6th story
Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the
slowly sinking Sun
Shankar Lamichhane
About the Writer
Shankar Lamichhane (1928–1975) was a well-known Nepali writer from
Kathmandu. He wrote in a deep and thoughtful way, often focusing on Nepali
culture, spirituality, and identity. His works talk about the importance of
tradition and the changes brought by modern life.
Setting
The story is set in Nepal, showing its spiritual
places, natural beauty, and rich traditions. Important places like Swayambhunath
(Monkey Temple) are described to highlight Nepal’s unique culture and
peaceful lifestyle.
Plot
In the story, the narrator meets a tourist,
which makes him think deeply about Nepal’s true meaning and beauty. He
reflects on life, death, and human values, and how outsiders may not
fully understand the soul of Nepal. The story shows the narrator’s love for
his country and its spiritual heart.
1. The Narrator: The main character of the story. A thoughtful and
emotional person who loves Nepal, its culture, and spirituality. He
reflects deeply on life, death, and the meaning of Nepalese identity. Through his thoughts, we see his concern for
how modern life and tourism affect Nepal’s traditions.
2. The Tourist: A foreigner visiting Nepal to explore its culture and
beauty. He seems curious but doesn’t fully understand the spiritual depth
and meaning of what he sees. His
presence makes the narrator think deeply about how outsiders view Nepal
and what they might miss.
These two characters represent two
different perspectives:
- One from inside the culture (the narrator)
- One from outside (the tourist)
Themes
1. Love for Country and Culture: The story shows a deep love and
respect for Nepal—its culture, religion, history, and natural beauty. The
narrator feels proud of Nepal’s spiritual richness and worries that
outsiders may not understand or value it.
2. Cultural Identity: The story explores what it means to
be Nepali. The narrator reflects on how important it is to protect
traditions and values, even in a changing modern world.
3. Tradition vs. Modernity: There is a
strong contrast between old traditions and the modern world. The
narrator fears that modernization and tourism may weaken spiritual values
and cultural roots.
4. Spirituality and Peace: The half-closed eyes of the
Buddha represent peace, calmness, and wisdom. The story talks about
the spiritual strength of Nepal, which is deeper than what tourists,
might see.
5. Human Connection and Understanding: The story highlights the lack of
true understanding between people of different cultures. It suggests that
to understand a country, you must connect with its heart and soul, not
just visit its places.
Summary in
short
“The Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun” is a thoughtful story set in
Nepal, written by Shankar Lamichhane. The narrator, who loves his country
deeply, describes the natural beauty, spiritual places like Swayambhunath, and
the rich culture of Nepal. When he meets a tourist, it makes him think about
how foreigners see Nepal only from the outside, without understanding its
deeper meaning. Through his reflections, we see his feelings of pride, love,
and concern for his homeland and its traditions.
The
story has only two main characters: the narrator,
who represents Nepali people and their strong connection to culture and
spirituality, and the tourist,
who represents outsiders who may not truly understand Nepal. The story explores
important themes like love for the
country, cultural
identity, tradition vs.
modern life, and spiritual
peace. The half-closed eyes of the Buddha symbolize calmness,
wisdom, and the deep soul of Nepal. In the end, the story teaches us to value
and protect our traditions while being aware of the effects of modern changes.
Summary
The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha
and the slowly sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichhane is a philosophical and reflective
narrative set in Nepal. The story begins with the narrator observing a tourist
exploring Nepal’s cultural landmarks, such as Swayambhunath Stupa. The
tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local culture and spirituality
spark the narrator’s introspection about how outsiders perceive Nepal. While
the tourist sees Nepal as an exotic destination, the narrator reflects on the
deeper spiritual and cultural essence of the country, symbolized by the
Buddha’s half-closed eyes.
The Buddha’s eyes, half-open and
half-closed, serve as a central metaphor for balance and harmony, representing
Nepal’s philosophy of living a life in equilibrium between material engagement
and spiritual detachment. The narrator contrasts this with the modern world's
focus on materialism and superficial achievements, highlighting the serenity
and contentment rooted in Nepalese culture. The slowly sinking sun, another
powerful symbol, reflects the transient nature of life, emphasizing the
inevitability of change and the importance of accepting impermanence with
grace.
As the story progresses, the
narrator delves deeper into Nepal's interconnectedness with nature and
spirituality, contrasting it with the tourist’s inability to grasp the profound
essence of the land. The essay becomes a poignant commentary on how modernity
often overlooks the simplicity and wisdom of traditional cultures. Through its
meditative tone and symbolic imagery, the narrative celebrates Nepal’s
spiritual heritage while critiquing the shallow understanding of those who view
it from an external perspective. The story ultimately invites readers to
embrace a more meaningful and harmonious way of life.
