Present Perfect Tense: Complete Guide for Nepali Students

Present Perfect Tense: Complete Guide for Nepali Students

Introduction / परिचय

English: Present Perfect Tense connects the past and the present. It shows an action that happened in the past but has a result or relevance now, OR an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

Nepali: Present Perfect Tense ले भूतकालमा भएको कामलाई वर्तमानसँग जोड्छ। यसले देखाउँछ कि काम भइसक्यो र त्यसको असर अहिले पनि छ, वा काम भूतकालमा सुरु भएर अहिलेसम्म जारी छ।

Structure / संरचना

Positive Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य)

text

Subject + have/has + V3 (Past Participle) + Object

Subject	Helping Verb	Example
I, You, We, They	have	I have finished my homework.
He, She, It, Ram	has	She has eaten lunch.

Nepali: कर्ता + have/has + क्रियाको तेस्रो रूप + कर्म

Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य)

text

Subject + have/has + not + V3 + Object

Example	Nepali Meaning
I have not seen that movie.	मैले त्यो चलचित्र देखेको छैन।
He has not completed his work.	उसले आफ्नो काम पूरा गरेको छैन।

Short forms: haven't / hasn't

Question Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)

text

Have/Has + Subject + V3 + Object ?

Example	Nepali Meaning
Have you eaten breakfast?	तिमीले बिहानको खाना खाएको छौ?
Has she finished the report?	उनले रिपोर्ट सकाएकी छिन्?

V3 (Past Participle) कसरी बनाउने?

Regular Verbs (नियमित क्रियापद)

V1 (Base)	V2 (Past)	V3 (Past Participle)
play	played	played
work	worked	worked
study	studied	studied
watch	watched	watched
clean	cleaned	cleaned

Rule: Regular verbs को V3 = V2 (दुवैमा -ed थपिन्छ)

Irregular Verbs (अनियमित क्रियापद)

V1	V2	V3	Nepali Meaning
go	went	gone	जानु
eat	ate	eaten	खानु
see	saw	seen	देख्नु
do	did	done	गर्नु
write	wrote	written	लेख्नु
take	took	taken	लिनु
give	gave	given	दिनु
come	came	come	आउनु
buy	bought	bought	किन्नु
read	read	read	पढ्नु
speak	spoke	spoken	बोल्नु
break	broke	broken	भाँच्नु
drink	drank	drunk	पिउनु
know	knew	known	थाहा हुनु
begin	began	begun	सुरु गर्नु

Uses of Present Perfect Tense / प्रयोगहरू

Use 1: Past Action with Present Result

भूतकालको काम, वर्तमानमा असर

यो use मा, काम भूतकालमा भयो तर त्यसको नतिजा अहिले देखिन्छ।

Example	Nepali Meaning
I have lost my keys.	मैले मेरो चाबी हराएको छु। (अहिले चाबी छैन)
She has broken her phone.	उनले आफ्नो फोन भाँचेकी छिन्। (अहिले फोन चल्दैन)
They have finished the project.	उनीहरूले परियोजना सकाएका छन्। (अहिले काम सकियो)

Use 2: Life Experience (जीवनको अनुभव)

कहिले भयो भन्ने महत्त्वपूर्ण छैन, के भयो भन्ने महत्त्वपूर्ण छ

Example	Nepali Meaning
I have visited Pokhara.	मैले पोखरा भ्रमण गरेको छु।
She has never eaten sushi.	उनले कहिल्यै सुशी खाएकी छैनन्।
Have you ever been to Nepal?	तिमी कहिल्यै नेपाल गएको छौ?

Note: कहिले भयो भन्ने specific time (last year, in 2020) भन्न पाइँदैन।

Use 3: Action Started in Past, Continues to Present

भूतकालमा सुरु भएर अहिलेसम्म जारी

Example	Nepali Meaning
I have lived here for ten years.	म यहाँ दस वर्षदेखि बस्दै छु।
She has worked here since 2015.	उनी 2015 देखि यहाँ काम गर्दै छिन्।
We have known each other for a long time.	हामी एकअर्कालाई धेरै समयदेखि चिन्छौं।

Important: for = duration (अवधि), since = starting point (सुरु बिन्दु)

Use 4: Recent Past Action (अहिले भर्खरै भएको काम)

