1st story
Neighbours
Tim Winton
"Neighbours" by Tim
Winton is a short story that explores themes of belonging, multiculturalism,
and human connection.
1. About the
Writer
Tim Winton is an
acclaimed Australian author known for his evocative portrayals of Australian
landscapes and communities. Much of his work explores themes of family,
identity, and the natural environment. His writing style is often lyrical and
introspective, and he frequently highlights the experiences of ordinary people.
2. Setting
The story is set in a suburban neighborhood in Australia, likely
during the late 20th century. The area is inhabited by immigrants from various
cultural backgrounds, reflecting the multicultural nature of Australian
society.
3. Plot
The story follows a young couple who move into a diverse
neighborhood. Initially, they feel isolated and out of place, observing their
foreign neighbors with suspicion and misunderstanding. However, over time, small
acts of kindness and shared experiences—such as gardening and the birth of
their child—lead to a sense of connection and community. By the end of the
story, the couple feels a deep bond with their neighbors, overcoming their
initial prejudices.
4. Characters
1. The Young Couple
– The main characters whose perspective the story follows. They are not named,
and their identities are shaped by their role as a couple in the community.
2. The Macedonian Family
– One of the neighboring families, identified by their cultural background.
3. The Polish Widower
– Another neighbor, referred to by his cultural background and status as a
widower.
4. The Italian Lady –Italian lady who came with a list of names for the unborn
child. The Italian lady helps in a traditional way, checking the woman's belly
and offering her own wisdom, indicating a bond between the neighbors despite
cultural differences.
5. Other Neighbors –
The various neighbors who contribute to the community's support, although not
individually named
- Belonging and Acceptance – The couple learns to appreciate their neighbors and finds
a sense of community.
- Cultural Diversity – The story highlights the richness of multicultural
neighborhoods and the potential for cross-cultural understanding.
- Transformation and Growth – The couple's journey represents personal growth as they
shift from judgment to empathy.
- Human Connection – Small, everyday interactions forge deep bonds between the
couple and their neighbors.
Summary
"Neighbours" by Tim
Winton tells the story of a young couple who move into a multicultural
Australian neighborhood. At first, they feel out of place and uncomfortable,
noticing the differences between themselves and their foreign-born neighbors.
The husband, who works from home, is irritated by the constant noise and
activity, while the wife spends her time planting vegetables in the garden. The
couple views their neighbors with suspicion, misunderstanding their habits and
traditions.
As time passes, the couple begins to observe small acts of
kindness from their neighbors. The neighbors quietly contribute to the wife's
gardening efforts, offering seeds and tips without speaking much. These
gestures, though subtle, start breaking down the couple's initial prejudice.
The couple starts appreciating the industriousness and warmth of those around
them, realizing that their neighbors' actions speak louder than words.
When the wife becomes pregnant, the dynamic shifts even further.
The neighbors express joy and support, celebrating the news in their own ways.
One neighbor brings over a basket of grapes, while another hugs the pregnant
woman. The couple is surprised and touched by the community’s genuine care and
excitement for the new addition to their family.
By the end of the story, the couple feels a strong sense of
belonging within the neighborhood. The birth of their child becomes a shared
event that unites the entire community. Through this experience, the couple
learns the value of connection, empathy, and understanding. Winton highlights
how barriers of culture and language can be overcome through shared human
experiences and quiet acts of compassion.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
a. Describe how the young couple’s house looked like.
The
young couple’s house in the story "Neighbours"
is small and simple. It is in a mixed, working-class neighborhood. At first,
their backyard looks empty and dull. From his study window the young man could see out over the
rooftops and used car yards the Moreton Bay figs in the park where they walked
their dog. Their house is quiet and not lively like their
neighbors’ homes, which are full of activity and color. This shows that the
couple feels alone and separate at first.
b. How did the young couple identify their neighbours in the beginning
of their arrival?
At
the beginning of their arrival, the young couple identified their neighbors
based on their cultural differences and unfamiliar behaviors. They observed
them from a distance, labeling them by their nationalities and customs rather
than by their names or personal qualities. For example, they referred to them
as “the Macedonian family” or “the Polish widower.” The couple focused on the
noisy, energetic nature of the neighborhood, feeling alienated by the loud
conversations, constant visitors, and bustling daily routines. This initial
view highlights the couple’s sense of separation and the cultural gap between
them and their neighbors.
c. How did the neighbours help the young couple in the kitchen garden?
The neighbors helped the young couple in the
kitchen garden through quiet, generous acts. Without being asked, the neighbors
began contributing seeds, gardening tools, and practical advice to assist the
wife in her efforts to grow vegetables. Some neighbors would lean over the
fence to share tips on planting and caring for the crops, while others left
small offerings of seeds or cuttings. These subtle gestures reflected the
neighbors’ warmth and willingness to support the couple, even without much conversation.
Over time, with their help, the couple’s garden flourished, symbolizing the
growing bond between them and the community.
d. Why were the people in the neighborhood surprised at the role of the
young man and his wife in their family?
The
people in the neighborhood were surprised by the roles of the young man and his
wife because their relationship and domestic responsibilities challenged
traditional gender roles. The young man stayed at home, working quietly while
his wife took the lead in gardening and managing household tasks. This was
unusual to the neighbors, many of whom came from cultures with more traditional
views on gender roles, where men were typically the primary breadwinners and
women managed the home. The neighbors watched with curiosity as the wife worked
in the garden and the husband supported her efforts, finding their dynamic
unconventional yet intriguing. This contrast highlighted the differences in
cultural expectations but also paved the way for mutual respect and understanding.
e. How did the neighbours respond to the woman’s pregnancy?
The
neighbors responded to the woman’s pregnancy with warmth, excitement, and
generous support. Despite the cultural and language barriers, they expressed
genuine happiness for the couple. Some neighbors brought gifts, like a basket
of grapes, while others congratulated the woman with hugs and smiles. Their joy
and involvement made the couple feel embraced by the community. The pregnancy
became a shared celebration, strengthening the bond between the couple and
their neighbors. This heartfelt response helped the couple feel a deeper sense
of belonging and connection, transforming their initial feelings of isolation
into one of acceptance and unity.
f. Why did the young man begin to weep at the end of the story?
The
young man began to weep at the end of the story because he was overwhelmed by
the kindness and acceptance of his neighbors, as well as the emotional
significance of his wife's pregnancy and the birth of their child. Initially,
he and his wife felt isolated and disconnected from the community, but over
time, the neighbors’ quiet support and shared joy bridged that gap. The birth
of their child symbolized not only a personal milestone but also the
culmination of their integration into the neighborhood. The young man’s tears
reflect a mix of relief, gratitude, and recognition of the deep human
connection that had formed, dissolving the barriers of culture and language
that once separated them.
g. Why do you think the author did not characterize the persons in the
story with proper names?
The author, Tim Winton, chose not to give the
characters proper names to emphasize the universality of the story’s themes. By
keeping the young couple and their neighbors nameless, Winton highlights that their
experiences could belong to anyone, anywhere. This approach allows readers to
focus on the characters’ roles, relationships, and emotional journeys rather
than their individual identities. It also reinforces the idea that cultural
differences and barriers are common across many communities, and the path to
understanding and acceptance is a shared human experience. The lack of names
makes the story more symbolic, representing the broader idea of unity,
belonging, and the breaking down of prejudice in multicultural societies.
Reference to the context
a. The story shows that linguistic and cultural barriers do not create
any obstacle in human relationship. Cite some examples from the story where the
neighbours have transcended such barriers.
In
"Neighbours", Tim
Winton illustrates how linguistic and cultural barriers can be transcended
through simple, meaningful gestures and shared experiences. Some key examples
of this in the story are:
1.
In spite of the different languages and cultures, the neighbours gave advice to
the young couple about spacing, hilling and mulching the vegetables in the
kitchen garden.
2. The polish widower rebuilt the falling henhouse
of the young couple although they didn’t understand his words.
3. The young couple offered heads of cabbage and
took gifts of grapes and firewood from neighbours.
4. The neighbours gifted chocolates, knitted the
baby a suit when the couples were going to be parents.
b. The last sentence of the story reads “The twentieth-century novel
had not prepared him for this.” In your view, what differences did the young
man find between twentieth-century novels and human relations?
The young man’s reflection that "The twentieth-century novel
had not prepared him for this" suggests a realization about the difference
between the intellectual or emotional complexities often portrayed in
literature and the simplicity and depth of human relationships in real life. In
many twentieth-century novels, characters and relationships are often shaped by
intellectual ideas, social struggles, or intricate emotional conflict. These
novels might focus on individualism, existential questions, or societal issues
that require deep analysis and interpretation.
In contrast, the young man discovers that the human connections he
experiences in his neighborhood are more direct, compassionate, and grounded in
shared, everyday experiences. The relationships in the story are not shaped by
complex narratives or intellectual concepts but by simple, genuine acts of
kindness and a willingness to connect beyond cultural and linguistic barriers.
This highlights a difference between the often abstract, sometimes idealized
interactions found in literature and the straightforward, emotional bonds that
form in real life, based on mutual care and understanding.
The young man's realization suggests that real-life human
connection transcends the confines of intellectual or literary conventions, and
that true understanding and empathy often emerge from unspoken, tangible
gestures rather than carefully constructed narratives or ideas.
c. A Nepali proverb says “Neighbors are companions for wedding
procession as well as for funeral procession.” Does this proverb apply in the
story? Justify.
Yes, the Nepali proverb “Neighbors are companions for
wedding procession as well as for funeral procession” applies in "Neighbours" by Tim
Winton. The proverb speaks to the idea that neighbors are not only part of the
joyful moments in life but also stand by each other during times of sorrow or
difficulty. This reflects the reciprocal nature of human relationships, where
neighbors support one another through both celebrations and challenges.
In the story, the young couple's experience with their neighbors
reflects this idea. When the wife becomes pregnant, the neighbors joyfully
celebrate the impending arrival of the child, bringing gifts and expressing
happiness for the couple. This mirrors the "wedding procession"
aspect of the proverb, where neighbors share in the couple's joy and celebrate
with them.
At the same time, the neighbors offer support and compassion
during the couple's quieter, more intimate moments, symbolizing their role as
constant companions through all stages of life, much like the "funeral
procession" aspect. The unspoken care shown through acts like helping with
the garden and providing support during the pregnancy reflects a kind of
solidarity that transcends both celebration and hardship. The neighbors’
willingness to connect and be present during life’s significant moments, both
happy and solemn, aligns with the spirit of the proverb, showing that true
neighborly bonds are built on mutual support, regardless of the occasion.
d. The author
has dealt with an issue of multiculturalism in the story. Why do you think
multiculturalism has become a major issue in the present world?
