Class 11 Unit 8 Simple Present and Present Continuous
1. Simple Present Tense
Structure
·
Affirmative: Subject
+ base verb (+ s/es for singular)
a)
I/You/We/They play football.
b)
He/She/It plays football.
·
Negative:
Subject + do/does + not + base verb (verb1)
a)
I do not (don’t) play football.
b)
He does not (doesn’t) play
football.
·
Interrogative: Do/Does
+ Subject + Base verb?
a)
Do you play football?
b)
Does he play football?
Uses
1.
Habitual
actions / routines
a)
I brush my teeth
twice a day.
2.
General
truths / facts / laws of nature
a)
Water boils at 100°C.
3.
Permanent
situations
a)
She lives in
Kathmandu.
4.
Scheduled
events (future) or timetables
a)
The train leaves
at 6 p.m.
Time
Adverbs Used
·
always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every
day/week/month/year
Examples:
a)
He always wakes up
early.
b)
I usually go to
school by bus.
c)
The sun rises
in the east.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Structure
·
Affirmative:
Subject + am/is/are + verb4+ obj.)
a) I am reading a book.
b) He/She/It is reading
a book.
c) We/They are reading a
book.
·
Negative:
Subject + am/is/are + not + verb(+ing)
a) I am not reading a
book.
·
Interrogative:
Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb(+ing)?
a) Are you reading a
book?
b) Is he reading a book?
Uses
1.
Actions
happening now / at the moment
a)
She is studying in her
room right now.
2.
Temporary
actions / situations
a)
I am staying at my
friend’s house for a week.
3.
Future
arrangements (planned events)
a)
We are meeting the
teacher tomorrow.
4.
Actions
changing / developing
a)
The weather is getting
colder these days.
Time
Adverbs Used
·
now, right now, at the moment, currently, these days, today,
tonight, tomorrow
Examples:
a)
She is cooking dinner
now.
b)
They are playing
football at the moment.
c)
I am reading a new
novel these days.
D.
List any five words found in an English dictionary beginning with the prefix
‘super-.’ What common meaning do all of these words share? How do the words in
your list change meaning if you eliminate the prefix?
Five words with the prefix super-
1.
superman
2.
supermarket
3.
superpower
4.
supernatural
5.
superstar
How the words change if the prefix is removed
1.
superman
→ man
a)
superman
= a man with extraordinary powers
b)
man
= an ordinary male person
2.
supermarket
→ market
a)
supermarket =
a very large market with many goods
b)
market
= a normal place to buy and sell goods
3.
superpower
→ power
a)
superpower
= an exceptional ability or a very powerful country
b)
power
= normal strength or energy
4.
supernatural
→ natural
a)
supernatural =
beyond natural, unexplainable by science
b)
natural
= existing in nature, normal
5.
superstar
→ star
a)
superstar
= a very famous and talented celebrity
b)
star
= an ordinary star in the sky or just a famous person
B. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or present continuous.
a. Nisha speaks (speak)
English very well.
b. Hurry up! We are waiting (wait)
for you.
c. Excuse me! Do you speak (you/speak)
English?
d. She is having (have)
a shower in bathroom.
e. How often do you read (you/read)
a newspaper?
f. I'm sorry, I don't understand (not/understand).
Can you speak more slowly?
g. You can turn off the radio. I am
not listening (not/listen) to it.
h. I usually get up (get
up) at 5 o'clock every morning.
i. Look! The river is flowing (flow)
very fast.
j. Amrita does not seem (not/seem)
very happy at the moment.
C. Are the underlined
verbs in the correct form? Correct them where necessary.
a. Water boils at 100° C.
Water boils at 100° C.
b. The water boils. Can
you turn it off?
The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
c. I must go now. It gets
late.
I must go now. It is geting late.
d. This sauce's tasting
really good.
This sauce tastes really good.
e. I’m thinking this is your key.
I think this is your key.
f. Are you believing in God?
Do you believe in God?
g. I usually go to school on foot.
I usually go to school on foot.
h. Look! That man tries to open the door of her car.
Look! That man is trying to open the door of her car.
i. The moon is going round the earth.
The moon goes round the earth.
j. I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.