Alternate
summary
Shankar Lamichhane’s The
Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun is a
philosophical essay that captures the spiritual essence of Nepal through the
reflections of a local narrator. The narrative begins with a tourist exploring
the rich cultural and spiritual landmarks of Nepal, such as the iconic
Swayambhunath Stupa. The tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local
culture spark a deep contemplation in the narrator, who contrasts the
outsider’s superficial observations with the profound cultural and spiritual
truths embodied in Nepalese life. This initial encounter sets the stage for an
exploration of Nepal’s identity as a land of spirituality, harmony, and
balance.
The half-closed eyes of the
Buddha, prominently depicted on Nepalese stupas, symbolize a state of balance
and serenity—being neither fully awake nor completely detached. The narrator
uses this imagery to explain Nepal’s philosophy of life, which integrates the
material and the spiritual. This harmony, deeply ingrained in the country’s
culture, stands in stark contrast to the tourist’s modern worldview, which is
driven by material pursuits and a lack of spiritual grounding. Through this
metaphor, the narrator critiques the tendency of modernity to undervalue the wisdom
and simplicity of traditional ways of life.
As the story unfolds, the slowly
sinking sun becomes another central symbol, representing the transience of life
and the inevitability of change. The narrator reflects on how Nepalese
philosophy teaches acceptance of impermanence, urging individuals to live with
a sense of detachment while appreciating the beauty of the moment. This
perspective is further contrasted with the tourist’s fascination with the
external aspects of Nepal, such as its scenic beauty and cultural artifacts,
without grasping the deeper meaning they hold for the local people.
The narrator’s reflections expand
to highlight the interconnectedness of life, nature, and spirituality in Nepal.
The country’s mountains, rivers, and stupas are not merely physical landmarks
but manifestations of a spiritual essence that guides the way of life for its
people. However, the narrator laments how this profound heritage is often
misunderstood or overlooked by outsiders who fail to see beyond its surface charm.
The essay subtly critiques the modern world’s obsession with materialism and
the loss of spiritual depth in the pursuit of progress.
In conclusion, Lamichhane’s essay
is both a celebration of Nepal’s cultural and spiritual richness and a critique
of modernity’s inability to appreciate it fully. Through its evocative imagery
and poetic reflections, the narrative conveys the essence of Nepalese
philosophy, urging readers to seek balance, harmony, and a deeper understanding
of life. The essay serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of
preserving cultural heritage and embracing a more meaningful and spiritually
enriched way of living.
Understanding
the Text
Answer the
following questions.
a. How does
the tourist describe his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley?
The tourist describes his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley
through the words of appreciation of natural sceneries, landscape, the
fragrance of soil, and the clay-made homes painted in red, yellow, and white.
He feels the air filled with the serenity of mountains and is fascinated by
views of the valley.
b. According
to the tourist, why is the West indebted to the East?
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the tourist suggests that the West is
indebted to the East because of the profound spiritual and philosophical
heritage that the East has shared with the world. The tourist likely reflects
on the rich traditions of Eastern spirituality, such as Buddhism, which have
influenced Western thought, art, and practices like meditation and mindfulness.
This spiritual wisdom, symbolized by the calm and detached gaze of the Buddha,
offers a sense of peace and introspection that contrasts with the materialistic
and fast-paced nature of Western life.
The story hints at the idea that
while the East may struggle economically, its cultural and spiritual
contributions provide a lasting value that the West draws upon for deeper
understanding and personal fulfillment. This dynamic highlights the balance
between material wealth and spiritual richness, reinforcing the notion that the
East's teachings continue to guide and inspire people around the world.
c. How does the
tourist interpret the gaze of the monks and nuns?
The tourist in "Half-closed
Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" interprets the gaze of the
monks and nuns as serene, detached, and full of quiet wisdom. To the tourist,
their calm and observant demeanor reflects a sense of inner peace and spiritual
fulfillment that contrasts with the restless and materialistic nature of modern
life. The monks and nuns, much like the Buddha’s half-closed eyes, appear to
embody patience, acceptance, and a deep understanding of the impermanence of
worldly suffering.
This interpretation suggests that
the monks and nuns are not indifferent but rather possess a tranquil awareness
that allows them to navigate life’s hardships without becoming consumed by
them. The tourist sees their gaze as a reminder of the East’s spiritual wealth,
reinforcing the idea that enlightenment and contentment stem from looking
inward rather than outward. This perspective highlights the difference in how
suffering and life’s struggles are approached in Eastern and Western cultures.
d. Why do the
tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional?
