Grammar (Past Tense)
Definition of Past Tense
The past tense
refers to actions or events that happened before the present time (i.e.,
in the past). It tells us when something happened.
1. Simple Past Tense
Definition
Describes a completed
action that happened at a specific time in the past.
Common Time Adverbs
- yesterday
- last
night/week/month/year
- in 1990
- two days ago
- once / when
Structure
Subject
+ past form of verb (V2)
Examples:
- I watched
a movie yesterday.
- She visited
her grandparents last week.
- They won
the match two days ago.
2. Past Continuous Tense
Definition
Describes an ongoing
action that was happening at a specific time in the past.
Common Time Adverbs:
- while
- when
- at 5 PM
yesterday
- all evening
- during the
meeting
Structure:
Subject
+ was/were + verb-ing
Examples:
- I was
reading a book at 8 PM yesterday.
- They were
playing football when it started to rain.
- She was
cooking dinner while I was watching TV.
3. Past Perfect Tense
Definition
Describes an
action that happened before another action or point in the past.
Common Time Adverbs:
- already
- before
- after
- by the time
- when
Structure:
Subject
+ had + past participle (V3)
Examples:
- She had
left before I arrived.
- They had
finished the work by 5 PM.
- I had
already eaten when he came.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Definition:
Describes an ongoing
action that started before and continued up to another point in the past.
Common Time Adverbs:
- for
- since
- before
- when
- all day /
all morning
Structure:
Subject
+ had been + verb-ing
Examples:
- She had
been studying for three hours before dinner.
- They had
been living in London since 2010.
- I had
been waiting for her when the train arrived.
Summary Table
|
Tense |
Use |
Structure |
Time
Adverbs |
Example |
|
Simple Past |
Completed past
action |
V2 |
yesterday, ago,
last year |
I visited Nepal
last year. |
|
Past Continuous |
Action in
progress in past |
was/were +
V-ing |
while, at 5 PM,
when |
She was cooking
at 6 PM. |
|
Past Perfect |
Earlier past
action |
had + V3 |
before,
already, by the time |
He had left
before I came. |
|
Past Perfect
Continuous |
Ongoing action
before a point in the past |
had been +
V-ing |
for, since, all
day |
We had been
working since morning. |
B. Complete the texts below
using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket.
a.
The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the
Yucatan. However, their culture disappeared (disappear) by the time Europeans first arrived (arrive) in the New World.
b. When I turned (turn) on the radio yesterday, I heard (hear) a song that was popular when I was (be) at the basic level of my study. It took (take) me back to some old memories.
c. I was looking for a job. I applied (apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, I got (get) it and now I am a job holder.
C. Choose the correct words
from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.
a.
Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.
b. Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.
c. My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs 5000.
d. She got up early in the morning yesterday.
e. When I was small, my father taught me at home.
f. Why did you throw the cap away?
D. Put the verb into the
correct form and complete the sentences.
a.
I went to see the film, but I did not it. (not/enjoy)
b. I met Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet)
c. It was very warm, so I took off my coat. (take off)
d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well. (not/sleep)
e. I started new job last week. (start)
g. He was too busy in the office yesterday. (be)
h. Nita invited her to the party, but she didn’t come.
(invite)
Critical
thinking
a.
The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers.
Present your view for or against this statement.
The Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal of India are among the
greatest wonders of the world. It is true that both were created under the rule
of powerful emperors who had almost unlimited authority. In one sense, these
monuments can be called the result of autocratic rule, because ordinary people
did not have the power to question or resist the king’s decisions. The emperors
used huge amounts of money, resources, and human labor to complete these works.
Many workers and even common citizens had to suffer while building them. For
example, thousands of laborers died during the construction of the Great Wall.
This shows the negative side of autocratic rulers.
On
the other hand, these monuments also reflect the rulers’ vision and artistic
sense. The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan, is a symbol of love and fine
architecture. The Great Wall shows the determination to protect the nation.
Without such strong rulers, these structures might never have been built, and
the world would have missed great historical and cultural treasures.
Therefore,
while the Great Wall and Taj Mahal are products of autocratic rulers, they also
stand as symbols of human creativity, history, and culture.
b. How do you describe the pros
and cons of feudalism?
Feudalism was a social and economic system that existed in
medieval Europe and some parts of Asia. Under this system, the king gave land
to nobles, nobles gave land to knights, and peasants worked on the land in
return for protection. Like any system, feudalism had both advantages and disadvantages.
The
main advantage of feudalism was security. At a time when people feared
invasions and wars, peasants and villagers felt safe under the protection of
lords and knights. It also created order and stability in society because
everyone had a role. The nobles provided leadership, knights defended the land,
and peasants worked to produce food. Feudalism also encouraged loyalty and
service, which kept communities united.
However,
there were many disadvantages too. Peasants and serfs had to work very hard and
lived under strict control of their lords. They had little freedom and no
chance to improve their social position. Most of the wealth went to the nobles,
while the workers remained poor. Feudalism also slowed progress because people
were tied to land and tradition, leaving little room for change.
In
conclusion, feudalism provided security and order, but it was unfair and
limited the growth of individuals and society.
Writing
a.
Write an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of
Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.
From: balramshah12@gmail.com
Subject:
Contribution of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Unification of Nepal
Dear
David,
I
hope you are fine and enjoying your life abroad. Today, I want to share with
you something important about our history, especially the contributions of King
Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.
Before
the unification, Nepal was divided into many small kingdoms such as the Malla
states in the Kathmandu Valley and the Baise and Chaubise states in the west.
Because of this division, our country was weak and often under threat from
stronger foreign powers like the British in India. At that time, Prithvi
Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha, took the great responsibility of uniting all
these states into one strong nation.
He
was a brave, farsighted, and determined leader. He started his campaign from
Nuwakot, which he captured in 1744. After that, he continued to expand Gorkha’s
territory and finally conquered the Kathmandu Valley in 1769, making it the
capital of unified Nepal. He also fought against the British and kept them away
from Nepal, which helped preserve our independence.
Prithvi
Narayan Shah gave us the famous idea of “Nepal as a garden of four castes and
thirty-six sub-castes,” showing his vision of unity in diversity. Because of
his courage and leadership, we Nepalis remember him as the “Father of the
Nation.”
I
feel proud of his contributions and hope you also feel inspired by his legacy.
Please write back soon.
Yours
lovingly,
Balram
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