Class 11 Unit 7 Prefix, Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs

Class 11 Unit 7 Prefix, Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs

Prefix – Definition

 A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root/base word to change its meaning. It does not stand alone but modifies the sense of the word.

Example:

·         happy → unhappy (not happy)

·         legal → illegal (not legal)

·         do → redo (do again)

Uses of Prefixes

1.      Negation (not) → un-, in-, dis-, non-

o    unfair, inactive, dislike, nonstop

2.      Reversal/Removal → de-, dis-

o    deforest, disconnect

3.      Repetition → re-

o    rewrite, rebuild

4.      Time/Order → pre-, post-

o    preview, postpone

5.      Bad/Wrong → mal-, mis-

o    malpractice, misbehave

Examples in Sentences

1.      The road is unsafe at night. (prefix un- = not)

2.      The teacher asked me to rewrite the essay. (prefix re- = again)

3.      He was punished for misbehaving in class. (prefix mis- = wrongly)

 

C. Make two other words by using each prefix given above and use them in sentences.

1. mal- (bad/evil)

• malfunction – The computer stopped working because of a malfunction.
• malnutrition – Many children in poor areas suffer from malnutrition.

2. mis- (wrong/badly)

• misunderstand – Please don’t misunderstand my words.
• misplace – I often misplace my keys at home.

3. un- (not)

• unhappy – She felt unhappy after hearing the sad news.
• unfair – It is unfair to punish only one student for the mistake.

4. in- (not)

• invisible – The stars are invisible during the day.
• incomplete – His homework was incomplete.

5. pre- (before)

• preview – We watched the movie preview before the release.
• preschool – My brother goes to preschool every morning.

6. il- (not)

• illegal – It is illegal to drive without a license.
• illogical – His argument was weak and illogical.

7. dis- (opposite, not)

• disagree – I disagree with your opinion.
• disconnect – Please disconnect the charger when not in use.

8. im- (not)

• impossible – Nothing is impossible if you work hard.
• impolite – It is impolite to interrupt someone while speaking.

9. re- (again)

• rewrite – The teacher asked me to rewrite the essay.
• rebuild – The villagers will rebuild the bridge after the flood.

10. ir- (not)

• irregular – The patient has an irregular heartbeat.
• irresponsible – He is irresponsible with his duties.

11. de- (reverse, remove)

• devalue – Bad behavior can devalue a person’s reputation.
• deforest – People should not deforest the jungle carelessly.

12. non- (not)

• nonsense – Stop talking nonsense in the class.
• nonstop – The bus runs nonstop from Pokhara to Kathmandu.

1. Transitive Verbs

Definition

A transitive verb is a verb that needs an object to complete its meaning.
The action passes from the subject to the object.

Formula: Subject + Verb + Object

Uses

·         They answer “what?” or “whom?” after the verb.

·         Without an object, the sentence feels incomplete.

Examples

1.      She wrote a letter. (What did she write? → a letter = object)

2.      They played football. (What did they play? → football = object)

3.      He bought a new bike. (What did he buy? → bike = object)

2. Intransitive Verbs

Definition

An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take an object.
The action does not pass to an object.

Formula: Subject + Verb (+ Adverb/Complement)

Uses

·         Often followed by adverbs or prepositional phrases (but not direct objects).

·         They answer “how?”, “where?”, or “when?”, not “what” or “whom.”

Examples

1.      The baby cried loudly. (No object, but has adverb)

2.      Birds fly in the sky. (Prepositional phrase, not an object)

3.      She slept peacefully.

3. Linking Verbs

Definition

A linking verb is a verb that does not show action but connects the subject with its complement (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes/renames the subject).

Formula: Subject + Linking Verb + Complement

Uses

·         Most common linking verb is “be” (am, is, are, was, were).

·         Other linking verbs: seem, become, appear, look, taste, feel, remain, grow, sound, smell.

·         They link the subject with state, quality, or condition.