The tourists in "Half-closed
Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" perceive Nepali people as
wonderful and exceptional because of their resilience, warmth, and ability to
find contentment despite facing economic hardships. The tourists are captivated
by the genuine hospitality, humility, and kindness they encounter, which stand
in contrast to the often impersonal and hurried interactions in their own
countries.
Nepali people’s spiritual outlook,
shaped by deep-rooted traditions and a connection to religious and cultural
heritage, also contributes to this admiration. The tourists are struck by how
individuals seem to accept life’s struggles with grace, drawing strength from
their faith and community. This combination of enduring hardship with a sense
of peace and generosity leaves a lasting impression, leading the tourists to
view Nepali people as exceptional in their approach to life’s challenges.
e. What are
the different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu valley and how do they
coexist with each other?
n "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the Kathmandu Valley is depicted as a
rich mosaic of diverse communities, including Hindus, Buddhists, and indigenous
ethnic groups like the Newars. Each community has its own distinct customs,
festivals, and religious practices, contributing to the valley’s vibrant
cultural landscape. Temples, stupas, and shrines representing different faiths
coexist side by side, reflecting the region’s long-standing tradition of
religious harmony and mutual respect.
Despite their differences, these
communities share common public spaces, marketplaces, and cultural
celebrations, fostering a sense of unity and coexistence. Rituals and festivals
often overlap, with people from various backgrounds participating in each
other’s ceremonies. This blending of traditions highlights Kathmandu’s
inclusive spirit, where spiritual and cultural diversity is embraced rather
than divided. The story subtly underscores this coexistence as a testament to
Nepal’s unique cultural identity, where ancient values continue to shape
everyday life.
f. What does
the tourist feel about the temple of Adinath?
When she saw the Adinath temple from Chobhar hill, she feels the
living example of Nepalese tolerance. Nepal is stand out with the example of
harmony because of coexistence and variety of gods, religions, and philosophies.
g. Why does
the guide take the tourist to the remote village?
The guide takes the tourist to the remote village to find the harsh
reality of people living beyond the scenario. He wants to see her poverty and
sympathetic elements of the beautiful country which was never talking in any
novels or books nor seen by other tourists and neither captured by their
cameras.
h. What does
the innocent village couple think of the doctor?
The innocent village couple accepts her as the eldest son who has
brought a life-restoring treatment across the seven seas for his brother.
i. What are
the differences between the paralyzed child and his sister?
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the paralyzed child and his sister
symbolize contrasting aspects of life shaped by physical ability and
responsibility. The paralyzed child represents vulnerability and stillness,
bound to his condition and reliant on others for care. His life is marked by
limitation and quiet endurance, reflecting a sense of passive acceptance.
Despite his immobility, he carries a silent strength, embodying the resilience
of those who must confront life’s hardships without the power to change their
circumstances.
The sister, on the other hand,
represents activity, freedom, and responsibility. She moves through life with
energy, engaging with the world beyond their home while also taking on the duty
of caring for her brother. Her mobility contrasts sharply with the stillness of
the paralyzed child, highlighting the disparities in their experiences. Yet,
this difference strengthens their bond, as her care and compassion reflect the interconnectedness
of their lives. Through this dynamic, the story emphasizes themes of sacrifice,
love, and the quiet perseverance that sustains families facing adversity.
j. Why does the guide show the
instances of poverty to the tourist?
The guide shows instances of
poverty to the tourist to present an unfiltered and authentic view of life in
Nepal. By highlighting the harsh realities faced by ordinary people, the guide
reveals the deep economic struggles that exist alongside the country’s rich
cultural and spiritual heritage. This contrast allows the tourist to witness
not just the beauty of temples and historical sites, but also the resilience
and perseverance of the people who live in difficult conditions.
Additionally, the guide’s
intention may stem from a desire to evoke empathy and awareness, encouraging
the tourist to reflect on the inequalities that persist in society. It serves
as a reminder that while Nepal’s cultural landmarks and spiritual symbols draw
admiration, the daily lives of many citizens reflect a different narrative—one
of hardship and survival. This duality deepens the tourist’s understanding of
the country, leaving a more profound and lasting impression.
Reference
to the Context
a. Which
narrative technique is used by the author to tell the story? How is this story
different from other stories you have read?