Multiculturalism has become a major issue in the present world due
to the increasing movement of people across borders, driven by factors such as
globalization, migration, and the search for better economic opportunities. As
societies become more diverse, the interaction between different cultures and
the integration of various traditions, languages, and beliefs can lead to both
enriching experiences and challenges.
In "Neighbours", Tim Winton
explores how cultural differences can create initial barriers but also reveal
opportunities for deeper understanding and connection. The story shows how
people from different backgrounds, through small acts of kindness and empathy,
can break down these barriers and form meaningful relationships. In the broader
context of the world today, multiculturalism can lead to tensions when there is
a lack of understanding or fear of the "other," but it can also lead
to more inclusive societies when diversity is embraced.
The rise of multiculturalism has led to debates on identity,
integration, and the challenges of balancing the preservation of cultural
heritage with the need for shared values. In many societies, questions about
how to integrate immigrant populations without losing cultural uniqueness are
central. At the same time, multiculturalism offers the potential for greater
creativity, economic growth, and social cohesion when different cultural
perspectives are respected and celebrated.
Ultimately, multiculturalism has become a major issue because it
touches on fundamental human concerns about belonging, tolerance, and the
future of societies in an interconnected world. The story highlights that,
despite differences, human connections can transcend cultural boundaries,
offering a hopeful perspective on how diversity can enrich rather than divide
communities.
Reference beyond the text
a. Write an essay on Celebration of Childbirth in my Community.
Celebration of Childbirth in my Community
Celebration of Childbirth in My
Community
In my community, the celebration of childbirth is an important and
joyous occasion that brings family, friends, and neighbors together. The birth
of a child is viewed as a blessing, symbolizing the continuity of life, and it
is celebrated with great enthusiasm. The celebration typically begins shortly
after the birth when family members announce the arrival of the newborn. In
many cases, relatives and neighbors visit the new parents to offer
congratulations, share in the joy, and provide practical support. It is common
for the new parents to receive gifts such as clothes, food, or money as a
gesture of goodwill and care.
A traditional custom in my community is the "naming
ceremony," which usually takes place a few days after the birth. During this
ceremony, the child is given a name that often carries deep cultural,
religious, or familial significance. Family members, especially grandparents,
play a vital role in naming the child, and this event is marked by prayers or
blessings for the child’s health and future. The naming ceremony is often
accompanied by a small gathering where close relatives and friends come
together to offer their well-wishes, light candles, and celebrate the arrival
of the newborn.
Food plays an essential role in these celebrations. Family members
prepare special dishes, often including traditional sweets and snacks, which
are served to visitors. It is customary for the parents to offer food to their
guests as a symbol of gratitude and joy. In rural communities, it is also
common for neighbors to assist with the cooking and preparation of meals for
the family, ensuring that the new parents are supported in every way during
this time of transition.
The celebration of childbirth in my community reflects the strong
sense of connection, solidarity, and respect for family values. It is not just
an individual event but a communal experience, where the joy of new life is
shared by everyone. Through these traditions, the community expresses its
collective hopes for the child's future and celebrates the role of family and
society in raising the next generation. The warmth and unity that emerge from
these celebrations serve to reinforce the bonds that hold the community
together.
b. Do the people in your community respond with similar reactions upon
the pregnancy and childbirth as depicted in the story? Give a couple of
examples.
Yes, the people in my community respond with similar reactions to
pregnancy and childbirth as depicted in "Neighbours" by Tim Winton, where neighbors and family come together with joy,
support, and care for the expecting parents. In my community, pregnancy and
childbirth are celebrated not just as family events but as communal occasions
that foster unity and solidarity.
For example, when someone announces their pregnancy, it is common
for neighbors and relatives to offer congratulations and blessings right away,
similar to the way the neighbors in the story celebrated the news of the
pregnancy. The expectant mother is often showered with love and care, with
people offering advice, gifts, or simply checking in to ensure she is doing
well. Like the gift-giving in Winton's story, it is customary for neighbors to
bring food, clothing, or baby essentials to the family as a way to support them
during this important time.
Additionally, after the birth of the child, there is typically a
gathering where close relatives, friends, and neighbors come together to offer
blessings, congratulations, and practical help. This is similar to the joyful
community participation depicted in the story when the neighbors come to
celebrate the arrival of the baby. In my community, the naming ceremony is also
an important event, with prayers, rituals, and food being shared among those
who come to honor the new life. This communal approach to pregnancy and
childbirth strengthens the bonds between individuals, much like the neighbors
in the story who build connections through simple acts of care and compassion.
2nd Story
A Respectable Woman
Kate Chopin
"A Respectable Woman" is a short story by Kate Chopin, first
published in 1894. Kate Chopin is known for her exploration of female
independence, societal expectations, and the complexities of human
relationships, particularly within the confines of 19th-century American
society.
Setting
The story is set in the late 19th
century in Louisiana, which was a common backdrop for Chopin’s works. It takes
place in a rural, somewhat isolated environment, highlighting the traditional,
conservative values of the time, particularly around marriage and social
respectability.
Plot
The story centers on Mrs. Baroda, a respectable woman married to a man named Dr. Baroda. The couple lives on a plantation, and Mrs. Baroda is initially portrayed as the ideal wife: conservative, well-mannered, and content in her life. The plot begins when her husband’s old friend, Governor Alcee Arobin, visits them. Mrs. Baroda is initially wary of Alcee, feeling uncomfortable with his flirtatious behavior and his influence over her husband. However, she becomes intrigued by him over time, and their interactions lead to an emotional and sexual tension that she has not experienced before. She struggles with her feelings of desire and guilt, feeling conflicted between her self-image as a respectable woman and the new emotions Alcee awakens in her. At the story’s conclusion, she chooses to leave for a while, hoping the distance will help her reconcile her conflicting emotions.
Main Characters
1. Mrs. Baroda
Role: Protagonist
Description: A refined, intelligent, and
self-controlled woman who prides herself on being "respectable." She
is married to Gaston Baroda and lives on a plantation in Louisiana. When her
husband's friend, Gouvernail, visits, she becomes emotionally and physically
attracted to him, leading to an internal conflict between her desires and her
identity as a loyal wife.
2. Gaston Baroda
Role: Mrs. Baroda’s Husband
Description: A kind, trusting man who is fond of
his wife and respectful of her views. He invites his old friend Gouvernail to
visit their home, unaware of the emotional turmoil it causes his wife. He sees
Gouvernail as harmless and cannot understand Mrs. Baroda’s discomfort.
3. Gouvernail
Role: Gaston’s Friend
Description: A quiet, introspective, and gentle
man who works as a journalist. Though not conventionally attractive or
charming, he unknowingly captures Mrs. Baroda’s interest. His calm and reserved
nature contrasts with her expectations and challenges her emotional stability.
Themes
1. Sexuality and Desire: One of the primary themes of "A
Respectable Woman" is the conflict between societal
expectations of respectability and personal desires. Mrs. Baroda’s attraction
to Governor Arobin forces her to confront her own sexual identity and the
tension between social propriety and personal fulfillment.
2. Marriage and Identity: The story examines
the role of women within marriage. Mrs. Baroda’s relationship with her husband,
Dr. Baroda, seems stable and predictable, but her emotional reaction to Alcee
Arobin reveals the complexity of her inner world. This suggests that marriage
does not necessarily fulfill all of a woman's needs and desires.
3. Conformity vs.
Individuality: Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict reflects the larger
theme of societal expectations versus personal autonomy. Her struggle with the
desire for Governor Arobin challenges the conventional idea of what it means to
be a “respectable woman” in a conservative society.
4. The Role of Women: The story subtly
critiques the limitations placed on women’s roles and the ways in which these
roles conflict with their personal growth and desires. Mrs. Baroda’s evolving
feelings and her decision to retreat highlight the tension between being a
conventional wife and exploring one’s deeper emotional and sexual identity.
Summary
"A Respectable Woman" by Kate Chopin is a story that revolves around the inner
conflict of Mrs. Baroda, a married woman who experiences a complex emotional
and physical attraction to her husband's friend, Governor Alcee Arobin. The
story takes place in Louisiana, where Mrs. Baroda and her husband, Dr. Baroda,
live on a plantation. Mrs. Baroda is initially portrayed as the epitome of a
respectable woman—conservative, composed, and entirely devoted to her husband.
When Governor Arobin visits the Barodas, Mrs. Baroda feels uneasy about his
flirtatious nature and the way he behaves around her. She finds his charm
unsettling but is determined to remain polite and maintain her sense of
propriety.
As the story progresses, Mrs. Baroda’s feelings toward Alcee
become more complex. Despite her initial discomfort, she becomes intrigued by
him, drawn to his personality and confident manner. Alcee, aware of her growing
attraction, continues to act in a flirtatious manner, which causes Mrs. Baroda
to feel conflicted. She is torn between her emotions and her desire to uphold
her identity as a respectable wife. She finds herself experiencing a kind of
longing and desire that she never thought she would feel, especially for a man
who is not her husband. This internal conflict makes her increasingly
uncomfortable with herself and her feelings.
The emotional tension reaches its peak when Mrs. Baroda finds
herself alone with Alcee, and their interaction deepens. She begins to question
her role as a wife and the societal expectations placed upon her as a
“respectable” woman. Although she does not act on her attraction, the emotional
charge between them is palpable. She is left grappling with her desire and
guilt, unable to reconcile the woman she is expected to be with the woman she
feels herself becoming in the presence of Alcee. Her inner turmoil is evident
as she reflects on her reaction to the situation.
By the end of the story, Mrs. Baroda decides to withdraw and take
a break from the situation by leaving for a while. She hopes that this physical
distance from Alcee will allow her to regain her composure and resolve her
feelings. She expresses a desire for time to “sort herself out” and regain her
sense of control. The story ends ambiguously, with Mrs. Baroda’s future actions
uncertain, but it is clear that the encounter with Alcee has fundamentally
changed her, highlighting the tensions between societal expectations, personal
desires, and the complexity of human emotions.
Understanding the text
Answer the
following questions.
a. Why was Mrs. Baroda unhappy
with the information about Gouvernail’s visit to their farm?
Mrs. Baroda was unhappy with the information about Gouvernail's
visit to their farm because she had strong reservations about him. Gouvernail
was her husband's friend, and while Dr. Baroda seemed to view him as a pleasant
and familiar presence, Mrs. Baroda found him somewhat unsettling. She felt
uncomfortable with the idea of his visit, especially as she was unsure of his
character and manner. Mrs. Baroda was accustomed to a peaceful, well-ordered
life on the farm, and the idea of having an unfamiliar man stay with them
disrupted her sense of control over the household. Her initial discomfort
stemmed from Gouvernail’s flirtatious nature, which she sensed might challenge
the traditional, respectful boundaries she valued. This tension foreshadows her
deeper internal conflict with him during his stay.
b. How was Gouvernail different
from Mrs. Baroda’s expectation?
