Diabetes मधुमेह

Diabetes

What is Diabetes? (परिचय)

Diabetes is a chronic non-infectious disease in which the body cannot properly produce or use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar.
(मधुमेह एक दीर्घकालीन असंचारी रोग है जिसमें शरीर इंसुलिन का सही उपयोग या उत्पादन नहीं कर पाता।)

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First Discovery (खोज)

• Diabetes was first described in ancient Egypt (~1550 BC) as a disease causing excessive urination.
• Modern understanding of insulin began with Frederick Banting & Charles Best (Canada, 1921), who discovered insulin.

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Causes (कारण)

1. Type 1 Diabetes (टीप 1) – Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
2. Type 2 Diabetes (टीप 2) – Insulin resistance caused by obesity, inactivity, poor diet
3. Gestational Diabetes – During pregnancy
4. Genetic factors – Family history
5. Obesity & sedentary lifestyle

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Symptoms (लक्षण)

• Excessive thirst (अत्यधिक प्यास)
• Frequent urination (बार-बार पेशाब)
• Unexplained weight loss (वजन कम होना)
• Fatigue (थकान)
• Blurred vision (धुंधली दृष्टि)
• Slow-healing wounds (घाव जल्दी भरते नहीं)
• Tingling in hands or feet (हाथ-पाँव में झुनझुनी)

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Prevention (रोकथाम)

• Maintain healthy weight (संतुलित वजन बनाएँ)
• Balanced diet (संतुलित आहार)
• Exercise regularly (नियमित व्यायाम)
• Avoid excessive sugar (अत्यधिक शक्कर से बचें)
• Routine blood sugar check-up (नियमित ब्लड शुगर जाँच)

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Safety Measures (सावधानियाँ)

• Keep blood sugar under control (ब्लड शुगर नियंत्रित रखें)
• Avoid smoking and alcohol (धूम्रपान/शराब से बचें)
• Regular doctor visits (नियमित चिकित्सक जाँच)
• Carry medical ID if insulin-dependent (इंसुलिन पर निर्भर होने पर मेडिकल आईडी रखें)
• Monitor for hypoglycemia & hyperglycemia (कम/ज्यादा शुगर के लक्षण देखें)

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Types of Diabetes (मधुमेह के प्रकार)

1. Type 1 Diabetes (टीप 1) – Usually develops in children/teens; requires insulin
2. Type 2 Diabetes (टीप 2) – Most common; adults; lifestyle-related
3. Gestational Diabetes (गर्भकालीन मधुमेह) – During pregnancy
4. Monogenic Diabetes (मोनोजेनिक) – Rare genetic forms
5. Secondary Diabetes – Caused by other diseases or medications

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Medicines & Injections (दवाइयाँ और इंजेक्शन)

1. Insulin Therapy (इंसुलिन थैरेपी)

• Types of insulin: Rapid-acting, Short-acting, Intermediate, Long-acting
• Injection required for Type 1 & some Type 2 patients

2. Oral Medicines (मौखिक दवाइयाँ)

• Metformin – Improves insulin sensitivity
• Sulfonylureas – Stimulate insulin release
• DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, Thiazolidinediones – Modern oral drugs

3. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

• Devices to track blood sugar in real-time

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Complications (जटिलताएँ)

• Heart disease (हृदय रोग)
• Kidney failure (गुर्दा विफलता)
• Vision loss (दृष्टि क्षय)
• Nerve damage (तंत्रिका क्षति)
• Foot ulcers & infections (पैर में घाव/संक्रमण)

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Summary

• Diabetes is a chronic non-infectious disease caused by insulin deficiency/resistance
• First described in ancient times, insulin discovered in 1921 by Banting & Best
• Symptoms: Excessive thirst, urination, fatigue, weight loss
• Prevention: Healthy lifestyle & regular checkups
• Treatment: Insulin injections & oral medications
• Types: Type 1, Type 2, Gestational, Monogenic, Secondary