Make
at least five words using the prefixes given. Consult a dictionary to learn how
they change the meaning of root words.
Pre– (before, earlier)
1.
Preposition – a word placed before a noun/pronoun to show
relation.
2.
Precaution – a step taken before something happens to prevent
harm.
3.
Previews – seeing something before its release.
4.
Prefer – to choose one thing before another.
5.
Prepare – to get ready beforehand.
Semi– (half, partly)
1.
Semi-abandoned – partly abandoned.
2.
Semiabstract – partly abstract in form.
3.
Semiarid – partly dry (low rainfall).
4.
Semi-casual – partly casual in appearance.
5.
Semiconductor – a substance partly conducting
electricity.
Sub– (under, below)
1.
Subconscious – below the level of full awareness.
2.
Subjugate – to bring under control.
3.
Submissive – tending to submit or yield under authority.
4.
Subordinate – lower in rank, under authority.
5.
Subsidiary – serving in a secondary, underlying role.
Mis– (wrong, badly)
1.
Misunderstand – to understand wrongly.
2.
Mistake – a wrong action or belief.
3.
Misbehave – to behave badly.
4.
Mistrust – to trust wrongly or not trust.
5.
Misspell – to spell wrongly.
Mono– (one, single)
1.
Monochrome – one color.
2.
Monocot – a plant with one seed leaf.
3.
Monocular – using one eye.
4.
Monoplane – an aircraft with one set of wings.
5.
Monopoly – control by one person or group.
Un– (not, opposite of)
1.
Unhappy – not happy.
2.
Unhealthy – not healthy.
3.
Untouchable – not touchable.
4.
Undo – to reverse an action.
5.
Unemployment – the state of not having a job.
In– (in, into, not)
1.
Internal – inside.
2.
Inflated – filled in/with air.
3.
Inject – to force into.
4.
Informal – not formal.
5.
Infant – a very small child (literally not able to speak).
Inter– (between, among)
1.
Intermission – a break between two parts.
2.
Interactive – acting between people or systems.
3.
Intercept – to stop something between its start
and end.
4.
Interchange – exchange between two things.
5. Interlock – to connect between each other.
NEB grade 12 unit 2 Modal verbs
1. Can
Use: Ability, possibility, permission
Example: She can swim.
Nepali: उसले
पौडी
खेल्न
सक्छ।
2.
Can’t (Cannot)
Use: Inability, prohibition
Example: He can’t come to the party.
Nepali: ऊ
पार्टीमा आउन
सक्दैन।
3. May
Use: Possibility, polite permission
Example: You may leave now.
Nepali: तपाईं
अब
जान
सक्नुहुन्छ।
4.
Might
Use: Less certain possibility than “may”
Example: She might be at home.
Nepali: उनी
घरमा
हुन
सक्छिन्।
5.
Will
Use: Future certainty, willingness, promise
Example: I will help you.
Nepali: म
तिमीलाई मद्दत
गर्नेछु।
6.
Would
Use: Politeness, imaginary/hypothetical situations, past habits
Example: I would go if I had money.
Nepali: मेरो
पैसा
भएको
भए
म
जाने
थिएँ।
7.
Shall
Use: Formal suggestions, future (especially with “I” or “we”)
Example: Shall we dance?
Nepali: के
हामी
नाच्ने?
8.
Should
Use: Advice, moral obligation, probability
Example: You should study more.
Nepali: तिमीले
बढी
पढ्नुपर्छ।
9.
Must
Use: Strong necessity, obligation, certainty
Example: You must wear a seatbelt.
Nepali: तपाईंले सिट
बेल्ट
लगाउनैपर्छ।
10.
Mustn’t (Must not)
Use: Prohibition
Example: You mustn’t smoke here.
Nepali: यहाँ
धूम्रपान गर्न
पाइँदैन।
11. Could have + past participle
Use: Unused past possibility
Example: I could have won the race.
Nepali: मैले
दौड
जित्न
सक्थें।
12.
Should have + past participle
Use: Regret or advice for the past
Example: You should have apologized.
Nepali: तिमीले
माफी
माग्नुपर्थ्यो।
13.
Would have + past participle
Use: Imaginary past
Example: I would have gone if I had time.
Nepali: मलाई
समय
भएको
भए
म
जाने
थिएँ।
14.
Must have + past participle
Use: Past certainty
Example: He must have left already.
Nepali: ऊ
पहिल्यै गइसकेको हुनुपर्छ।
15. Mustn’t have + past participle (less
common, but possible)
Use: Prohibition in past, often sarcastic or speculative
Example: You mustn’t have told her the truth.
