Passage: The History of Vaccination
Vaccination is
one of the most important medical advances in history. The practice began with Edward
Jenner in 1796, who discovered that exposure to cowpox could
prevent smallpox. He tested his theory by inoculating a young boy with
material from a cowpox sore, which successfully protected him from smallpox.
During the 19th
century, vaccination spread widely, and other diseases, such as rabies
and cholera, were targeted. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune
system to recognize and fight pathogens without causing the disease itself.
In the 20th
century, global vaccination programs, including the World Health
Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization, drastically reduced the
incidence of many deadly diseases. Modern vaccines are developed using advanced
technologies, such as mRNA vaccines, which played a key role in
combating COVID-19.
IELTS Sentence Completion Practice
Complete the
sentences below using no more than 3 words from the passage.
1.
Edward
Jenner discovered that exposure to __________ could prevent smallpox.
2.
He
tested his theory by inoculating a __________.
3.
In
the 19th century, vaccination targeted diseases such as __________ and
__________.
4.
Vaccines
stimulate the __________ to recognize and fight pathogens.
5.
The
WHO’s __________ drastically reduced deadly diseases.
6.
Modern
vaccines use technologies such as __________.
7.
mRNA
vaccines were crucial in combating __________.
Answers:
1.
cowpox
2.
young
boy
3.
rabies, cholera
4.
immune
system
5.
Expanded
Programme on Immunization
6.
mRNA
vaccines
7.
COVID-19
✅ Tips for IELTS Sentence Completion:
1.
Scan
the passage for keywords
from the sentence.
2.
Use
exact wording or short phrases from the passage.
3.
Check
grammatical agreement with the sentence.
4.
The
answer is usually directly stated, not inferred.
Passage 1: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial
Revolution began in Britain during the 18th century, bringing
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation. Steam engines,
developed by James Watt, powered factories and mills, increasing
production efficiency.
Urbanization
increased as people moved to cities for work. Railways and canals improved
transport, facilitating trade. Innovations such as the spinning jenny
and power loom revolutionized textile production.
Despite economic
growth, the Industrial Revolution also caused poor working conditions, child
labor, and environmental pollution. Governments eventually
introduced regulations to improve labor laws and public health.
Sentence Completion Practice:
1.
The
Industrial Revolution began in __________.
2.
It
started during the __________ century.
3.
Steam
engines were developed by __________.
4.
Factories
and mills became more __________.
5.
Urbanization
occurred as people moved to __________.
6.
Transport
improved through __________ and __________.
7.
Textile
production was revolutionized by the __________ and __________.
8.
Negative
effects included __________, __________, and __________.
9.
Governments
introduced regulations to improve __________ and __________.
Answers:
1.
Britain
2.
18th
3.
James
Watt
4.
efficient
5.
cities
6.
railways, canals
7.
spinning
jenny, power loom
8.
poor
working conditions,
child labor, environmental pollution
9.
labor
laws, public
health
Passage 2: The Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of
China was built to protect against invasions from northern tribes.
Construction began in the 7th century BC and continued through the Ming
dynasty (14th–17th centuries).
The wall
stretches over 21,000 kilometers and includes watchtowers, fortresses,
and barracks. Workers faced harsh conditions, and many lost their lives
during construction.
Today, the Great
Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist attraction,
symbolizing China’s historical strength and architectural skill.
Sentence Completion Practice:
1.
The
Great Wall was built to protect against __________.
2.
Construction
began in the __________ century BC.
3.
It
continued through the __________ dynasty.
4.
The
wall stretches over __________ kilometers.
5.
Structures
along the wall include __________, __________, and __________.
6.
Many
workers __________ during construction.
7.
Today,
the Great Wall is a UNESCO __________.
8.
It
symbolizes China’s __________ and __________.
Answers:
1.
invasions
2.
7th
3.
Ming
4.
21,000
5.
watchtowers, fortresses, barracks
6.
lost
their lives
7.
World
Heritage Site
8.
historical
strength, architectural
skill
Passage 3: Ocean Currents
Ocean currents
are continuous flows of water influenced by wind, Earth’s rotation,
and water density differences. They help regulate global climate
and transport heat around the planet.
Surface currents
are primarily affected by wind and occur in the upper 100 meters of the
ocean. Deep-water currents, called thermohaline currents, are driven by temperature
and salinity differences.
Major currents
like the Gulf Stream carry warm water toward the poles, while cold
currents flow toward the equator. Ocean currents also distribute nutrients,
supporting marine biodiversity.
Sentence Completion Practice:
1.
Ocean
currents are influenced by __________, __________, and __________.
2.
They
help regulate __________ and transport __________.
3.
Surface
currents affect the upper __________ of the ocean.
4.
Deep-water
currents are called __________.
5.
They
are driven by __________ and __________.
6.
Major
currents like the __________ carry warm water toward the poles.
7.
Cold
currents flow toward the __________.
8.
Currents
distribute __________, supporting marine __________.
Answers:
1.
wind, Earth’s rotation, water
density differences
2.
global
climate, heat
3.
100
meters
4.
thermohaline
currents
5.
temperature, salinity
6.
Gulf
Stream
7.
equator
8.
nutrients, biodiversity
Passage 4: Renewable Energy
Renewable energy
comes from resources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind,
hydropower, geothermal, and biomass.
Solar energy is
captured using photovoltaic panels, while wind energy is harnessed with turbines.
Hydropower uses the flow of water, and geothermal energy relies on the Earth’s
heat.
Renewable energy
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Countries
like Norway, China, and the USA promote renewable energy
through incentives, infrastructure, and government policies.
Sentence Completion Practice:
1.
Renewable
energy comes from naturally __________ resources.
2.
Examples
include __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.
3.
Solar
energy is captured using __________.
4.
Wind
energy is harnessed by __________.
5.
Hydropower
uses the __________.
6.
Geothermal
energy relies on the __________.
7.
Renewable
energy reduces __________ and __________.
8.
Countries
promoting renewable energy include __________, __________, and __________.
9.
Promotion
methods include __________, __________, and __________.
Answers:
1.
replenished
2.
solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal,
biomass
3.
photovoltaic
panels
4.
turbines
5.
flow
of water
6.
Earth’s
heat
7.
greenhouse
gas emissions,
air pollution
8.
Norway, China, USA
9.
incentives, infrastructure, government
policies
Passage 5: The Life Cycle of a Frog
Frogs undergo metamorphosis,
beginning as eggs laid in water. They hatch into tadpoles, which
breathe through gills and swim using tails.
As tadpoles grow,
they develop legs, their lungs replace gills, and the tail
gradually disappears. The adult frog emerges, capable of jumping, swimming,
and breathing air. Frogs play a vital role in ecosystems,
controlling insect populations and serving as food for predators.
Sentence Completion Practice:
1.
Frogs
undergo __________.
2.
They
start as __________ laid in water.
3.
Tadpoles
breathe through __________ and swim using __________.
4.
As
they grow, tadpoles develop __________.
5.
Their
__________ replace gills.
6.
The
__________ gradually disappears.
7.
Adult
frogs can __________, __________, and __________.
8.
Frogs
help control __________ and serve as __________.
Answers:
1.
metamorphosis
2.
eggs
3.
gills, tails
4.
legs
5.
lungs
6.
tail
7.
jumping, swimming, breathing air
8.
insect
populations,
food for predators
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