भर्खरै भएको कामलाई जोड दिन

Example	Nepali Meaning
I have just finished my meal.	मैले भर्खरै खाना सकाएको छु।
She has recently moved to Kathmandu.	उनी भर्खरै काठमाडौं सरेकी छिन्।

Time Adverbs / समयसूचक शब्दहरू

8.1 Time Adverbs Used with Present Perfect

English	Nepali Meaning	Example
just	भर्खरै	I have just finished.
already	पहिले नै / अगावै	She has already left.
yet	अझै (negative/question)	He hasn't arrived yet.
ever	कहिल्यै (question)	Have you ever been to Japan?
never	कहिल्यै पनि नहुने	I have never seen snow.
recently	भर्खरै / हालै	They have recently married.
lately	हालै / पछिल्लो समय	I haven't seen him lately.
so far	अहिलेसम्म	We have completed three tasks so far.
until now	अहिलेसम्म	She hasn't called until now.
once	एक पटक	I have once visited Lumbini.
twice	दुई पटक	He has twice failed the exam.
several times	धेरै पटक	I have watched this movie several times.
for	को लागि (अवधि)	I have studied here for two years.
since	देखि (सुरु बिन्दु)	She has worked here since 2018.

8.2 Time Adverbs NOT Used with Present Perfect

यी शब्दहरू Past Simple सँग मात्र प्रयोग गरिन्छ:

Wrong	Right
I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.
She has gone last week.	She went last week.
They have arrived in 2020.	They arrived in 2020.

Rule: Specific past time (yesterday, last week, in 2020, ago) = Past Simple only

Sample Sentences / नमूना वाक्यहरू

Daily Life (दैनिक जीवन)

English	Nepali Meaning
I have brushed my teeth.	मैले दाँत माझेको छु।
She has cooked dinner.	उनले बेलुकाको खाना पकाएकी छिन्।
We have cleaned the house.	हामीले घर सफा गरेका छौं।
He has not taken a shower yet.	उसले अझै नुहाएको छैन।
Have you finished your homework?	तिमीले गृहकार्य सकाएको छौ?

Work/Study (काम/पढाइ)

English	Nepali Meaning
I have submitted my assignment.	मैले मेरो असाइनमेन्ट बुझाएको छु।
She has worked here for five years.	उनी यहाँ पाँच वर्षदेखि काम गर्दै छिन्।
They have completed the report.	उनीहरूले रिपोर्ट पूरा गरेका छन्।
He has never missed a class.	उसले कहिल्यै कक्षा छुटाएको छैन।
We have known each other since college.	हामी कलेजदेखि एकअर्कालाई चिन्छौं।

Experience (अनुभव)

English	Nepali Meaning
I have visited many countries.	मैले धेरै देशहरू भ्रमण गरेको छु।
She has never been to Nepal.	उनी कहिल्यै नेपाल गएकी छैनन्।
Have you ever eaten Nepali food?	तिमीले कहिल्यै नेपाली खाना खाएको छौ?
He has already seen that movie.	उसले त्यो चलचित्र पहिले नै देखेको छ।
I have just met your brother.	मैले भर्खरै तिम्रो भाइलाई भेटेको छु।

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Present Perfect	Past Simple
I have lost my pen. (अहिले पनि हराएको छ)	I lost my pen yesterday. (भोलि भेट्टिन सक्छ)
She has gone to London. (अहिले लन्डनमा छिन्)	She went to London last year. (अहिले फर्किएकी छिन्)
Time is not specific	Time is specific
Uses: just, already, yet, ever, never	Uses: yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020

Common Mistakes / सामान्य गल्तीहरू

Wrong	Right	Reason
I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.	Specific past time = Past Simple
She has went to school.	She has gone to school.	V3 = gone, not went
He have finished.	He has finished.	He/She/It = has
I has eaten.	I have eaten.	I/You/We/They = have
They have arrive.	They have arrived.	Need V3, not V1
I have live here for 5 years.	I have lived here for 5 years.	Need V3

Quick Summary Table

Aspect	Rule
Structure	Subject + have/has + V3 + Object
Have	I, You, We, They
Has	He, She, It, singular nouns
Negative	have/has + not + V3
Question	Have/Has + subject + V3?
Use 1	Past action with present result
Use 2	Life experience
Use 3	Action continuing to present
Use 4	Recent past action
Time adverbs	just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, for, since
NOT used with	yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020

Practice Exercise

Fill in the blanks with correct Present Perfect form:

1.      I ________ (finish) my work.

2.      She ________ (not eat) anything today.

3.      ________ you ever ________ (be) to Pokhara?