Examples

1.      She is a teacher. (teacher = complement → tells what she is)

2.      The soup tastes delicious. (delicious = adjective describing soup)

3.      He became a doctor. (doctor = complement)

 

Grammar

c. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.
a. His father looks handsome.
looks = linking verb
b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.
drinks = transitive verb
c. He became a watchman.
became = linking verb
d. This bread smells good.
smells = linking verb
e. The dog barked loudly.
barked = intransitive verb
f. He chased the dog.
chased = transitive verb
g. My sister swims fast.
intransitive verb
h. He painted a picture.
painted = transitive verb
i. Radhika always asks questions.
asks = transitive verb
j. Anjana has a long hair.
has = linking verb
k. Hungry lion roars.
intransitive verb
l. He tried again and again.
tried = intransitive verb
m. The weather is hot.
is = linking verb

n. Owls hide in the daytime.
hide = intransitive verb

Critical thinking

a. Do you think that the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable to the essay? How?

Yes, I think the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is very suitable to the essay. A diploma normally represents formal education and technical training. But in the essay, the writer shows how ordinary villagers, without formal schooling, are able to protect and manage forests successfully. Their work is equal to, or sometimes even better than, professional foresters with academic degrees.

The people described in the essay are local villagers who depend on the forest for their daily life. They collect firewood, grass, fruits, and herbs, so they understand the value of the forest very well. Even without diplomas, they use their traditional knowledge, cooperation, and sense of responsibility to conserve the forest. They make rules, punish those who break them, and share the benefits equally. This shows their wisdom and skills in forest management.

The title also suggests that formal education is not the only source of knowledge. Experience, observation, and community spirit can also teach valuable lessons. The villagers prove that real-life practice is as important as classroom study. Their success shows that certificates and diplomas are not the only qualifications needed for social progress.

Therefore, the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable because it honors the villagers who have become natural foresters by their dedication and collective effort, even without academic degrees. It reminds us to respect local knowledge and to understand that education can come from life as well as from books.

b. Can a person make a difference in a society? Discuss with an example from a person who has made a difference in your society.

Yes, a single person can make a big difference in society. History and present life show that the courage, vision, and hard work of one individual can inspire many people and bring positive changes. Society is built by people, and even one person’s good actions can influence others to follow the same path.

In my society, I have seen the example of Madan Krishna Shrestha, a well-known comedian, actor, and social activist of Nepal. He, along with his partner Hari Bansha Acharya, has not only entertained millions through comedy but also spread awareness about social issues like corruption, poverty, education, and health. Through dramas, films, and public programs, he has encouraged people to think critically and act responsibly. Their performances often carry strong social messages, teaching lessons in a humorous but powerful way.

Madan Krishna Shrestha also showed great courage in speaking about his struggles with illness, which gave hope to many other patients. His openness and positive attitude inspired people to stay strong in difficult times. He proved that artists can play an important role in shaping society, not only by entertaining but also by educating and guiding people.

This example proves that one person’s voice, creativity, and effort can bring awareness, unity, and positive change in society. Therefore, I strongly believe that a person can make a difference, no matter how small their actions may seem at first.

c. Write an essay on 'The Community Forest in Nepal'. Describe how these community forests have contributed to maintain ecology in our environment.

The Community Forest in Nepal

Forests are very important for our life and environment. They give us oxygen, food, medicine, and raw materials, and they protect the soil and water. In Nepal, forests cover a large part of the land. But in the past, careless use, deforestation, and overgrazing destroyed many forests. To solve this problem, the government of Nepal started the community forest program, where the local people themselves take care of the forest.

A community forest is a forest area handed over to the local people to manage, use, and protect. The local users form a committee, make rules, and share both responsibilities and benefits. They decide when to cut trees, how much firewood to collect, and how to punish rule-breakers. This system gives a sense of ownership, so people feel the forest is theirs.

Community forests have contributed a lot to maintaining ecology in our environment. First, they help in reducing deforestation because people protect trees instead of cutting them carelessly. Second, they support soil and water conservation, which prevents floods, landslides, and droughts. Third, they provide a habitat for wildlife and preserve biodiversity. Fourth, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which helps to control air pollution and climate change.

Besides ecological balance, community forests also improve the economy. Villagers get firewood, fodder, timber, and non-timber products in a sustainable way. They also earn income by selling forest products and use it for schools, health posts, and drinking water projects.

In conclusion, community forests in Nepal are a successful example of people’s participation in conservation. They protect nature, improve the local economy, and make our environment greener and healthier. If we continue this practice sincerely, our forests and ecology will remain safe for future generations.