Nepali: तिमीले
उसलाई
सत्य
कुरा
भनेको
हुनुहुँदैन।
16.
Couldn’t have + past participle
Use: Impossible past
Example: He couldn’t have known.
Nepali: उसले
थाहा
पाउन
सक्दैनथ्यो।
17.
Wouldn’t have + past participle
Use: Refused past or conditional
Example: I wouldn’t have believed it.
Nepali: म
त्यसमा
विश्वास गर्ने
थिइनँ।
18.
Mightn’t have + past participle
Use: Negative possibility in the past
Example: She mightn’t have seen the message.
Nepali: उसले
सन्देश
देखेको
नहुन
सक्छ।
Modal Verbs Practice (Choose the correct option)
1.
You ___ be tired after such a long journey. (must / should / can)
2.
Students ___ bring mobile phones to the exam hall. (mustn't /
shouldn't / needn't)
3.
He ___ play the guitar when he was just five years old. (can /
could / might)
4.
I ___ speak to the manager, please? (can / must / have to)
5.
It’s snowing heavily. You ___ take an umbrella. (should / must /
might)
6.
That ___ be Ravi at the door. He’s in Pokhara now. (must / can’t /
might)
7.
___ you help me lift this box? (Shall / Should / Could)
8.
You ___ finish this project by Friday. It’s urgent. (can / must /
could)
9.
I’m not sure, but he ___ come to the party. (may / must / shall)
10. You
___ speak so loudly here. It’s a library. (mustn’t / shouldn’t / might not)
11. She
___ have taken the wrong bus. That’s why she’s late. (must / should / might)
12. You
___ drive without a license. It’s illegal. (must / can't / shouldn’t)
13. If
you want to lose weight, you ___ eat junk food. (shouldn’t / must / may)
14. ___
I open the window? It’s a bit hot. (Shall / Must / Need)
15. We
___ pay the bill today; it’s already been settled. (mustn’t / don’t have to /
might not)
16. They
___ be at the cinema now. The show started an hour ago. (must / might / can’t)
17. I
___ go to the doctor. This cough is getting worse. (should / might / can)
18. You
___ be joking! That can’t be true. (must / might / have to)
19. She
___ have forgotten about the meeting. Let’s call her. (may / shall / mustn’t)
20. ___
you like to join us for lunch? (Would / Could / Should)
Answers
1.
You
must be tired after such a long journey.
"Must" expresses a strong
logical conclusion based on evidence.
2.
Students
mustn't bring mobile phones to the exam hall.
"Mustn't" means it is
strictly prohibited.
3.
He
could play the guitar when he was just five years old.
"Could" shows past ability.
4.
Can I speak to the manager, please?
"Can" is used for polite
requests.
5.
It’s
snowing heavily. You should take an umbrella.
"Should" gives advice.
6.
That
can’t be Ravi at the door. He’s in Pokhara now.
"Can’t" expresses strong
disbelief/impossibility.
7.
Could you help me lift this box?
"Could" is a polite request.
8.
You
must finish this project by Friday. It’s urgent.
"Must" shows strong
obligation or necessity.
9.
I’m
not sure, but he may come to the party.
"May" expresses possibility.
10. You mustn’t speak so loudly
here. It’s a library.
"Mustn't" again shows
prohibition.
11. She might have taken the wrong
bus. That’s why she’s late.
"Might have" shows a
possible reason in the past.
12. You can’t drive without a
license. It’s illegal.
"Can’t" expresses strong
prohibition.
13. If you want to lose weight, you shouldn’t
eat junk food.
"Shouldn't" gives negative
advice.
14. Shall I open the window? It’s a bit hot.
"Shall" is used to offer or
suggest politely.
15. We don’t have to pay the bill
today; it’s already been settled.
"Don’t have to" means it’s
not necessary.
16. They must be at the cinema now.
The show started an hour ago.
"Must" expresses logical
deduction in the present.
17. I should go to the doctor. This
cough is getting worse.
"Should" is used for giving
advice.
18. You must be joking! That can’t
be true.
"Must" shows strong
certainty based on what was said.
19. She may have forgotten about
the meeting. Let’s call her.
"May have" indicates
possibility in the past.
20. Would you like to join us for lunch?
"Would" is the polite form
for inviting or offering.
Modal Verbs (Past Forms) Practice Questions
1.
You ___ told me earlier. I could’ve helped you.
(should have / might have / must have)
2.
She ___ taken the wrong train; that’s why she’s late.
(must have / would have / should have)
3.
I ___ passed the test if I had studied more.
(could have / must have / might have)
4.
They ___ seen us. We were standing right in front of them.
(must have / should have / could have)
5.
He ___ called you, but his phone was dead.
(might have / must have / should have)
6.
I ___ gone to the concert, but I was feeling sick.
(would have / must have / should have)
7.
You ___ eaten so much. Now you feel sick.
(shouldn’t have / must have / would have)
8.
We ___ been there by now if we had left earlier.
(could have / must have / might have)
9.
She ___ told the truth, but she chose to lie instead.
(could have / would have / must have)
10. They
___ been worried when you didn’t come home last night.
(must have / should have / could have)
Answers
1. You should have told me earlier. I
could’ve helped you.
Explanation: “Should have” expresses regret
or missed obligation in the past — you didn’t tell me, but it would have
been better if you had.
2. She must have taken the wrong train;
that’s why she’s late.
Explanation: “Must have” is used for a
strong logical conclusion about a past event — her being late leads us
to this assumption.
3. I could have passed the test if I
had studied more.
Explanation: “Could have” shows past
possibility — passing the test was possible, but it didn’t happen because I
didn’t study.
4. They must have seen us. We were
standing right in front of them.
Explanation: “Must have” is used to
express certainty — it’s very likely they saw us due to the situation.
5. He might have called you, but his
phone was dead.
Explanation: “Might have” expresses possibility
— it’s possible he intended to call, but the phone problem prevented it.
6. I would have gone to the concert,
but I was feeling sick.
Explanation: “Would have” shows intended
action that didn’t happen because of a condition — I wanted to go but
couldn’t.
7. You shouldn’t have eaten so much.
Now you feel sick.
Explanation: “Shouldn’t have”
expresses past advice or mistake — eating too much was a bad decision.
8. We could have been there by now if
we had left earlier.
Explanation: “Could have” shows missed
possibility — it was possible to be there, but the opportunity was missed.
9. She could have told the truth, but
she chose to lie instead.
Explanation: “Could have” again shows an
option or ability in the past — she had the chance but didn’t take it.
10. They must have been worried when
you didn’t come home last night.
Explanation: “Must have” shows logical
conclusion — it makes sense they were worried due to your absence.
Grammar (from book)
B. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
a. ‘How much was your parking ticket?’ ‘Fifty
rupees.’ ‘Oh well, it could have been worse.’
b. It must have. got lost
in the post. These things happen sometimes.
c. ‘Sorry I’m late. I got delayed at work.’
‘You must have called. I was really worried about you.’
d. ‘I don’t think he meant to be rude.’
‘He must have said sorry.’
e. ‘Whose signature is this?’ ‘I don’t know.
It could be Manoj’s. That looks a bit like an M.’
f. I had it when I left the office so I mustn’t
have. lost it on the way to home.
g. You must have think
it’s funny, but I think it’s pathetic.
C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate endings. Use correct
modal verbs.
a. At the end of the course, we
must be prepared for the individual presentation.
b. If you want to earn a lot of money, I
would suggest some tips.
c. You were not in your house yesterday. You
could have your belongings stolen.
d. I’m quite busy tomorrow. I must
visit my dentist.
e. When you were a small kid, you
could ask for money from your relatives.
f. My car is broken. I should take
it to the service center.
g. I’ve got a fast speed internet at home.
I can watch movies in high quality.
h. Even though she didn’t study well,
she could solve all the problems.
i. There are plenty of newspapers in the
library. You can read any of them if you want.
j. What do you think you were doing, playing
in the road? You could have been hit by the car.
k. I have no time. I can’t meet
you.
l. You don’t look well. You should
take a rest.
Critical Thinking
a. What changes have started
to occur in Nepali families in recent days? What impacts will they bring on the
society? Discuss.
In recent years, Nepali families have been experiencing noticeable
changes due to modernization, globalization, and socio-economic development.
Traditionally, Nepal was known for its joint family system, where multiple
generations lived under one roof, sharing resources and responsibilities.
However, this structure has gradually been replaced by nuclear families,
especially in urban areas. The desire for independence, better job
opportunities, and the rise of individualism have encouraged young people to
live separately from their extended families.
Along
with structural changes, gender roles are also shifting. In the past, men were
considered the breadwinners, and women were confined to household duties.
Today, more women are pursuing higher education and professional careers. This
change has not only contributed to the financial stability of families but also
challenged patriarchal attitudes. Similarly, decisions regarding marriage,
career, and lifestyle are becoming more individual-based rather than being
dictated by elders.
These
transformations have both positive and negative impacts on society. On the
positive side, nuclear families provide greater privacy, freedom, and
opportunities for personal growth. Women’s empowerment has created a more
balanced society and improved living standards. On the other hand, the
weakening of the joint family system has reduced social support and traditional
values such as collective care for children and the elderly. Issues like
loneliness, stress, and elderly neglect are rising in modern families.
In
conclusion, changes in Nepali families are inevitable in today’s world. Society
must strike a balance between modernization and cultural traditions to ensure
both progress and social harmony.
b. We see many elderly
people in the elderly homes these days in Nepal. Some of them are abandoned
while others live there willingly. Do you think Nepali people are deviating
from their traditional culture? Give reasons.
In Nepal, elderly people have traditionally been respected as the
guardians of wisdom and culture. They lived with their children and
grandchildren in joint families, receiving love, care, and support in their old
age. However, in recent years, the growing number of elderly homes shows that
this tradition is gradually changing. Many elderly citizens are now living away
from their families, either by choice or due to neglect.
This
situation raises an important question: are Nepali people deviating from their
traditional culture? To a great extent, the answer is yes. In earlier times,
caring for parents was considered a moral and religious duty. Today, due to
modernization, migration, and busy lifestyles, many families are unable or
unwilling to look after their elderly members. Some children migrate abroad for
employment or education, leaving parents alone. Others see elderly care as a
burden and abandon them, which clearly shows the weakening of family values.
However,
it is also true that some elderly people choose to live in elderly homes
willingly. They prefer the companionship of people of their own age and the
services provided by such institutions. In this sense, elderly homes can also
be seen as an adaptation to changing times rather than a complete cultural
loss.
In
conclusion, while the rise of elderly homes reflects practical needs of modern
life, it also highlights how Nepali society is moving away from its cultural
roots of respect, care, and family bonding. The challenge is to preserve
traditional values while adapting to new realities.
Writing
a. Write an essay on The
Importance of Family. In your essay, you can use these guided questions.
• Why
family is important to you.
• Why family is or is not important for society
• How you think families will change in the future.
The Importance of Family
Family
is the most important social unit in every individual’s life. It is the first
place where we learn values, culture, and emotional bonding. To me, family is
not only important but essential because it provides love, support, and
guidance in every stage of life. Whenever I succeed, my family shares my
happiness, and whenever I fail, they encourage me to try again. Such emotional
strength cannot be replaced by friends, money, or any other institution.
Family
is also important for society. A strong family builds a strong nation. Families
teach children discipline, respect, and responsibility, which later shape them
into responsible citizens. If families are healthy, society becomes peaceful,
cooperative, and progressive. On the other hand, if families are broken, social
problems like crime, drug abuse, and neglect of the elderly increase. Thus, the
family acts as a foundation of social harmony and development.
In
the future, however, families may continue to change. In Nepal and many other
countries, joint families are being replaced by nuclear families due to
migration, job opportunities, and modern lifestyles. More women are working
outside, which will change traditional gender roles. Technology may also affect
family relationships, as people spend more time online than with family
members. Elderly homes may become more common as young people move abroad for
education and employment.
In
conclusion, family remains the backbone of both personal life and social
development. Though the structure of families may change in the future, the
value of love, care, and moral guidance provided by families will never lose
importance. It is the duty of every generation to protect and strengthen the
role of family in society.
b. Some people think it is
better to live in a nuclear family. Other people think that living in extended
family is more advantageous. What do you think? Write an essay discussing the
advantages and disadvantages of both.
Family is the foundation of human society, but its structure
differs from place to place and time to time. The two most common types are
nuclear families, where parents and children live together, and extended families,
where several generations stay under one roof. Both systems have their
advantages and disadvantages.
A
nuclear family provides more freedom and privacy. Parents can raise children in
their own way without too much interference from elders. There is less conflict
over decisions because fewer people are involved. Financial planning also
becomes easier, as income and expenses are limited to a small household.
However, nuclear families often face problems such as loneliness and lack of
support. In times of illness, old age, or crisis, they may struggle without the
help of extended relatives.
On
the other hand, extended families offer security, care, and emotional support.
Children grow up surrounded by grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins, which
helps them learn social skills and cultural values. Elders receive love and
respect, and members support one another in difficult times. Economically,
resources can be shared, reducing the burden on individuals. Yet, extended
families also have drawbacks. Conflicts may arise due to differences in
opinion, jealousy, or unequal responsibilities. Privacy is limited, and young
couples may feel restricted by traditional rules.
In
my opinion, both systems have unique strengths and weaknesses. A nuclear family
suits modern life, especially in cities where independence is valued, while an
extended family provides emotional and cultural richness, especially in rural
settings. The best option depends on one’s lifestyle and priorities.
In
conclusion, whether nuclear or extended, the true importance of family lies in
love, care, and cooperation among its members. A happy family—big or small—is
the real strength of society.
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