Gouvernail was different from Mrs. Baroda's expectations in
several ways. Initially, Mrs. Baroda expected him to be an intrusive, overly
flirtatious, or inappropriate presence, based on her initial discomfort and the
way she had imagined him. However, upon meeting Gouvernail, she found that he
was actually quiet, reserved, and not at all as forward or imposing as she had
feared. Instead of being the charming and charismatic man she had anticipated,
Gouvernail was more unassuming and somewhat awkward, which made Mrs. Baroda
feel even more conflicted.
She had expected Gouvernail to be a man who would disrupt her life
and challenge the order she had in her marriage, but he was, in fact, more
gentle and less overtly confident than she had anticipated. His calm demeanor
and lack of flirtation made Mrs. Baroda feel somewhat guilty for her earlier
judgments, and she became even more intrigued by him. This contrast between her
expectations and the reality of his personality contributed to her growing
emotional conflict, as she started to feel an unexpected attraction to him,
despite initially believing he would be a source of discomfort.
c. How does Mrs. Baroda compare
Gouvernail with her husband?
Mrs. Baroda compares Gouvernail to
her husband, Dr. Baroda, and finds him to be quite different in several key
ways. While Dr. Baroda is portrayed as a steady, dependable, and somewhat
predictable figure, Gouvernail, in Mrs. Baroda’s eyes, represents a contrast.
Gouvernail is more reserved and introspective, lacking the outward charm or
flirtatious nature that might have drawn her attention initially. In fact, his
calm, almost detached demeanor makes him stand out as a figure who is, in some
ways, more emotionally mysterious and intriguing than her husband, whose
personality she feels she already knows well.
While Dr. Baroda is described as
reliable and familiar, Mrs. Baroda finds Gouvernail's quiet nature unsettling,
yet alluring. Gouvernail’s manner of not imposing himself on her or her husband
in an obvious way allows Mrs. Baroda to view him as somewhat enigmatic. This
difference causes her to experience a new sense of curiosity and attraction,
which she does not feel toward her husband. In comparing Gouvernail to Dr.
Baroda, Mrs. Baroda is confronted with the realization that she desires
something beyond the stable but predictable nature of her marriage,
highlighting her internal conflict and emotional turmoil.
d. Why and how did Mrs. Baroda
try to change Gouvernail’s solitary habits?
Mrs. Baroda tried to change Gouvernail’s solitary habits because
she became intrigued by him and wanted to engage with him more. Initially,
Gouvernail was quiet, reserved, and kept to himself, which made Mrs. Baroda
feel both curious and somewhat frustrated. She found his aloofness and
detachment alluring yet unsettling, and her growing attraction to him led her
to desire a deeper connection with him.
To change his solitary habits, Mrs. Baroda made efforts to include
Gouvernail in more social activities and to encourage him to interact more with
her and her husband. She invited him to join them for meals and tried to engage
him in conversation. Her aim was to draw him out of his reclusive nature,
hoping that his involvement in the household would make him more approachable
and open, thus allowing her to better understand him and perhaps foster a
closer relationship.
However, Gouvernail remained largely unchanged in his behavior,
which only intensified Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict. Her attempts to alter
his solitary habits reflect her desire to bridge the emotional and social gap
she felt between them. Her frustration with his lack of response ultimately
contributed to her feeling of emotional turmoil, as she struggled to reconcile
her growing attraction to him with the social and marital expectations she held.
e. How does Gaston disagree with
his wife on Gouvernail’s character?
In "A Respectable Woman",
Gaston (Mrs. Baroda’s husband) disagrees with his wife, Mrs. Baroda, on
Gouvernail's character by defending him as a man of integrity and good nature,
in contrast to the judgment Mrs. Baroda forms based on her initial discomfort.
While Mrs. Baroda finds Gouvernail to be quiet, reserved, and somewhat
enigmatic, leading her to feel uneasy and conflicted, Gaston sees him as an old
friend with no ulterior motives. He describes Gouvernail as a person who is
neither flirtatious nor imposing, but rather someone who is simply shy and
introspective.
Gaston is puzzled by his wife's reservations about Gouvernail,
believing that she is overreacting and misinterpreting his character. He cannot
understand why she feels discomforted by someone who is, in his view, harmless
and a good companion. This difference in their perceptions adds tension between
the couple, as Mrs. Baroda’s feelings of attraction and confusion about
Gouvernail grow, while Gaston remains completely oblivious to the emotional
complexities his wife is experiencing. The contrast in their views highlights
the divide between Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict and Gaston’s more
straightforward and trusting approach to their guest.
f. Why is Gaston surprised with
his wife’s expression towards the end of the story?
At the end of "A Respectable Woman", Gaston
is surprised by his wife’s expression because it reveals an unexpected and
uncharacteristic change in her behavior. Throughout the story, he has seen his
wife as composed, self-controlled, and entirely devoted to him. However, when
she expresses a desire to leave for a while after Gouvernail's visit, Gaston is
taken aback. He does not understand the depth of her internal conflict or the
emotional turmoil she has been experiencing in response to Gouvernail's
presence. Her decision to retreat and her ambiguous expression suggest that
something has shifted within her, though Gaston is unaware of the full extent
of her feelings and inner turmoil.
Gaston is surprised because he cannot comprehend the reasons
behind his wife’s decision to withdraw. He believes that the visit from
Gouvernail has been uneventful, and he perceives her unease as a mere passing
discomfort. Gaston’s surprise comes from his failure to see that his wife’s
attraction to Gouvernail and the emotional conflict it stirred in her have led to
a significant, though unspoken, change in her. The expression Mrs. Baroda gives
at the end, combined with her decision to leave, signals to Gaston that his
wife is not the simple, predictable woman he thought he knew so well.
Reference to the context
a. What is the cause of conflict
in Mrs. Baroda’s mind? What role does Mrs. Baroda ‘being a respectable woman’
play in the story?
The cause of conflict in Mrs. Baroda’s mind arises from her
internal struggle between her role as a "respectable woman" and her
growing attraction to Gouvernail, her husband's friend. Mrs. Baroda sees
herself as a woman defined by social propriety, a role that demands loyalty,
self-control, and restraint, particularly within her marriage. However,
Gouvernail’s reserved yet intriguing presence awakens emotions and desires in
her that she has never experienced before. She feels torn between her desire to
maintain her respectful, composed identity and the powerful, unexpected
feelings of attraction she develops toward him. This internal conflict forces
Mrs. Baroda to confront the limitations of her role as a "respectable
woman" and the complexity of her own emotional and sexual identity.
Mrs. Baroda’s identity as a "respectable woman" plays a
critical role in the story, as it shapes her reactions and decisions throughout
the narrative. In the context of the late 19th-century setting,
"respectability" for women was closely tied to their adherence to
societal expectations, particularly in marriage. Mrs. Baroda, being the epitome
of this respectable ideal, believes she must remain emotionally and physically
loyal to her husband, Dr. Baroda. However, her attraction to Gouvernail
challenges this notion and makes her feel guilty, conflicted, and out of
control. Her struggle highlights the tension between the rigid social
constructs of respectability and the personal, emotional desires that often
contradict them. In the end, her decision to leave for a while and reflect on
her feelings can be seen as an attempt to regain control over her identity as a
"respectable woman," even though this conflicts with her evolving
self-awareness and desires.
b. Sketch the character of
Gouvernail and contrast it with Gaston.
Gouvernail is a quiet,
introspective, and reserved man who contrasts sharply with the more familiar
and outgoing characters around him, especially Dr. Gaston. He is a long-time
friend of Gaston, but unlike many social visitors, Gouvernail is solitary and
somewhat detached. His aloofness initially unsettles Mrs. Baroda, but as the
story progresses, his enigmatic nature becomes intriguing to her. Gouvernail’s
emotional restraint and lack of overt charm or flirtation create a sense of
mystery that stirs unexpected feelings in Mrs. Baroda. He doesn’t try to engage
with her directly but instead keeps to himself, which paradoxically leads to
her deepening attraction and internal conflict. Gouvernail represents the
unknown and the complexity that challenges Mrs. Baroda's carefully constructed
image of herself as a "respectable woman."
In contrast, Gaston, Mrs. Baroda’s husband, is open, confident, and emotionally
transparent. He is familiar and predictable, providing a stable and comfortable
life for his wife. Gaston is unbothered by Gouvernail’s quiet demeanor,
assuming their guest's introversion is simply part of his nature. He trusts
Gouvernail completely and sees no reason to doubt his character. Gaston’s
straightforward, self-assured personality stands in stark contrast to
Gouvernail’s emotional complexity and reticence, and he is unaware of the
tension brewing between his wife and Gouvernail. While Gaston represents
stability and the conventionality of married life, Gouvernail introduces an
element of unpredictability and emotional awakening, leading Mrs. Baroda to
confront desires that challenge her sense of self.
c. Why does Mrs. Baroda not
disclose her feelings towards Gouvernail to her husband?
Mrs. Baroda does not disclose her feelings toward Gouvernail to
her husband, Dr. Baroda, because she is deeply conflicted and feels guilty
about the attraction she experiences. Throughout the story, she views herself
as a "respectable woman," and revealing her feelings would challenge
the image of loyalty, composure, and propriety that she believes is expected of
her as a wife. Her internal conflict arises from the fact that she is attracted
to Gouvernail, yet she is committed to maintaining the stability and
respectability of her marriage. Confessing her emotional turmoil to her husband
would not only disrupt the status quo but also expose her vulnerability,
something she is reluctant to do.
Additionally, Mrs. Baroda’s feelings toward Gouvernail are complex
and somewhat unexpected. She is drawn to him despite his quiet, reserved nature,
which makes her question her own desires and sense of self. Disclosing her
emotions to Gaston might not only cause embarrassment but could also strain her
relationship with him, as she does not want to hurt or betray his trust.
Instead, she tries to deal with her feelings internally, hoping that distance
and time away from Gouvernail will help her regain control over her emotions.
In the end, she chooses silence and withdrawal as a way of coping with her
inner turmoil without confronting the issue directly with her husband.
d. The last three sentences of
the story bring a kind of twist. After reading these three sentences, how do
you analyze Mrs. Baroda’s attitude towards Gouvernail?
The last three sentences of "A
Respectable Woman" reveal a significant shift in Mrs.
Baroda's attitude toward Gouvernail. After her time away from him, she returns
with a newfound sense of clarity and acceptance. The twist lies in her decision
to no longer view her feelings toward Gouvernail as a conflict to be suppressed
or hidden. She acknowledges her attraction to him, but rather than being
overwhelmed or guilt-ridden by it, she seems to have come to terms with the
complexity of her emotions. The fact that she expresses a kind of resigned
acceptance, coupled with her desire to maintain distance from him, suggests a
recognition of the natural, human complexity of desire and attraction, which
contrasts with her earlier attempts to repress these feelings.
In the final lines, it is clear that Mrs. Baroda has shifted from
an internal battle of guilt and repression to a more accepting, if still
conflicted, stance. She no longer feels as if her emotions are an infringement
upon her identity as a "respectable woman." Instead, she understands
that desire can exist alongside the constraints of respectability, and she
seems to resign herself to the fact that these feelings are part of her, even
if they will not be acted upon. This shift reveals her growth, as she moves
away from denial to a more nuanced, self-aware perspective on her desires and
her place within the expectations of her marriage.
Reference beyond the text
a. The entry of an outsider into
a family has been a recurring subject in both literature and films. Narrate a
story real or imaginative where an outsider’s arrival destroys the intimate
relationship between the husband and the wife and causes break up in marital
relationship without direct fault of anyone. Anton’s Chekhov’s story ‘About
Love’ is a story on this subject.
Title: The Intruder
In a quiet, peaceful village nestled by the hills, Sarah and James
had built a life together. Their marriage, though not without its small
disagreements, was filled with mutual respect, love, and the shared joy of
quiet companionship. Sarah had always enjoyed their little cottage with its
small garden, where James tended to the flowers and vegetables while she
painted or read. Their life together was simple, and they found comfort in each
other's presence, with no room for anything that could disrupt their harmony.
However, this peaceful existence was disrupted one summer when
Sarah's old friend, Clara, arrived at their doorstep. Clara had been Sarah’s
closest friend during her university years, but after Sarah married James, the
two had grown apart. Clara, an adventurous and free-spirited woman, had chosen
a life of travel and career over settling down. She had seen the world, and
now, weary from a recent failed relationship, she sought solace in the calm of
Sarah’s home. James, though initially indifferent, welcomed Clara, hoping to make
her feel at ease in their home.
At first, Clara’s presence seemed harmless. She brought a spark of
energy to the house that both Sarah and James had been missing for a while. She
would tell stories of distant places, new cultures, and the people she had met.
Sarah, who had always been somewhat reserved, began to open up more with Clara,
reminiscing about the days they spent together in their youth. James, too,
found himself enjoying Clara’s company. Her lively personality was a welcome
change from the routine of their daily lives. However, as days passed, subtle
shifts began to occur.
Clara, with her worldly charm, began to slowly eclipse the quiet
intimacy Sarah and James had shared. James found himself drawn to Clara’s
vivacity, captivated by her stories of adventure and her confident, carefree
attitude. He started spending more time with Clara, talking late into the
night, while Sarah began to feel a growing sense of distance from both of them.
What began as a friendly connection between the three gradually turned into an
unspoken emotional rivalry. Sarah’s insecurities crept in as she realized how
much of an impact Clara had on her husband. She found herself withdrawing,
retreating to her art or her books, avoiding the dynamic that was slowly
shifting the balance of her marriage.
Neither James nor Clara consciously intended to create such a
rift. Clara did not seek to steal James’ affection, nor did James want to
betray Sarah. Yet, the arrival of the outsider into their home, with her
free-spirited nature and stories of a life full of experiences, unknowingly
challenged the foundation of Sarah and James’ relationship. Sarah, feeling both
alienated and hurt, began to question her own role in the relationship. She
felt that she could not compete with Clara’s youthful exuberance and the new
energy she had brought into their home.
One evening, after a long day, Sarah sat with James, who had been
absent-mindedly watching Clara prepare for her departure. The air between them
had grown thick with unspoken words. Sarah, with quiet tears in her eyes, told
James that she needed space to rediscover herself, away from Clara’s presence.
James, though still unaware of the depth of the emotional chasm between them,
agreed to give her the time she needed. Clara left soon after, sensing the
tension, and Sarah and James were left alone to face the truth that their bond
had weakened in ways they hadn’t realized.
In the weeks that followed, Sarah found herself questioning if
their love could ever return to its former closeness. The arrival of Clara had
introduced a crack in the foundation of their marriage, one that was too
fragile to repair with simple apologies or explanations. The emotional distance
had been created not by any fault of Clara or James, but by the intrusion of a
third presence into a relationship that had once felt impenetrable. It wasn’t
that they didn’t love each other anymore, but the intimate connection they once
shared had been fractured, and it felt impossible to put back together.
Their marriage, once filled with quiet contentment, now stood on
the edge of an uncertain future. The arrival of the outsider had not been the
direct cause of their eventual breakup, but it had undeniably shifted the
balance, making them realize that their love, though deep, was vulnerable to
the forces that could change it—an outsider’s presence, a shift in attention,
and an unspoken emotional rivalry that no one had seen coming.
b. Mrs. Baroda makes an
expectation about Gouvernail even before meeting him. Suppose you are a mature
girl/boy and your family members are giving you pressure for getting married.
Write in about 200 words describing what qualities you would like to get in
your future husband/wife.
As a mature individual, I understand the importance of marriage
and the responsibilities it entails. While I do acknowledge the pressure from
family members to settle down, I believe that marriage should be built on
mutual respect, trust, and understanding. The qualities I would seek in a
future spouse would go beyond superficial traits and focus on emotional
compatibility, shared values, and a genuine connection.
First and foremost, I would want my partner to be compassionate
and empathetic. The ability to understand and support each other through both
good and challenging times is essential in a lasting relationship. I would also
value someone who is honest, transparent, and communicates openly—without
these, any relationship risks becoming strained and fragile. Humor is another
quality I highly appreciate; life is often stressful, and having a partner who
can bring joy and laughter into everyday situations is invaluable.
Equally important is shared intellectual and emotional growth. I
would want someone who encourages my ambitions, respects my individuality, and
who also has a sense of independence and self-awareness. Finally, loyalty and
kindness would be at the core of our partnership. Ultimately, I want to build a
life with a partner who not only shares common goals but also values the
personal growth and happiness of both individuals within the marriage.
3rd
Story
A Devoted Son
Anita Desai
"A Devoted Son" is a short
story by Anita Desai, an Indian
author known for her insightful explorations of family dynamics and complex
human emotions. Desai's work often delves into themes of personal identity, relationships,
and the tensions between tradition and modernity. In "A Devoted Son,"
she examines the intricacies of family relationships, particularly between a
son and his aging father.
Setting
The story is set in an urban middle-class household in India. The
story takes place in a contemporary setting, reflecting the changing dynamics
in Indian families. The house is described as being in a "quiet
neighborhood," and there are subtle references to the societal
expectations of Indian families, especially regarding respect for elders,
filial duty, and social reputation.
Plot
In "A Devoted Son"
by Anita Desai, a brilliant and respectful son, Rakesh, rises from humble
beginnings to become a successful doctor, fulfilling his parents' dreams.
However, as his father ages, Rakesh's well-intentioned but strict care creates
emotional distance, revealing the painful gap between devotion and personal
freedom.
Main Characters
Rakesh
Rakesh is the “devoted son” of the story. A
brilliant and respectful young man, he rises from a modest background to become
a successful doctor. Despite his achievements, he remains loyal to his family,
especially his father. His devotion, however, takes on a controlling form as he
insists on strict medical care for his aging father, leading to emotional
tension.
Varma (Rakesh’s father)
Mr. Varma is a proud father who once delighted
in his son's success. As he grows old and weak, he struggles with Rakesh’s
strict rules regarding his diet and medicine. He feels frustrated and helpless,
believing that his son has taken away his small joys under the guise of care.
Rakesh’s mother (Mrs. Varma)
Though a minor character, she represents the
traditional, quiet Indian mother. She supports the family but does not
interfere much in the conflicts between Rakesh and his father.
Rakesh’s wife
She plays a background role, managing the
household and raising children, but doesn’t directly affect the central
father-son conflict.
These characters reflect a typical Indian
family setup and highlight the emotional complexities in relationships
where love and care sometimes become sources of control and misunderstanding.
Themes
The main themes of A Devoted Son by
Anita Desai include:
1. : The
story explores the tension between duty and personal desires within family
relationships. Rakesh is portrayed as a devoted son, sacrificing his own
ambitions to meet his father’s high expectations. His duty towards his father
becomes the central focus, highlighting the responsibilities children often
feel toward aging parents.
2. : The
story depicts a generational divide between the father, who holds onto
traditional values and expectations, and his son, who seeks to balance personal
success and familial obligations. The father, initially proud of his son’s
achievements, becomes resentful when Rakesh begins to live life on his own
terms, which reflects the changing dynamics between parents and children over
time.
3. :
The father’s intense desire for Rakesh to become a successful doctor and
support the family contrasts with Rakesh’s aspirations. Rakesh’s success,
though fulfilling his father’s wishes, ultimately creates a gap between the two
characters, revealing how parental expectations can sometimes stifle individual
growth and desires.
4. : The
father’s pride in his son’s success gradually turns into resentment when he
feels neglected and loses control in the family. His stubbornness prevents him
from recognizing his son’s devotion, and his inability to accept his son’s role
as an adult creates emotional distance between them.
5. :
The story touches upon the role of cultural norms and societal expectations in
shaping the relationships within families. In Indian society, the concept of
respect for elders and the duty of children to care for their parents is a
strong value. The story examines how these societal pressures can influence
individuals' decisions and shape family dynamics.
6. : The
narrative delves into the complex nature of love in family relationships.
Rakesh’s love for his father is evident in his actions, but it is misunderstood
and rejected by the father, who interprets it as neglect. The story suggests
that love, while often the motivating force behind actions, can be
misunderstood and lead to unintended consequences.
Summary
A Devoted Son by Anita Desai
tells the story of Rakesh, a bright and ambitious young man from a modest
Indian family, and his relationship with his father, Mr. Verma. Rakesh, the
first in his family to receive an education, excels academically and becomes a
successful doctor, much to the pride of his parents. His achievements bring
great joy to his father, who had always dreamed of seeing his son succeed.
Rakesh remains humble despite his success, marrying a girl chosen by his
parents and staying close to home to care for them, reflecting his deep respect
for family values.
As Mr. Verma grows older, his health begins to
decline, and Rakesh takes on the responsibility of caring for him. Although his
care is driven by love and duty, Mr. Verma starts to resent the restrictions
Rakesh imposes on his diet and lifestyle. Rakesh insists on monitoring his
father’s health strictly, limiting the sweets and rich foods that Mr. Verma
enjoys. This creates frustration for Mr. Verma, who feels stripped of small
pleasures in his old age. His pride prevents him from accepting Rakesh’s
medical advice, and he begins to view his son’s devotion as controlling rather
than caring.
Tension grows between father and son, highlighting a
generational gap. Mr. Verma, who once took immense pride in Rakesh’s
accomplishments, now feels alienated by the very success he had once
encouraged. Rakesh, on the other hand, continues to fulfill his
responsibilities dutifully, unaware of the emotional distance growing between
them. Family members, including Rakesh’s wife and children, observe the
strained relationship but remain on the sidelines, unable to intervene.
In the end, Mr. Verma’s stubbornness and refusal to
comply with Rakesh’s care lead to his decline. Despite Rakesh’s best efforts,
Mr. Verma’s health worsens, and he eventually passes away. The story closes
with Rakesh continuing his life, burdened by the knowledge that his unwavering devotion
could not bridge the emotional divide between him and his father. A Devoted Son poignantly
explores the complexities of love, sacrifice, and the inevitable
misunderstandings that can arise within families, especially between aging
parents and their children.
The main themes of A Devoted Son by
Anita Desai include:
1. : The
story explores the tension between duty and personal desires within family
relationships. Rakesh is portrayed as a devoted son, sacrificing his own
ambitions to meet his father’s high expectations. His duty towards his father
becomes the central focus, highlighting the responsibilities children often
feel toward aging parents.
2. : The
story depicts a generational divide between the father, who holds onto
traditional values and expectations, and his son, who seeks to balance personal
success and familial obligations. The father, initially proud of his son’s
achievements, becomes resentful when Rakesh begins to live life on his own
terms, which reflects the changing dynamics between parents and children over
time.
3. :
The father’s intense desire for Rakesh to become a successful doctor and
support the family contrasts with Rakesh’s aspirations. Rakesh’s success,
though fulfilling his father’s wishes, ultimately creates a gap between the two
characters, revealing how parental expectations can sometimes stifle individual
growth and desires.
4. : The
father’s pride in his son’s success gradually turns into resentment when he
feels neglected and loses control in the family. His stubbornness prevents him
from recognizing his son’s devotion, and his inability to accept his son’s role
as an adult creates emotional distance between them.
5. :
The story touches upon the role of cultural norms and societal expectations in
shaping the relationships within families. In Indian society, the concept of
respect for elders and the duty of children to care for their parents is a
strong value. The story examines how these societal pressures can influence
individuals' decisions and shape family dynamics.
6. : The
narrative delves into the complex nature of love in family relationships.
Rakesh’s love for his father is evident in his actions, but it is misunderstood
and rejected by the father, who interprets it as neglect. The story suggests
that love, while often the motivating force behind actions, can be
misunderstood and lead to unintended consequences.
Summary
A Devoted Son by Anita Desai
tells the story of Rakesh, a bright and ambitious young man from a modest
Indian family, and his relationship with his father, Mr. Verma. Rakesh, the
first in his family to receive an education, excels academically and becomes a
successful doctor, much to the pride of his parents. His achievements bring
great joy to his father, who had always dreamed of seeing his son succeed.
Rakesh remains humble despite his success, marrying a girl chosen by his
parents and staying close to home to care for them, reflecting his deep respect
for family values.
As Mr. Verma grows older, his health begins to
decline, and Rakesh takes on the responsibility of caring for him. Although his
care is driven by love and duty, Mr. Verma starts to resent the restrictions
Rakesh imposes on his diet and lifestyle. Rakesh insists on monitoring his
father’s health strictly, limiting the sweets and rich foods that Mr. Verma
enjoys. This creates frustration for Mr. Verma, who feels stripped of small
pleasures in his old age. His pride prevents him from accepting Rakesh’s
medical advice, and he begins to view his son’s devotion as controlling rather
than caring.
Tension grows between father and son, highlighting a
generational gap. Mr. Verma, who once took immense pride in Rakesh’s
accomplishments, now feels alienated by the very success he had once
encouraged. Rakesh, on the other hand, continues to fulfill his
responsibilities dutifully, unaware of the emotional distance growing between
them. Family members, including Rakesh’s wife and children, observe the
strained relationship but remain on the sidelines, unable to intervene.
In the end, Mr. Verma’s stubbornness and refusal to
comply with Rakesh’s care lead to his decline. Despite Rakesh’s best efforts,
Mr. Verma’s health worsens, and he eventually passes away. The story closes
with Rakesh continuing his life, burdened by the knowledge that his unwavering devotion
could not bridge the emotional divide between him and his father. A Devoted Son poignantly
explores the complexities of love, sacrifice, and the inevitable
misunderstandings that can arise within families, especially between aging
parents and their children.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
Answer the following questions.
a. How did the morning papers bring an ambience of celebration to the
Varma family?
The morning papers brought an ambience of celebration to the Varma
family by announcing the academic success of their son, Rakesh. As the family
gathered around the breakfast table, they eagerly scanned the newspaper, and
the news of Rakesh’s top-ranking achievements in his medical exams filled them
with pride and joy. This moment of recognition not only highlighted Rakesh’s
hard work and dedication but also fulfilled the family's expectations for him,
solidifying their pride in his success. The announcement in the paper
symbolized the culmination of years of effort and sacrifice, bringing a sense
of accomplishment and happiness to the Varma household, as they saw their son’s
future unfold with promise and prestige. It set a celebratory tone for the day,
elevating their sense of pride in both Rakesh and their family's reputation.
b. How did the community celebrate Rakesh’s success?
The community celebrated Rakesh's success with great enthusiasm
and pride, as his academic achievement was not just a personal victory but also
a source of collective pride for the entire neighborhood. People in the
community, who had watched Rakesh grow up, took immense joy in his
accomplishments. Friends and relatives visited the Varma household to
congratulate Rakesh and his family, bringing flowers and sweets as symbols of
celebration. The local community recognized his success as a reflection of
their shared values of hard work and education. The news of Rakesh’s triumph in
the newspapers was a topic of widespread discussion, and many people expressed
admiration for the Varma family, praising them for raising such a bright and
promising young man. The celebration extended beyond the family, as Rakesh’s
success became a point of pride for everyone who had been part of his
upbringing.
c. Why was Rakesh’s success a special matter of discussion in the
neighbourhood?
Rakesh’s success was a special matter of discussion in the
neighborhood because it symbolized not only personal achievement but also the
fulfillment of the community’s hopes and aspirations. Rakesh had risen to the
top of his medical exams, which was considered a remarkable accomplishment,
particularly in the context of the traditional values upheld by the community.
His success was seen as a reflection of the hard work, discipline, and
dedication instilled in him by his parents, especially by his father, who had
worked tirelessly to provide for the family and ensure his son’s education. Furthermore,
in a community where educational success was highly valued, Rakesh’s triumph
served as an inspiration to others. It validated the idea that hard work and
perseverance could lead to great achievements, and thus became a point of pride
not just for the Varma family but for the entire neighborhood, making it a
significant topic of discussion.
d. How does the author make fun with the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’?
Rakesh had won a scholarship in USA. His father learnt it to be called
as ‘USA’ and taught the whole family not to say it as ‘America’ as it was the
term to be called by his ignorant neighbours. In this way the author makes fun
of the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’.
e. How does the author characterize Rakesh’s wife?
The author characterizes Rakesh’s wife as an uneducated, old fashioned,
plump girl. She was so placid, complaisant and lazy but too good-natured and
pretty fat one.
f. Describe how Rakesh rises in his career.
After completing his medical education, he started his career as a
doctor in the city hospital and quickly reached the top of administrative:
organization and was made a director. Then, he opened his own private clinic
and became known not only as of the best but also the richest doctor in city.
g. How does the author describe Rakesh’s family background?
Rakesh was from a poor family who used to live in a village in India.
His father worked for a kerosene vendor and his mother spent her life in the
kitchen. His grandparents also used to work as vegetable vendors. Despite of
the poor economic condition, his parents worked hard and sacrificed everything
they have for the higher education and medical college of his son Rakesh.
h. What is the impact of Rakesh’s mother’s death on his father?
Rakesh’s father was broken into pieces by the death of his wife. He
fell ill so frequently and suffered with such mysterious disease named a
peevish whim (sudden irritation in mind) that even his son could no longer make
it out.
i. What did Rakesh do to make his father’s old age more comfortable?
Rakesh used to bring his father his morning tea in the old man’s
favorite brass tumbler, and sat at the edge of his bed, comfortable and relaxed
his father’s night-shirt, and read out the morning news for him. He used to
help his father down the steps and onto the bed, soothing him and settling him
down for a night under the stars.
j. Why did the old man try to bribe his grandchildren?
The old man tried to bribe his
grandchildren in order to buy him sweets and Jalebis from the shop at the
crossroads.
k. Are Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets reasonable? How?
I don’t think that the Mr. Varma’s
complaints about his diets are reasonable. His son had made a diet plan for him
so that he could live a healthy life. Rakesh being a responsible son and a
doctor too, can’t allow his father to risk his life eating unnecessary foods
and sweets. Rakesh did so because he didn’t what to lose his father as he had
already losed his mother. Thus the Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diet aren’t
reasonable.
Reference to the Context
a. How did the Varma couple make sacrifices for their son’s higher
education?
Mr. Varma being a worker in a Kerosene
Dealer Deport and Mrs. Varma being a housewife doing household things have done
and made a lot of sacrifices for their son’s higher education. Mr. Varma had
never seen how the school looks like from the inside as he had never gone to
study. So, he wanted to fulfill his dream from his son and he sent Rakesh to
the school for quality education. Rakesh was the first son in the family to
receive an education. Thus the Varma couple worked hard and sacrificed their
life, time, money and everything they have for the higher education and medical
college of son for the betterment of his future.
b. Mr. Varma suffers from diseases one after another after his wife’s
death. Would he have enjoyed better health if she had not died before him? Give
reasons.
I think yes he would have enjoyed
better health if she had not died before him. He had fell ill as soon as his
wife died. Before the death of his wife he was enjoying his life with no mental
harassment but after the death of his wife he started being in depression and
many other mental conditions. He was broken mentally as well as physically. It
is usual too because when a person with whom you have spended decades, they
become part of your life and when they leave permanently, it is obvious to get
a shock. Thus, if she had not died before him, he would have enjoyed better
health.
c. Dr Rakesh is divided between a doctor and a son. As a son, he loves
his father and worries about his weakening health but as a doctor, he is strict
on his father’s diet and medicine. In your view, what else could Rakesh have
done to make his father’s final years more comfortable?
With no doubt Rakesh is a good son and a good inspiring doctor though
he did remain devoted to his father. Actually he is dividing between a doctor
and a son. In my view, Rakesh could have been more polite and respectful in his
behaviour with his father in the final years. He could have let his old father
take the lead and give him the same independence and freedom because it is the
age where parents feel like they are left behind. Rakesh could have also given
his father some personal space and let him dictate how and when his son helps
him. His loud-speaking made his father very troublesome and miserable. So, if
he had spoken to his father politely and in respectful way, he could have made
his father’s final years more comfortable.
d. What does the story say about the relationship between grandfather
and grandchildren?
Desai’s story “A Devoted Son” shows
loving companionship between grandfather and grandchildren. There is an
unbreakable bond between them; having a close relation, once the grandfather
tried to bribe his grandchildren to bring Jalebis for him. He used the
innocence and mean nature of a small kid for his own benefit. Though he loved
his grandchildren very much but due to his meanness he tried to show his
grandson the wrong path. For that reason, the relationship between grandfather
and grandchildren was found to be innocent, tricky, trusty and bonding in the
story.
e. Do you call Rakesh a devoted son? Give reasons.
Yes, I call Rakesh a devoted son. He
always did whatever his parents have advised or wanted him to do like; good
academic performance, crucial part of a boy’s life which is marriage, and also
choosing to get back to his own nation and live with his family though he could
earn a lot of more money living in the USA. Though Rakesh stuck at some part of
giving his father a happy life but he had tried his best. He always used to
separate time for his old father despite of being very busy in his professional
life. He never wanted his father to suffer. Hence, I think that Rakesh is a
devoted son in the sense that he is able to put his own wishes aside for their
betterment.
Reference beyond the text
a. Write an essay on The Parents’ Ambition for their Children in Nepali
Society. You must give at least five examples.
The Parents’ Ambition for Their Children in
Nepali Society
In Nepali society, parents’ ambition for their children is deeply
rooted in cultural values, social expectations, and a desire to secure a better
future for the next generation. These ambitions often stem from the parents'
own experiences and the desire for their children to overcome the struggles
they may have faced. This strong drive can be seen in many aspects of life,
including education, career, marriage, and social status. While parents’
ambitions are motivated by love and care, they can also create pressure on
children, leading to conflicts and challenges in their relationships.
One prominent example of parents’ ambition is in the field of
education. In Nepal, education is seen as a way to escape poverty and achieve
upward mobility. Many parents sacrifice their own comfort to ensure that their
children receive a good education. For example, rural parents often send their
children to urban areas or even abroad to study, hoping that they will secure
high-paying jobs. Parents aspire for their children to pursue fields like
engineering, medicine, or law, which are considered prestigious and secure
career paths. This ambition can be both a blessing and a burden, as children
may feel pressured to meet these expectations, sometimes at the cost of their
own passions.
Another example is in the desire for children to secure stable and
respected jobs. Many Nepali parents dream of seeing their children become
doctors, engineers, or civil servants. These professions are seen as the
pinnacle of success and stability in society. Parents often encourage their
children to pursue these fields, even if it means pushing them away from their
personal interests or talents. The ambition to secure a respected job also
extends to the pressure of gaining a government position, as it is seen as a
symbol of prestige and financial stability.
Parents also have strong ambitions for their children's marriage
and family life. In many parts of Nepal, the concept of a "good
match" for marriage is often guided by caste, social standing, and
financial stability. Parents work hard to ensure that their children marry into
families with similar or better status. This ambition can sometimes overshadow
the desires of the children, leading to arranged marriages that prioritize
social and economic compatibility over personal choice. The ambition for a
successful and harmonious marriage often reflects the parents' desire to
maintain or elevate the family’s reputation in society.
In addition to career and marriage, parents in Nepal also have
aspirations related to the social status and respectability of their children.
They hope their children will lead lives that reflect well on the family name.
For instance, in some cases, parents may encourage their children to
participate in social and religious events, volunteer work, or community
leadership, believing that such activities will elevate the family’s status. In
these instances, the desire for recognition and respect within the community
plays a significant role in shaping the family’s expectations for their
children.
However, while these ambitions stem from a place of love and care,
they can sometimes create conflict. The pressure to meet these expectations can
lead to frustration, especially if children have different aspirations or feel
trapped in the paths laid out for them. In some cases, the conflict between
parental ambition and children’s personal desires can strain relationships and
cause emotional distress. It is important for parents to strike a balance
between encouraging their children to pursue their dreams and respecting their
individuality.
In conclusion, parents’ ambition for their children in Nepali
society is a reflection of cultural values, the pursuit of social mobility, and
a deep desire for their children’s success and happiness. While these ambitions
can provide opportunities and drive, it is essential to ensure that children’s
voices are heard, and their individual aspirations are respected. Only through
understanding and mutual respect can the gap between parents’ dreams and
children’s desires be bridged, creating a harmonious and supportive environment
for the next generation.
b. Medicines replace our diets in old age. What can be done to make old
ageless less dependent on medicine?
As people age, their bodies undergo natural changes that can lead
to various health issues, often resulting in the increased use of medications.
However, relying too heavily on medicine in old age can sometimes lead to side
effects and dependency. To make old age less dependent on medicine, several
lifestyle changes and preventive measures can be implemented to promote better
health, vitality, and independence.
1. Balanced Diet: One of the
most effective ways to reduce dependency on medicine in old age is by
maintaining a nutritious, well-balanced diet. A diet rich in fruits,
vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help manage many
chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease.
Additionally, including foods high in vitamins and minerals—such as calcium,
vitamin D, and magnesium—can strengthen bones and immune function, reducing the
need for supplements or medications.
2. Physical
Activity: Regular physical exercise is essential for maintaining strength,
flexibility, and mobility. For older adults, activities like walking, swimming,
yoga, or strength training can help reduce the risk of falls, improve
cardiovascular health, and prevent conditions like osteoporosis. Regular
physical activity also helps manage weight, regulate blood sugar levels, and
enhance mood, thus reducing the need for medications that treat various
age-related conditions.
3. Mental
Stimulation and Social Engagement: Keeping the mind active through activities such as reading,
solving puzzles, learning new skills, or engaging in social interactions can
help reduce cognitive decline and prevent mental health conditions like
depression and anxiety. Socializing with friends, family, or community groups
can also provide emotional support and reduce the need for medications that
treat stress or depression.
4. Preventive
Healthcare: Regular health check-ups, screenings, and early detection of
health issues can help reduce the reliance on medications. Preventive care
measures, such as getting vaccinated, managing chronic conditions with
lifestyle changes, and addressing health issues before they worsen, can reduce
the need for long-term medications. For example, managing blood pressure
through diet and exercise rather than relying solely on medications can help
control hypertension in the long run.
5. Holistic
Approaches: Incorporating alternative therapies like herbal medicine,
acupuncture, or aromatherapy, under the guidance of a healthcare professional,
can complement traditional treatments and potentially reduce the reliance on
pharmaceuticals. Practices such as meditation and mindfulness can help
alleviate stress and improve mental well-being, potentially reducing the need
for anti-anxiety medications.
6. Adequate
Sleep: Quality sleep is crucial for overall health, especially in old
age. Sleep plays a critical role in memory, immune function, and emotional
health. Ensuring that older adults get sufficient, restful sleep can reduce the
need for sleep aids or medications for mood disorders.
c. Write an essay on “Care of Elderly Citizens” in about 300 words.
Care of Elderly Citizens
The care of elderly citizens is a critical issue in today’s
society, particularly as life expectancy increases globally. Older adults often
face challenges that require special attention, including physical frailty,
chronic health conditions, and the need for emotional support. As the
population ages, it is essential to ensure that elderly citizens receive the
care, respect, and dignity they deserve, allowing them to live their later
years in comfort and security.
One of the primary aspects of elderly care is ensuring physical
health. This includes providing regular medical check-ups, managing chronic
conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, and offering
assistance with daily activities like bathing, dressing, and mobility. Access
to healthcare services, including home visits by doctors or nurses, can be
crucial for elderly individuals who may have difficulty traveling to medical
appointments. Proper nutrition is also vital, as elderly individuals often need
a balanced diet to maintain energy, immune function, and overall well-being.
In addition to physical care, emotional and social support is
equally important. Elderly citizens may experience loneliness or isolation,
especially if they live alone or have limited social interactions. Regular
contact with family members, friends, or caregivers can alleviate feelings of
isolation and depression. Social activities, such as community events or senior
clubs, can help keep elderly citizens engaged and connected with their
communities.
Moreover, the emotional well-being of elderly citizens should be
prioritized, as they may face significant life transitions, including the loss
of a spouse, friends, or independence. Providing emotional support, encouraging
open communication, and offering counseling or mental health services can help
elderly citizens cope with these challenges.
In conclusion, the care of elderly citizens involves not only
managing their physical health but also attending to their emotional, social,
and psychological needs. It is the responsibility of society to ensure that
elderly individuals live their final years with respect, dignity, and the
support they need to thrive.
3rd Story
A Devoted Son
By Anita Desai
"A Devoted Son" is a short story by Anita
Desai, a famous Indian writer. She is known for writing about family life and
deep emotions. In this story, she shows the relationship between a loving son
and his old father. The story also talks about the differences between old
traditions and modern thinking.
Setting
The story takes place in a middle-class family
home in India, in a quiet city area. It shows modern Indian life and how family
roles are changing. It also reflects how people in India value respect for
elders, family duty, and what others think of them.
Plot
In "A Devoted Son," Rakesh is a
smart and obedient son who becomes a successful doctor, making his parents
proud. But when his father grows old, Rakesh's strict care—though meant with
love—makes his father feel unhappy and trapped. The story shows how love and
duty can sometimes hurt more than help.
Main Characters
Rakesh
Rakesh is the “devoted son” of the
story. A brilliant and respectful young man, he rises from a modest background
to become a successful doctor. Despite his achievements, he remains loyal to
his family, especially his father. His devotion, however, takes on a
controlling form as he insists on strict medical care for his aging father,
leading to emotional tension.
Varma (Rakesh’s father)
Mr. Varma is a proud father who
once delighted in his son's success. As he grows old and weak, he struggles
with Rakesh’s strict rules regarding his diet and medicine. He feels frustrated
and helpless, believing that his son has taken away his small joys under the
guise of care.
Rakesh’s mother (Mrs. Varma)
Though a minor character, she
represents the traditional, quiet Indian mother. She supports the family but
does not interfere much in the conflicts between Rakesh and his father.
Rakesh’s wife
She plays a background role,
managing the household and raising children, but doesn’t directly affect the
central father-son conflict.
Note:
These characters reflect a typical
Indian family setup and highlight the emotional complexities in
relationships where love and care sometimes become sources of control
and misunderstanding.
Themes
The short story "A
Devoted Son" by Anita Desai explores several deep and
meaningful themes. Here are the main themes:
1. Duty and Devotion
The story focuses on Rakesh’s devotion to
his parents, especially his father. Even after achieving success as a
doctor, he remains obedient and respectful. It shows how traditional
Indian values emphasize respect for elders and filial duty.
2. Generational Conflict
The difference in perspective between
Rakesh and his father, Varma, reflects a common clash between the old and
the new generations. Varma expects freedom in old age, while Rakesh tries
to control his diet strictly, believing it's best for his health.
3. Aging and Loneliness
The story depicts the loneliness,
helplessness, and frustration of old age. Varma feels neglected and
imprisoned despite his son’s care, showing the emotional struggle of
elderly people.
4. Expectations vs Reality
Varma had high hopes for Rakesh’s success,
which were fulfilled, but he didn’t expect his son’s devotion to become
strict control. It reflects how love and care can sometimes feel
oppressive when personal freedom is taken away.
5. Tradition vs Modernity
Rakesh represents
modern, educated India, while Varma symbolizes traditional values and
pride. The story highlights the tension between traditional parental
authority and modern, professional reasoning.
Summary
A Devoted Son by Anita Desai tells
the story of Rakesh, a bright and ambitious young man from a modest Indian
family, and his relationship with his father, Mr. Verma. Rakesh, the first in
his family to receive an education, excels academically and becomes a
successful doctor, much to the pride of his parents. His achievements bring
great joy to his father, who had always dreamed of seeing his son succeed.
Rakesh remains humble despite his success, marrying a girl chosen by his
parents and staying close to home to care for them, reflecting his deep respect
for family values.
As Mr. Verma grows older,
his health begins to decline, and Rakesh takes on the responsibility of caring
for him. Although his care is driven by love and duty, Mr. Verma starts to
resent the restrictions Rakesh imposes on his diet and lifestyle. Rakesh
insists on monitoring his father’s health strictly, limiting the sweets and
rich foods that Mr. Verma enjoys. This creates frustration for Mr. Verma, who
feels stripped of small pleasures in his old age. His pride prevents him from accepting
Rakesh’s medical advice, and he begins to view his son’s devotion as
controlling rather than caring.
Tension grows between
father and son, highlighting a generational gap. Mr. Verma, who once took
immense pride in Rakesh’s accomplishments, now feels alienated by the very
success he had once encouraged. Rakesh, on the other hand, continues to fulfill
his responsibilities dutifully, unaware of the emotional distance growing
between them. Family members, including Rakesh’s wife and children, observe the
strained relationship but remain on the sidelines, unable to intervene.
In the end, Mr. Verma’s
stubbornness and refusal to comply with Rakesh’s care lead to his decline.
Despite Rakesh’s best efforts, Mr. Verma’s health worsens, and he eventually
passes away. The story closes with Rakesh continuing his life, burdened by the
knowledge that his unwavering devotion could not bridge the emotional divide
between him and his father. A Devoted Son poignantly explores
the complexities of love, sacrifice, and the inevitable misunderstandings that
can arise within families, especially between aging parents and their children.
Understanding
the text
Answer the following questions.
a.
How did the morning papers bring an ambience of celebration to the Varma
family?
The morning papers brought an
ambience of celebration to the Varma family by announcing the academic success
of their son, Rakesh. As the family gathered around the breakfast table, they
eagerly scanned the newspaper, and the news of Rakesh’s top-ranking achievements
in his medical exams filled them with pride and joy. This moment of recognition
not only highlighted Rakesh’s hard work and dedication but also fulfilled the
family's expectations for him, solidifying their pride in his success. The
announcement in the paper symbolized the culmination of years of effort and
sacrifice, bringing a sense of accomplishment and happiness to the Varma
household, as they saw their son’s future unfold with promise and prestige. It
set a celebratory tone for the day, elevating their sense of pride in both
Rakesh and their family's reputation.
b.
How did the community celebrate Rakesh’s success?
The community celebrated Rakesh's
success with great enthusiasm and pride, as his academic achievement was not
just a personal victory but also a source of collective pride for the entire
neighborhood. People in the community, who had watched Rakesh grow up, took
immense joy in his accomplishments. Friends and relatives visited the Varma
household to congratulate Rakesh and his family, bringing flowers and sweets as
symbols of celebration. The local community recognized his success as a
reflection of their shared values of hard work and education. The news of
Rakesh’s triumph in the newspapers was a topic of widespread discussion, and
many people expressed admiration for the Varma family, praising them for
raising such a bright and promising young man. The celebration extended beyond
the family, as Rakesh’s success became a point of pride for everyone who had
been part of his upbringing.
c.
Why was Rakesh’s success a special matter of discussion in the neighbourhood?
Rakesh’s success was a special
matter of discussion in the neighborhood because it symbolized not only
personal achievement but also the fulfillment of the community’s hopes and
aspirations. Rakesh had risen to the top of his medical exams, which was
considered a remarkable accomplishment, particularly in the context of the
traditional values upheld by the community. His success was seen as a
reflection of the hard work, discipline, and dedication instilled in him by his
parents, especially by his father, who had worked tirelessly to provide for the
family and ensure his son’s education. Furthermore, in a community where
educational success was highly valued, Rakesh’s triumph served as an
inspiration to others. It validated the idea that hard work and perseverance
could lead to great achievements, and thus became a point of pride not just for
the Varma family but for the entire neighborhood, making it a significant topic
of discussion.
d.
How does the author make fun with the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’?
Rakesh had won a scholarship in USA. His father learnt it
to be called as ‘USA’ and taught the whole family not to say it as ‘America’ as
it was the term to be called by his ignorant neighbours. In this way the author
makes fun of the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’.
e.
How does the author characterize Rakesh’s wife?
The author characterizes Rakesh’s wife as an uneducated,
old fashioned, plump girl. She was so placid, complaisant and lazy but too
good-natured and pretty fat one.
f.
Describe how Rakesh rises in his career.
After completing his medical education, he started his
career as a doctor in the city hospital and quickly reached the top of
administrative: organization and was made a director. Then, he opened his own
private clinic and became known not only as of the best but also the richest
doctor in city.
g.
How does the author describe Rakesh’s family background?
Rakesh was from a poor family who used to live in a village
in India. His father worked for a kerosene vendor and his mother spent her life
in the kitchen. His grandparents also used to work as vegetable vendors.
Despite of the poor economic condition, his parents worked hard and sacrificed
everything they have for the higher education and medical college of his son
Rakesh.
h.
What is the impact of Rakesh’s mother’s death on his father?
Rakesh’s father was broken into pieces by the death of his
wife. He fell ill so frequently and suffered with such mysterious disease named
a peevish whim (sudden irritation in mind) that even his son could no longer
make it out.
i.
What did Rakesh do to make his father’s old age more comfortable?
Rakesh used to bring his father his morning tea in the old
man’s favorite brass tumbler, and sat at the edge of his bed, comfortable and
relaxed his father’s night-shirt, and read out the morning news for him. He
used to help his father down the steps and onto the bed, soothing him and
settling him down for a night under the stars.
j.
Why did the old man try to bribe his grandchildren?
The old man tried to bribe his grandchildren in order to buy him
sweets and Jalebis from the shop at the crossroads.
k.
Are Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets reasonable? How?
I don’t think that the Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets are
reasonable. His son had made a diet plan for him so that he could live a
healthy life. Rakesh being a responsible son and a doctor too, can’t allow his
father to risk his life eating unnecessary foods and sweets. Rakesh did so
because he didn’t what to lose his father as he had already losed his mother.
Thus the Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diet aren’t reasonable.
Reference
to the Context
a.
How did the Varma couple make sacrifices for their son’s higher education?
Mr. Varma being a worker in a Kerosene Dealer Deport and Mrs. Varma
being a housewife doing household things have done and made a lot of sacrifices
for their son’s higher education. Mr. Varma had never seen how the school looks
like from the inside as he had never gone to study. So, he wanted to fulfill
his dream from his son and he sent Rakesh to the school for quality education.
Rakesh was the first son in the family to receive an education. Thus the Varma
couple worked hard and sacrificed their life, time, money and everything they
have for the higher education and medical college of son for the betterment of
his future.
b.
Mr. Varma suffers from diseases one after another after his wife’s death. Would
he have enjoyed better health if she had not died before him? Give reasons.
I think yes he would have enjoyed better health if she had not died
before him. He had fell ill as soon as his wife died. Before the death of his
wife he was enjoying his life with no mental harassment but after the death of
his wife he started being in depression and many other mental conditions. He
was broken mentally as well as physically. It is usual too because when a
person with whom you have spended decades, they become part of your life and
when they leave permanently, it is obvious to get a shock. Thus, if she had not
died before him, he would have enjoyed better health.
c. Dr
Rakesh is divided between a doctor and a son. As a son, he loves his father and
worries about his weakening health but as a doctor, he is strict on his
father’s diet and medicine. In your view, what else could Rakesh have done to
make his father’s final years more comfortable?
With no doubt Rakesh is a good son and a good inspiring
doctor though he did remain devoted to his father. Actually he is dividing
between a doctor and a son. In my view, Rakesh could have been more polite and
respectful in his behaviour with his father in the final years. He could have
let his old father take the lead and give him the same independence and freedom
because it is the age where parents feel like they are left behind. Rakesh
could have also given his father some personal space and let him dictate how and
when his son helps him. His loud-speaking made his father very troublesome and
miserable. So, if he had spoken to his father politely and in respectful way,
he could have made his father’s final years more comfortable.
d.
What does the story say about the relationship between grandfather and
grandchildren?
Desai’s story “A Devoted Son” shows loving companionship between
grandfather and grandchildren. There is an unbreakable bond between them;
having a close relation, once the grandfather tried to bribe his grandchildren
to bring Jalebis for him. He used the innocence and mean nature of a small kid
for his own benefit. Though he loved his grandchildren very much but due to his
meanness he tried to show his grandson the wrong path. For that reason, the
relationship between grandfather and grandchildren was found to be innocent,
tricky, trusty and bonding in the story.
e. Do you
call Rakesh a devoted son? Give reasons.
Yes, I call Rakesh a devoted son. He always did whatever his parents
have advised or wanted him to do like; good academic performance, crucial part
of a boy’s life which is marriage, and also choosing to get back to his own
nation and live with his family though he could earn a lot of more money living
in the USA. Though Rakesh stuck at some part of giving his father a happy life
but he had tried his best. He always used to separate time for his old father
despite of being very busy in his professional life. He never wanted his father
to suffer. Hence, I think that Rakesh is a devoted son in the sense that he is
able to put his own wishes aside for their betterment.
Reference
beyond the text
a.
Write an essay on The Parents’ Ambition for their Children in Nepali Society.
You must give at least five examples.
The Parents’ Ambition for Their
Children in Nepali Society
In Nepali society, parents’ ambition
for their children is deeply rooted in cultural values, social expectations,
and a desire to secure a better future for the next generation. These ambitions
often stem from the parents' own experiences and the desire for their children
to overcome the struggles they may have faced. This strong drive can be seen in
many aspects of life, including education, career, marriage, and social status.
While parents’ ambitions are motivated by love and care, they can also create
pressure on children, leading to conflicts and challenges in their
relationships.
One prominent example of parents’
ambition is in the field of education. In Nepal, education is seen as a way to
escape poverty and achieve upward mobility. Many parents sacrifice their own
comfort to ensure that their children receive a good education. For example,
rural parents often send their children to urban areas or even abroad to study,
hoping that they will secure high-paying jobs. Parents aspire for their
children to pursue fields like engineering, medicine, or law, which are
considered prestigious and secure career paths. This ambition can be both a
blessing and a burden, as children may feel pressured to meet these
expectations, sometimes at the cost of their own passions.
Another example is in the desire
for children to secure stable and respected jobs. Many Nepali parents dream of
seeing their children become doctors, engineers, or civil servants. These
professions are seen as the pinnacle of success and stability in society.
Parents often encourage their children to pursue these fields, even if it means
pushing them away from their personal interests or talents. The ambition to
secure a respected job also extends to the pressure of gaining a government
position, as it is seen as a symbol of prestige and financial stability.
Parents also have strong ambitions
for their children's marriage and family life. In many parts of Nepal, the
concept of a "good match" for marriage is often guided by caste,
social standing, and financial stability. Parents work hard to ensure that
their children marry into families with similar or better status. This ambition
can sometimes overshadow the desires of the children, leading to arranged
marriages that prioritize social and economic compatibility over personal choice.
The ambition for a successful and harmonious marriage often reflects the
parents' desire to maintain or elevate the family’s reputation in society.
In addition to career and
marriage, parents in Nepal also have aspirations related to the social status
and respectability of their children. They hope their children will lead lives
that reflect well on the family name. For instance, in some cases, parents may
encourage their children to participate in social and religious events,
volunteer work, or community leadership, believing that such activities will
elevate the family’s status. In these instances, the desire for recognition and
respect within the community plays a significant role in shaping the family’s
expectations for their children.
However, while these ambitions
stem from a place of love and care, they can sometimes create conflict. The
pressure to meet these expectations can lead to frustration, especially if
children have different aspirations or feel trapped in the paths laid out for
them. In some cases, the conflict between parental ambition and children’s
personal desires can strain relationships and cause emotional distress. It is
important for parents to strike a balance between encouraging their children to
pursue their dreams and respecting their individuality.
In conclusion, parents’ ambition
for their children in Nepali society is a reflection of cultural values, the
pursuit of social mobility, and a deep desire for their children’s success and
happiness. While these ambitions can provide opportunities and drive, it is
essential to ensure that children’s voices are heard, and their individual
aspirations are respected. Only through understanding and mutual respect can
the gap between parents’ dreams and children’s desires be bridged, creating a
harmonious and supportive environment for the next generation.
b.
Medicines replace our diets in old age. What can be done to make old ageless
less dependent on medicine?
As people age, their bodies
undergo natural changes that can lead to various health issues, often resulting
in the increased use of medications. However, relying too heavily on medicine
in old age can sometimes lead to side effects and dependency. To make old age
less dependent on medicine, several lifestyle changes and preventive measures
can be implemented to promote better health, vitality, and independence.
1. Balanced Diet: One of the most effective
ways to reduce dependency on medicine in old age is by maintaining a
nutritious, well-balanced diet. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole
grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help manage many chronic conditions
such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Additionally,
including foods high in vitamins and minerals—such as calcium, vitamin D, and
magnesium—can strengthen bones and immune function, reducing the need for
supplements or medications.
2. Physical
Activity:
Regular physical exercise is essential for maintaining strength, flexibility,
and mobility. For older adults, activities like walking, swimming, yoga, or
strength training can help reduce the risk of falls, improve cardiovascular
health, and prevent conditions like osteoporosis. Regular physical activity
also helps manage weight, regulate blood sugar levels, and enhance mood, thus
reducing the need for medications that treat various age-related conditions.
3. Mental
Stimulation and Social Engagement: Keeping the mind active through
activities such as reading, solving puzzles, learning new skills, or engaging
in social interactions can help reduce cognitive decline and prevent mental
health conditions like depression and anxiety. Socializing with friends,
family, or community groups can also provide emotional support and reduce the
need for medications that treat stress or depression.
4. Preventive
Healthcare: Regular health check-ups, screenings, and early detection of
health issues can help reduce the reliance on medications. Preventive care
measures, such as getting vaccinated, managing chronic conditions with
lifestyle changes, and addressing health issues before they worsen, can reduce
the need for long-term medications. For example, managing blood pressure
through diet and exercise rather than relying solely on medications can help
control hypertension in the long run.
5. Holistic
Approaches: Incorporating alternative therapies like herbal medicine,
acupuncture, or aromatherapy, under the guidance of a healthcare professional,
can complement traditional treatments and potentially reduce the reliance on
pharmaceuticals. Practices such as meditation and mindfulness can help
alleviate stress and improve mental well-being, potentially reducing the need
for anti-anxiety medications.
6. Adequate
Sleep:
Quality sleep is crucial for overall health, especially in old age. Sleep plays
a critical role in memory, immune function, and emotional health. Ensuring that
older adults get sufficient, restful sleep can reduce the need for sleep aids
or medications for mood disorders.
c.
Write an essay on “Care of Elderly Citizens” in about 300 words.
Care
of Elderly Citizens
The care of elderly citizens is a
critical issue in today’s society, particularly as life expectancy increases
globally. Older adults often face challenges that require special attention,
including physical frailty, chronic health conditions, and the need for
emotional support. As the population ages, it is essential to ensure that
elderly citizens receive the care, respect, and dignity they deserve, allowing
them to live their later years in comfort and security.
One of the primary aspects of
elderly care is ensuring physical health. This includes providing regular
medical check-ups, managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension,
or arthritis, and offering assistance with daily activities like bathing,
dressing, and mobility. Access to healthcare services, including home visits by
doctors or nurses, can be crucial for elderly individuals who may have
difficulty traveling to medical appointments. Proper nutrition is also vital,
as elderly individuals often need a balanced diet to maintain energy, immune
function, and overall well-being.
In addition to physical care,
emotional and social support is equally important. Elderly citizens may
experience loneliness or isolation, especially if they live alone or have
limited social interactions. Regular contact with family members, friends, or
caregivers can alleviate feelings of isolation and depression. Social
activities, such as community events or senior clubs, can help keep elderly
citizens engaged and connected with their communities.
Moreover, the emotional well-being
of elderly citizens should be prioritized, as they may face significant life
transitions, including the loss of a spouse, friends, or independence.
Providing emotional support, encouraging open communication, and offering
counseling or mental health services can help elderly citizens cope with these
challenges.
In conclusion, the care of elderly
citizens involves not only managing their physical health but also attending to
their emotional, social, and psychological needs. It is the responsibility of
society to ensure that elderly individuals live their final years with respect,
dignity, and the support they need to thrive.
The Treasure in the Forest
H.G. Wells
"The Treasure in the Forest" is a short story by H.G. Wells, written in 1894. It is full of adventure, suspense, and a little horror. The story shows what can happen when people become too greedy and ignore the dangers around them.
About the Writer
H.G. Wells (1866–1946) was a famous English writer, best known for his science fiction. His stories often talk about human ambition, science, and the problems they can cause. In this story, he moves away from science fiction to tell a lesson about greed and danger.
Characters
1. Evans – One of the two treasure seekers. Evans is impulsive and driven by greed. His carelessness leads to his fatal encounter with the poisonous plants.
2. Hooker – The more cautious of the two, Hooker tries to assess the situation but is ultimately powerless to save Evans or himself.
3. Chang-hi – The Chinese man who originally owned the treasure map. He is killed by Evans and Hooker, but his knowledge of the trap indirectly leads to the deaths of the two men.
Themes
- Greed and Its Consequences – Evans and Hooker’s desire for wealth leads to their demise, illustrating how blind ambition can be self-destructive.
- Nature as an Adversary – The tropical forest, with its hidden dangers, serves as a reminder of humanity’s vulnerability in the face of nature’s power.
- Moral Retribution – The deaths of Evans and Hooker can be seen as a form of poetic justice for their betrayal and murder of Chang-hi.
Summary
"The Treasure in the Forest" by H.G. Wells is a short story about two adventurers, Evans and Hooker, who set out to retrieve a hidden treasure in a remote tropical forest. The story begins with the two men rowing ashore after sailing to an isolated island, guided by a map they obtained by killing a Chinese man named Chang-hi. As they enter the dense forest, they are driven by the promise of wealth but are also uneasy, haunted by the memory of Chang-hi’s sinister smile before his death. The oppressive heat and silence of the forest add to their growing sense of unease.
Following the map’s directions, Evans and Hooker discover the treasure’s location, marked by peculiar white, spiky plants. Eager to uncover the gold, Evans begins digging immediately, despite the strange appearance of the plants. In his haste, he pricks his finger on one of the spines but dismisses it as unimportant. As the men unearth the hidden treasure, Evans starts to feel weak and numb. The effects of the poisonous plants quickly spread through his body, causing paralysis.
Hooker, realizing the danger too late, tries to help Evans but can only watch as his companion succumbs to the poison. In a desperate attempt to save himself, Hooker begins to feel the same creeping paralysis as he inadvertently comes into contact with the plants. The story ends with both men falling victim to the trap left by Chang-hi, who had carefully protected the treasure with deadly plants, ensuring that anyone who betrayed him would not live to enjoy their spoils.
The Treasure in the Forest serves as a cautionary tale about greed and the consequences of deceit. Evans and Hooker’s relentless pursuit of wealth blinds them to the dangers around them, leading to their downfall. The hostile environment of the jungle, combined with Chang-hi’s clever use of nature as a weapon, highlights the story’s central theme – which nature and fate often conspire against those who seek to profit at the expense of others.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
a. Describe the expository scene of the story.
The expository scene of The Treasure in the Forest sets the tone for the story by immersing the reader in an atmosphere of unease and foreboding. It opens with Evans and Hooker rowing a small boat toward the shore of a remote tropical island. The dense, silent forest looms ahead, creating a sense of isolation and danger. As they make their way through the humid jungle, the men’s tense conversation reveals that they obtained the treasure map by murdering a Chinese man named Chang-hi. Evans recalls Chang-hi’s cryptic, mocking smile before his death, hinting at the possibility of a hidden danger. This opening scene establishes key elements – the characters' greed, the mysterious treasure, and the foreshadowing of the peril that lies ahead – drawing the reader into a narrative of suspense and inevitable doom.
b. What does the map look like and how do Evan and Hooker interpret it?
The map in The Treasure in the Forest is described as a rough, hand-drawn sketch, likely created by Chang-hi, the Chinese man Evans and Hooker killed to obtain it. It is simple yet cryptic, with markings indicating the location of the hidden treasure within the dense tropical forest. The map shows a path leading inland from the shore, with landmarks such as trees and rocks used to guide the treasure seekers to the precise spot where the gold is buried.
Evans and Hooker interpret the map with confidence, believing it to be accurate and straightforward. They follow the directions carefully, eager to claim the treasure. However, they overlook potential warnings and dismiss Chang-hi’s eerie smile as meaningless. Their interpretation focuses solely on the reward, failing to consider the possibility that the map might contain traps or hidden dangers – a fatal oversight that leads to their eventual downfall.
c. How did Evan and Hooker know about the treasure?
Evans and Hooker learned about the treasure from Chang-hi, a Chinese man who had originally hidden it. