and
virtual reality may make online shopping even more __________.
The Popularity of Electric Vehicles
(EVs)
In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have
gained significant popularity around the world. Many people are choosing EVs
because they are environmentally friendly and help reduce air pollution. The
first mass-produced electric cars appeared in the early 2010s, but rapid
improvements in battery technology and charging infrastructure have made them
more affordable and convenient in recent years.
One of the key benefits of EVs is that they
produce zero emissions while driving. Additionally, they are cheaper to run and
maintain compared to traditional petrol or diesel vehicles. However, challenges
still remain. Charging stations are not yet available everywhere, and charging
time can still be longer than refueling a regular car.
Governments in many countries are supporting
the use of electric vehicles by offering tax incentives, discounts, and
investing in charging infrastructure. Experts predict that by 2035, most new
cars sold will be electric.
1. Sentence Completion
1.
EVs
help reduce __________ pollution.
2.
The
first mass-produced electric cars appeared in the early __________.
3.
EVs
are cheaper to maintain than __________ vehicles.
4.
One
difficulty is that charging stations are not available __________.
5.
By
2035, most new cars are expected to be __________.
2. Note Completion
Advantages of Electric Vehicles
- Environmentally
friendly
- Produce zero
__________ while driving
- Lower
running and __________ costs
Challenges of Electric Vehicles
- Limited
charging station availability
- Longer
charging __________ compared to refueling
Government Support
- Tax
__________
- Investment
in charging __________
3. Summary Completion
Electric vehicles have become more popular in
recent years due to their eco-friendly nature and ability to reduce air
__________. Improvements in battery technology have made EVs more practical and
affordable. Although running and maintenance costs are lower, charging
infrastructure is still not available __________. Governments are encouraging
the use of electric vehicles with incentives and investment. Experts believe
that most cars sold in the future will be __________.
The Benefits of Walking
Walking is one of the simplest and most
effective forms of exercise. It requires no special equipment, can be done
almost anywhere, and is suitable for people of all ages. Studies show that
walking for just 30 minutes a day can help improve heart health, reduce stress,
and maintain a healthy weight.
In addition to the physical benefits, walking
can also improve mental well-being. A gentle walk outdoors allows people to
relax and clear their minds. Walking with friends or family can also strengthen
social connections.
Many cities are encouraging people to walk
more by building pedestrian paths, parks, and safe walking areas. Experts
believe that even small changes, like walking to the store instead of driving,
can have a big impact on personal health and the environment.
1. Sentence Completion
1.
Walking
is suitable for people of all __________.
2.
Walking
for 30 minutes a day can improve __________ health.
3.
A
gentle walk outdoors can help reduce __________.
4.
Walking
with friends can strengthen __________ bonds.
5.
Cities
are building pedestrian __________ to encourage walking.
2. Note Completion
Physical Benefits of Walking
- Improves
heart health
- Maintains
healthy __________
- Reduces
__________
Mental and Social Benefits
- Helps
to relax and clear the __________
- Strengthens
__________ connections
Encouragement from Cities
- Building
parks and __________ paths
- Encouraging
people to walk for health and environmental benefits
3. Summary Completion
Walking is an easy and accessible form of
__________ that helps improve both physical and mental health. Just 30 minutes
of walking each day can benefit the heart and reduce __________. Socially,
walking with others can strengthen relationships. Cities are investing in safe
walking areas and parks to promote this activity. Experts believe that small
actions, such as walking instead of __________, can make a big difference to
health and the environment.
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