4.      They ________ (live) here since 2010.

5.      He ________ (just/arrive).

6.      We ________ (not see) that movie yet.

7.      ________ she ________ (complete) the assignment?

8.      I ________ (know) him for ten years.

Answers:

1.      have finished

2.      has not eaten

3.      Have / been

4.      have lived

5.      has just arrived

6.      have not seen

7.      Has / completed

8.      have known

Final Reminder for Nepali Students

1.      Have/Has कर्ता अनुसार प्रयोग गर्नुहोस् — I/You/We/They = have, He/She/It = has

2.      V3 प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्, V2 होइन — "I have gone" not "I have went"

3.      Specific past time (yesterday, last week) सँग Present Perfect प्रयोग नगर्नुहोस्

4.      For = अवधि (duration), Since = सुरु बिन्दु (starting point)

5.      Just, already, yet, ever, never — यी शब्दहरू Present Perfect सँग प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्

6.      100 Present Perfect Tense Practice Questions

7.      Instructions

8.      Fill in the blanks with the correct Present Perfect form. Choose from the options given in brackets. Answers with short reasons are provided at the end.

9.     

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10. Part 1: Questions 1–100

#	Question
1	I ________ (finish / finished / have finished) my homework.
2	She ________ (has eaten / have eaten / ate) her lunch.
3	They ________ (have gone / has gone / went) to Pokhara.
4	He ________ (have not come / has not come / did not come) yet.
5	________ you ever ________ (Have / been, Has / been, Did / be) to Lumbini?
6	We ________ (have known / has known / knew) each other for ten years.
7	She ________ (has worked / have worked / worked) here since 2018.
8	I ________ (have just finished / just finished / has just finished) my meal.
9	He ________ (has already left / have already left / already left) the office.
10	They ________ (have not arrived / has not arrived / did not arrive) yet.
11	________ she ________ (Has / completed, Have / completed, Did / complete) the report?
12	I ________ (have never seen / has never seen / never saw) snow.
13	We ________ (have lived / has lived / lived) in Kathmandu for five years.
14	He ________ (has broken / have broken / broke) his phone.
15	She ________ (has lost / have lost / lost) her keys.
16	I ________ (have visited / has visited / visited) many countries.
17	They ________ (have completed / has completed / completed) the project.
18	He ________ (has not eaten / have not eaten / did not eat) anything today.
19	________ you ________ (Have / finished, Has / finished, Did / finish) your assignment?
20	She ________ (has recently moved / have recently moved / recently moved) to Delhi.
21	I ________ (have studied / has studied / studied) here for two years.
22	We ________ (have not seen / has not seen / did not see) that movie yet.
23	He ________ (has just arrived / have just arrived / just arrived).
24	They ________ (have been / has been / were) friends since college.
25	She ________ (has never eaten / have never eaten / never ate) sushi.
26	I ________ (have taken / has taken / took) many photos so far.
27	He ________ (has written / have written / wrote) three books.
28	We ________ (have bought / has bought / bought) a new car.
29	She ________ (has not called / have not called / did not call) me until now.
30	________ he ________ (Has / gone, Have / gone, Did / go) to the market?
31	I ________ (have drunk / has drunk / drank) three cups of tea today.
32	They ________ (have known / has known / knew) the truth for a long time.
33	She ________ (has given / have given / gave) me a gift.
34	He ________ (has spoken / have spoken / spoke) to the manager already.
35	We ________ (have begun / has begun / began) the meeting.
36	I ________ (have not taken / has not taken / did not take) a shower yet.
37	She ________ (has cleaned / have cleaned / cleaned) the house.
38	They ________ (have watched / has watched / watched) this movie several times.
39	He ________ (has missed / have missed / missed) the bus.
40	________ you ________ (Have / ever been, Has / ever been, Did / ever be) to Japan?
41	I ________ (have worked / has worked / worked) here since 2015.
42	She ________ (has cooked / have cooked / cooked) dinner.