The author uses the technique of ‘stream of consciousness technique’
in this story. This story is different from other stories I read ever now
because of the appearance of double views on the story which shows the good and
bad aspects. Unlike other many stories where the author writes only about the
event of the story from one side but if you read this story, it deals with the
monologues of two characters a tourist guide of Kathmandu valley and a foreign
tourist. in other many conventional stories, I read ever follow the stream of
awareness techniques where a narrator shows the action and events through
fictional characters or other ways.
b. How is the
author able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole?
The author is able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a
unified whole by providing the insights and examples of different eyes, views,
experiences and linking them to two different aspects. The author shows the
reality of Nepalese(eastern) poverty and sympathetic aspect which the western
not see from their eyes and doesn’t capture from their camera nor write in
their books. They only see the upper beauty of the Himalayas and green forests.
But they don’t understand and feel the inner reality of the eastern and their
pain suffocated in the poverty and the life spent in lacking. The author shows
the hardship, diseases that the people face in the community. The tourist only
pictures the things of beauty But a guide makes her see the things of reality
and sympathetic pain.
c. The author
brings some historical and legendary references to the story. Collect these
references and show their significance in the story.
In the story ‘The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly
Sinking Sun’, the author brings some historical and legendary references in the
story. They are:
Manjushri and his deed: It is believed that Kathmandu was once a lake
and Manjushri cut a gorge at a place called Chobhar Gorge, near Chobhar Ancient
Hill Village, and drained away the waters to establish a habitable land and
that’s where the Kathmandu valley was formed.
Cultural, tradition, and art crafts: it is mentioned in the story that easterner
had given many things to Westerners; Puranas, images of brass and ornaments of
ivory, manuscripts of palm leaves and inscriptions on copperplate and also
civilization and many musical instruments. If we destroy all the history books
then these are things which would again create a new tradition, religion, and
culture and made us rich in culture, tradition, religion, and air crafts.
The gaze of monks and nuns: The story shows the gaze of monks and nuns
who received alms and spread the law in the nooks and fissures of the
Kasthamandap with ‘the samyak gaze’. This is a sight that perceives everything
in its purest form.
Historical Relationship: The close relationship of Nepal and Tibet at
the time of the licchavi dynasty is mentioned in the story.
Half closed eyes of Buddha and setting sun
reflected in the eyes of the Buddha: The
Half closed eyes of Buddha and the setting sun reflected in the eyes of the
Buddha represents peacefulness and harmony in the country by which people feel
the love and peace.
d. The author
talks about the eyes in many places: the eyes of the shaven monks and nuns,
eyes in the window and door panels, the eyes of the Himalayas, the eyes of the
paralyzed boy, the eyes of the welcoming villagers and above all the
half-closed eyes of the Buddha. Explain how all the instances of eyes
contribute to the overall unity of the story.
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the motif of eyes plays a
crucial symbolic role, weaving together various themes and contributing to the
story's overall unity. Each reference to eyes serves as a metaphor for
observation, perception, and the nature of existence.
The eyes of the shaven monks
and nuns symbolize inner peace, detachment, and spiritual wisdom. Their
serene, composed gaze reflects the calm acceptance of life’s suffering,
embodying the Buddhist ideal of mindfulness and non-attachment. This contrasts
with the eyes in the window and door panels, which are often symbolic in
Nepali culture, representing divine protection or the presence of gods watching
over the people. These eyes are not just physical but convey a deeper spiritual
connection between the people and their faith.
The eyes of the Himalayas represent
the majestic and eternal presence of nature, observing the world from a
distant, detached perspective. They add a layer of timelessness to the story,
suggesting that the natural world, much like the Buddha, watches over humanity
without interference. The eyes of the paralyzed boy embody
vulnerability and helplessness, reflecting the child’s isolation and inability
to engage with the world fully. His eyes, though physically still, carry a
profound emotional depth, indicating a silent resilience amidst suffering.
The eyes of the welcoming
villagers reflect warmth, hospitality, and the inherent kindness of the
people. These eyes symbolize human connection, care, and empathy, offering a
stark contrast to the detachment seen in other eyes throughout the story.
Finally, the half-closed eyes of the Buddha serve as the central
metaphor, representing both peace and indifference. The Buddha’s gaze
symbolizes a passive acceptance of the world’s suffering, urging a reflection
on the tension between divine detachment and human struggle.
Collectively, these instances of
eyes contribute to the story’s unity by highlighting the theme of
observation—whether through the lens of spiritual wisdom, personal suffering,
or societal awareness. The eyes in the story act as silent witnesses to the
complexities of life, underscoring the coexistence of suffering, resilience,
and compassion in a world where different perspectives continually interact.
Through this recurring motif, Gautam explores the tension between active
engagement and passive observation, offering a profound commentary on how we
perceive and respond to the world around us.
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