PTE Connectives (Linking Words) with Nepali Meanings & Examples

PTE Connectives (Linking Words) with Nepali Meanings & Examples

For PTE Summarise Written Text (SWT)

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1. ADDITION (थप्ने) – Adding more information

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
and	र	The climate is changing and sea levels are rising.
moreover	यसका साथै / थप	Moreover, the government has failed to act.
furthermore	थप रूपमा	Furthermore, research shows a clear link.
in addition	थप रूपमा	In addition, pollution levels have increased.
also	पनि	The report also highlights economic impacts.
besides	यसका अतिरिक्त	Besides, there are health concerns.
not only... but also	मात्र होइन... पनि	Not only does it affect health, but also the economy.

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2. CONTRAST (विपरीत) – Showing difference

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
but	तर	The policy was introduced, but it failed.
however	तथापि / यद्यपि	However, the results were disappointing.
nevertheless	तैपनि	Nevertheless, the project continued.
on the other hand	अर्कोतर्फ	On the other hand, some experts disagree.
whereas	जबकि	Urban areas grew, whereas rural areas declined.
although / though	यद्यपि	Although it rained, the event proceeded.
despite / in spite of	के भए पनि	Despite the challenges, progress was made.
while	जबकि	While some support it, others oppose it.
conversely	विपरीत रूपमा	Conversely, developing nations face different issues.

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3. CAUSE / REASON (कारण) – Showing why

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
because	किनभने	It failed because there was no funding.
since	यसैले / किनभने	Since demand increased, prices rose.
as	किनभने	As temperatures rise, ice melts.
due to	को कारणले	The delay was due to poor planning.
owing to	को कारणले	Owing to the crisis, reforms were needed.
because of	को कारणले	Because of deforestation, species are declining.

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4. EFFECT / RESULT (नतिजा) – Showing outcome

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
therefore	त्यसैले	Therefore, immediate action is required.
thus	यसरी / त्यसैले	Thus, the experiment proved successful.
hence	त्यसकारण	Hence, new measures were introduced.
consequently	फलस्वरूप	Consequently, unemployment rose sharply.
as a result	परिणामस्वरूप	As a result, living standards improved.
so	त्यसैले	The data was incomplete, so conclusions were limited.

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5. EXAMPLE / ILLUSTRATION (उदाहरण)

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
for example	उदाहरणका लागि	For example, solar energy reduces costs.
for instance	उदाहरणका लागि	For instance, Norway has adopted EVs widely.
such as	जस्तै	Renewable sources such as wind and solar are growing.
namely	अर्थात्	Two factors, namely cost and time, matter.
including	सहित	Many countries, including Nepal, are affected.

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6. CLARIFICATION (स्पष्ट पार्ने)

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
in other words	अर्को शब्दमा	In other words, the plan was ineffective.
that is	अर्थात्	That is, the results were inconclusive.
i.e.	अर्थात्	The main issue, i.e. funding, remains.

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7. SUMMARY / CONCLUSION (निष्कर्ष)

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
in conclusion	निष्कर्षमा	In conclusion, both factors are significant.
overall	समग्रमा	Overall, the study confirms earlier findings.
in summary	संक्षेपमा	In summary, the text discusses climate impact.
to sum up	संक्षेपमा भन्नुपर्दा	To sum up, urgent action is needed.
ultimately	अन्ततः	Ultimately, the outcome depends on policy.

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8. SEQUENCE / TIME (क्रम)

Connective	Nepali Meaning	Example
first / firstly	पहिलो	Firstly, the causes are examined.
then	त्यसपछि	Then, the effects are discussed.
finally	अन्तमा	Finally, solutions are proposed.
subsequently	पछि	Subsequently, reforms were implemented.
meanwhile	यसै बीचमा	Meanwhile, costs continued to rise.

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🎯 PTE SWT Tips Using Connectives

1.      Use 3–5 connectives in your one-sentence summary

2.      Best for SWT: and, but, however, because, therefore, while, although

3.      Keep it ONE sentence (10–75 words)

4.      Don't overuse — clarity is key

5.      Paraphrase using connectives to link main ideas

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✅ Model SWT Example

Passage: Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases. It leads to rising sea levels. Governments have failed to act effectively.

SWT Answer:

Although global warming is caused by greenhouse gases and leads to rising sea levels, governments have failed to act effectively; therefore, urgent measures are needed.

PTE Summarise Written Text (SWT) – Practice Passages with Model Answers

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📝 Practice Passage 1: Climate Change

Passage:
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time. It is primarily caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. These emissions trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to rising global temperatures. As a result, glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Although some countries have taken steps to reduce emissions, global cooperation remains insufficient. Therefore, scientists argue that immediate and coordinated action is essential to prevent catastrophic consequences.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Although climate change is primarily caused by greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, which lead to rising temperatures and extreme weather, global cooperation remains insufficient; therefore, immediate coordinated action is essential.

Connectives used: Although, which, therefore

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📝 Practice Passage 2: Remote Work

Passage:
The COVID-19 pandemic forced millions of employees to work from home. While remote work offered flexibility and reduced commuting costs, it also created challenges such as isolation and difficulty in separating work from personal life. Moreover, companies found it harder to maintain team cohesion. However, many businesses have now adopted hybrid models that combine office and remote work. Consequently, the traditional concept of the workplace has been permanently transformed.

Model Answer (one sentence):

While remote work during the pandemic offered flexibility and reduced costs, it also caused isolation and weakened team cohesion; however, many companies have adopted hybrid models, and consequently, the traditional workplace has been permanently transformed.