43	We ________ (have not finished / has not finished / did not finish) the work yet.
44	He ________ (has just left / have just left / just left) the building.
45	They ________ (have lived / has lived / lived) abroad for many years.
46	I ________ (have read / has read / read) that book twice.
47	She ________ (has taken / have taken / took) her medicine.
48	He ________ (has not arrived / have not arrived / did not arrive) until now.
49	________ she ________ (Has / eaten, Have / eaten, Did / eat) breakfast?
50	We ________ (have visited / has visited / visited) the museum recently.
51	I ________ (have brushed / has brushed / brushed) my teeth.
52	He ________ (has completed / have completed / completed) his degree.
53	They ________ (have gone / has gone / went) to the cinema.
54	She ________ (has not seen / have not seen / did not see) him lately.
55	I ________ (have known / has known / knew) her for five years.
56	He ________ (has already eaten / have already eaten / already ate).
57	We ________ (have not met / has not met / did not meet) him so far.
58	She ________ (has bought / have bought / bought) a new phone.
59	They ________ (have been / has been / were) to Nepal twice.
60	I ________ (have just heard / has just heard / just heard) the news.
61	He ________ (has worked / have worked / worked) in this company for three years.
62	She ________ (has not finished / have not finished / did not finish) her homework yet.
63	________ you ________ (Have / seen, Has / seen, Did / see) my keys?
64	We ________ (have known / has known / knew) each other since 2010.
65	He ________ (has broken / have broken / broke) the window.
66	I ________ (have never been / has never been / never was) to Australia.
67	She ________ (has given / have given / gave) him the book.
68	They ________ (have not come / has not come / did not come) yet.
69	He ________ (has recently returned / have recently returned / recently returned) from abroad.
70	I ________ (have studied / has studied / studied) English for many years.
71	She ________ (has written / have written / wrote) a letter to her friend.
72	We ________ (have not eaten / has not eaten / did not eat) anything since morning.
73	He ________ (has just called / have just called / just called) me.
74	They ________ (have taken / has taken / took) many photos so far.
75	I ________ (have lost / has lost / lost) my wallet.
76	She ________ (has spoken / have spoken / spoke) to the teacher already.
77	He ________ (has not taken / have not taken / did not take) his medicine yet.
78	________ he ________ (Has / finished, Have / finished, Did / finish) the task?
79	We ________ (have lived / has lived / lived) here since 2018.
80	I ________ (have drunk / has drunk / drank) coffee today.
81	She ________ (has cleaned / have cleaned / cleaned) her room.
82	They ________ (have not seen / has not seen / did not see) the movie yet.
83	He ________ (has bought / have bought / bought) a new laptop.
84	I ________ (have visited / has visited / visited) Pokhara several times.
85	She ________ (has just finished / have just finished / just finished) her work.
86	We ________ (have known / has known / knew) him for a long time.
87	He ________ (has not arrived / have not arrived / did not arrive) yet.
88	________ you ________ (Have / ever eaten, Has / ever eaten, Did / ever eat) Nepali food?
89	I ________ (have completed / has completed / completed) my assignment.
90	She ________ (has gone / have gone / went) to the market.
91	They ________ (have worked / has worked / worked) together for many years.
92	He ________ (has already left / have already left / already left) the house.
93	I ________ (have not seen / has not seen / did not see) him recently.
94	She ________ (has taken / have taken / took) many photos.
95	We ________ (have not finished / has not finished / did not finish) the project yet.
96	He ________ (has just arrived / have just arrived / just arrived) at the station.
97	I ________ (have read / has read / read) many books on this topic.
98	She ________ (has cooked / have cooked / cooked) dinner for us.
99	They ________ (have been / has been / were) married for ten years.
100	I ________ (have learned / has learned / learned) a lot from this course.

11.

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12. Part 2: Answers with Short Reasons

#	Answer	Short Reason
1	have finished	I + have + V3
2	has eaten	She + has + V3
3	have gone	They + have + V3
4	has not come	He + has + not + V3
5	Have / been	Question: Have + you + V3
6	have known	We + have + V3 (duration: for)
7	has worked	She + has + V3 (since)
8	have just finished	I + have + just + V3
9	has already left	He + has + already + V3
10	have not arrived	They + have + not + V3 (yet)
11	Has / completed	Question: Has + she + V3
12	have never seen	I + have + never + V3
13	have lived	We + have + V3 (for)
14	has broken	He + has + V3
15	has lost	She + has + V3
16	have visited	I + have + V3 (experience)
17	have completed	They + have + V3
18	has not eaten	He + has + not + V3
19	Have / finished	Question: Have + you + V3
20	has recently moved	She + has + recently + V3
21	have studied	I + have + V3 (for)
22	have not seen	We + have + not + V3 (yet)
23	has just arrived	He + has + just + V3
24	have been	They + have + V3 (since)
25	has never eaten	She + has + never + V3
26	have taken	I + have + V3 (so far)
27	has written	He + has + V3
28	have bought	We + have + V3
29	has not called	She + has + not + V3 (until now)
30	Has / gone	Question: Has + he + V3
31	have drunk	I + have + V3 (today)
32	have known	They + have + V3 (for)
33	has given	She + has + V3
34	has spoken	He + has + V3 (already)
35	have begun	We + have + V3
36	have not taken	I + have + not + V3 (yet)
37	has cleaned	She + has + V3
38	have watched	They + have + V3 (several times)
39	has missed	He + has + V3
40	Have / ever been	Question: Have + you + ever + V3
41	have worked	I + have + V3 (since)
42	has cooked	She + has + V3
43	have not finished	We + have + not + V3 (yet)
44	has just left	He + has + just + V3
45	have lived	They + have + V3 (for)
46	have read	I + have + V3 (twice)
47	has taken	She + has + V3
48	has not arrived	He + has + not + V3 (until now)
49	Has / eaten	Question: Has + she + V3
50	have visited	We + have + V3 (recently)
51	have brushed	I + have + V3
52	has completed	He + has + V3
53	have gone	They + have + V3
54	has not seen	She + has + not + V3 (lately)
55	have known	I + have + V3 (for)
56	has already eaten	He + has + already + V3
57	have not met	We + have + not + V3 (so far)
58	has bought	She + has + V3
59	have been	They + have + V3 (twice)
60	have just heard	I + have + just + V3
61	has worked	He + has + V3 (for)
62	has not finished	She + has + not + V3 (yet)
63	Have / seen	Question: Have + you + V3
64	have known	We + have + V3 (since)
65	has broken	He + has + V3
66	have never been	I + have + never + V3
67	has given	She + has + V3
68	have not come	They + have + not + V3 (yet)
69	has recently returned	He + has + recently + V3
70	have studied	I + have + V3 (for)
71	has written	She + has + V3
72	have not eaten	We + have + not + V3 (since)
73	has just called	He + has + just + V3
74	have taken	They + have + V3 (so far)
75	have lost	I + have + V3
76	has spoken	She + has + V3 (already)
77	has not taken	He + has + not + V3 (yet)
78	Has / finished	Question: Has + he + V3
79	have lived	We + have + V3 (since)
80	have drunk	I + have + V3 (today)
81	has cleaned	She + has + V3
82	have not seen	They + have + not + V3 (yet)
83	has bought	He + has + V3
84	have visited	I + have + V3 (several times)
85	has just finished	She + has + just + V3
86	have known	We + have + V3 (for)
87	has not arrived	He + has + not + V3 (yet)
88	Have / ever eaten	Question: Have + you + ever + V3
89	have completed	I + have + V3
90	has gone	She + has + V3
91	have worked	They + have + V3 (for)
92	has already left	He + has + already + V3
93	have not seen	I + have + not + V3 (recently)
94	has taken	She + has + V3
95	have not finished	We + have + not + V3 (yet)
96	has just arrived	He + has + just + V3
97	have read	I + have + V3
98	has cooked	She + has + V3
99	have been	They + have + V3 (for)
100	have learned	I + have + V3

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Quick Reference: Key Rules

Rule	Explanation
I/You/We/They	Use have
He/She/It	Use has
V3 required	Always use Past Participle (V3)
Negative	have/has + not + V3
Question	Have/Has + subject + V3?
For	Duration (for two years)
Since	Starting point (since 2018)
Just	भर्खरै (recent action)
Already	पहिले नै (before expected)
Yet	अझै (negative/question)
Ever	कहिल्यै (question)
Never	कहिल्यै पनि नहुने

13.

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14. Common Irregular V3 Forms to Remember

V1	V3	Nepali
go	gone	गएको
eat	eaten	खाएको
see	seen	देखेको
do	done	गरेको
write	written	लेखेको
take	taken	लिएको
give	given	दिएको
come	come	आएको
buy	bought	किनेको
read	read	पढेको
speak	spoken	बोलेको
break	broken	भाँचेको
drink	drunk	पिएको
know	known	थाहा भएको
begin	begun	सुरु गरेको