I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.
Critical Thinking
b. Can education bring change in the belief
of superstition? Present your arguments to support your answer.
Yes, education can bring change in the belief of superstition.
Superstition is a belief in things that are not based on science or logic, such
as believing in ghosts, bad luck from black cats, or fortune told by
astrologers. Such beliefs often create fear, confusion, and backwardness in
society. The best way to overcome them is through proper education.
Education
helps people to think logically and question old traditions. An educated person
does not easily accept something without proof. For example, instead of
believing that an illness is caused by evil spirits, education teaches us that
it is caused by germs and can be treated by medicine. This scientific
understanding replaces fear with confidence.
Moreover,
education spreads awareness about equality and human rights. Many
superstitions, such as discrimination against women during menstruation or
untouchability, are based on ignorance. When people are educated, they learn
that such practices are harmful and meaningless. They begin to respect others
and follow rational ideas instead of blind beliefs.
Education
also inspires young people to use modern technology, read books, and access new
information. When knowledge increases, superstition naturally decreases.
In
conclusion, education is the most powerful tool to change society. It opens the
mind, replaces fear with knowledge, and helps people live in a scientific and
progressive way. Therefore, education can and does bring positive change in the
belief of superstition.
Writing
a. Write an essay on superstitions that exists in your community in about 250 words.
Superstitions in My Community
Superstition
means a belief in things that are not based on science or logic but on
tradition, fear, or ignorance. Even in modern times, many superstitions still
exist in my community. These beliefs have been passed down from one generation
to another, and people often follow them without questioning.
One
common superstition in my community is about sneezing. If a person sneezes when
someone is leaving for an important work, it is believed that the work will not
be successful. People sometimes even stop their journey for a while after a
sneeze. Another superstition is about cats. If a black cat crosses the road in
front of you, people believe it brings bad luck.
There
are also superstitions related to dreams. If someone dreams about losing teeth,
it is believed that a relative may die soon. Similarly, dreaming of fish is
considered a sign of pregnancy in the family. In addition, many people believe
that an owl sitting on the roof of a house is a bad omen, bringing misfortune
or even death.
Superstitions
are also connected to festivals and rituals. During solar eclipses, pregnant
women are told not to touch sharp objects or eat food, because it is believed
to harm the baby. Many people also believe that keeping lemon and chili at the
door of a shop will keep away evil spirits.
Although
education and science have advanced, such superstitions still influence daily
life in my community. They sometimes create unnecessary fear and prevent
logical thinking. However, with more awareness and education, these beliefs can
slowly be reduced.
In
conclusion, superstitions are still deeply rooted in my community, but through
proper knowledge and reasoning, people can learn to live more confidently and
scientifically.
b. “Superstition is prevalent in every walk
of life.” Argue for or against this statement.
I agree with the statement that superstition is prevalent in every
walk of life. Superstition means blind beliefs in things without scientific
proof. Although the world has advanced in technology and education,
superstitions are still found in villages, cities, and even among educated
people.
In
family life, many people follow superstitions in marriage, birth, and death
rituals. For example, they believe that certain days are unlucky for starting
new work, or that a crying owl near the house brings death. In daily
activities, people stop their journey if a cat crosses the road or a person
sneezes. These practices clearly show how superstitions affect everyday
behavior.
In
health, instead of going to the doctor, some people still believe in witch
doctors or healers. They think that diseases are caused by evil spirits rather
than germs or poor hygiene. Even in business, many shopkeepers keep lemon and
chili at the door to protect against the “evil eye.” Similarly, farmers sometimes
believe that bad harvests are caused by angry gods rather than natural factors
like drought.
Superstition
is also present in modern society. Educated people still read horoscopes before
marriage or making important decisions. Some even believe that certain numbers,
colors, or dreams decide their future. This proves that superstition exists in
all areas, regardless of age, place, or education.
In
conclusion, superstition is truly present in every walk of life. It influences
how people think, act, and make decisions. Although education and science are
reducing these beliefs, they cannot be removed completely at once because they
are deeply rooted in culture and tradition. Only continuous awareness, logical
thinking, and scientific education can gradually weaken superstition from our
society.
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