Connectives used: While, however, and, consequently

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📝 Practice Passage 3: Social Media

Passage:
Social media has revolutionized communication by allowing people to connect instantly across the globe. However, it has also been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, particularly among young people. Furthermore, the spread of misinformation on these platforms has become a serious concern. Since social media companies profit from user engagement, they are often reluctant to impose strict regulations. Therefore, governments and regulators are increasingly calling for greater accountability.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Although social media has revolutionized global communication, it has been linked to mental health issues and misinformation; furthermore, since companies profit from engagement, they resist regulation, and therefore, governments are demanding greater accountability.

Connectives used: Although, furthermore, since, and, therefore

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📝 Practice Passage 4: Deforestation

Passage:
Deforestation is the large-scale removal of forests, primarily for agriculture and urban development. It leads to the loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In addition, indigenous communities who depend on forests for their livelihoods are severely affected. Despite international efforts to curb deforestation, rates remain alarmingly high in many tropical regions. As a result, experts warn that without urgent action, the consequences could be irreversible.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Because deforestation, driven mainly by agriculture and urban development, causes biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and harm to indigenous communities, and despite international efforts rates remain high, experts warn that the consequences could be irreversible without urgent action.

Connectives used: Because, and, despite, without

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📝 Practice Passage 5: Online Education

Passage:
Online education has grown rapidly in recent years, especially during the pandemic. It offers flexibility and accessibility, allowing students to learn from anywhere in the world. On the other hand, it lacks the face-to-face interaction that many learners need for motivation and engagement. Moreover, the digital divide means that students in poorer regions may be disadvantaged. Nevertheless, many educators believe that blended learning, which combines online and traditional methods, represents the future of education.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Although online education offers flexibility and accessibility, it lacks face-to-face interaction and disadvantages students affected by the digital divide; nevertheless, many educators believe blended learning represents the future.

Connectives used: Although, and, nevertheless

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📝 Practice Passage 6: Plastic Pollution

Passage:
Plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis. Millions of tons of plastic waste enter the oceans every year, harming marine life and entering the food chain. Since plastic takes hundreds of years to decompose, it accumulates in landfills and natural habitats. While some countries have banned single-use plastics, enforcement remains weak. Therefore, experts argue that a combination of regulation, innovation, and public awareness is necessary to tackle the problem.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Because millions of tons of plastic waste enter the oceans annually, harming marine life and accumulating for centuries, and while some countries have banned single-use plastics, enforcement remains weak; therefore, regulation, innovation, and awareness are all necessary.

Connectives used: Because, and, while, therefore

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📝 Practice Passage 7: Artificial Intelligence

Passage:
Artificial intelligence is transforming industries ranging from healthcare to finance. It can process vast amounts of data faster than humans and identify patterns that would otherwise go unnoticed. However, AI also raises ethical concerns, including job displacement, privacy violations, and algorithmic bias. Furthermore, there is a risk that AI systems may be used for malicious purposes. Consequently, many experts call for robust regulatory frameworks to ensure that AI is developed and used responsibly.

Model Answer (one sentence):

While artificial intelligence can process vast data and identify patterns faster than humans, it raises ethical concerns such as job displacement, privacy violations, and bias; furthermore, since it may be misused, experts call for robust regulation.

Connectives used: While, and, furthermore, since

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📝 Practice Passage 8: Tourism

Passage:
Tourism is a major source of income for many countries, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. However, mass tourism can damage natural environments, overload infrastructure, and disrupt local cultures. In addition, the revenue generated often does not benefit local communities directly. Although sustainable tourism models have been proposed, their implementation remains limited. As a result, balancing economic benefits with environmental and cultural preservation remains a key challenge.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Although tourism contributes significantly to GDP and employment, mass tourism damages environments, overloads infrastructure, and disrupts local cultures; moreover, since revenue often bypasses local communities and sustainable models remain limited, balancing growth and preservation is a key challenge.

Connectives used: Although, and, moreover, since

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📝 Practice Passage 9: Fast Fashion

Passage:
Fast fashion refers to the rapid production of inexpensive clothing that follows the latest trends. It has made fashion affordable for millions of people. However, it also has severe environmental and social costs, including water pollution, textile waste, and poor working conditions in developing countries. Furthermore, the industry encourages excessive consumption and disposal. Therefore, consumers and regulators are increasingly demanding more sustainable and ethical practices.

Model Answer (one sentence):

While fast fashion has made clothing affordable, it causes water pollution, textile waste, and poor working conditions; furthermore, because it encourages excessive consumption, consumers and regulators are demanding more sustainable practices.

Connectives used: While, and, furthermore, because

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📝 Practice Passage 10: Space Exploration

Passage:
Space exploration has led to numerous technological innovations, including satellite communications, GPS, and medical devices. It also inspires scientific curiosity and international collaboration. On the other hand, critics argue that the enormous costs could be better spent addressing pressing issues such as poverty and climate change. Moreover, space debris poses a growing threat to satellites and spacecraft. Nevertheless, many governments and private companies continue to invest heavily in space programs.

Model Answer (one sentence):

Although space exploration has produced technological innovations and inspired collaboration, critics argue its costs could address poverty and climate change, and moreover, space debris threatens satellites; nevertheless, investment in space programs continues.

Connectives used: Although, and, moreover, nevertheless

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🎯 Key Strategies for SWT

Strategy	Explanation
One sentence only	10–75 words, grammatically correct
Identify main idea	Find the central argument of the passage
Use 3–5 connectives	Link ideas smoothly
Paraphrase	Don't copy exact phrases
Include key points	Cover 2–3 main ideas, not details
Check word count	Stay within 5–75 words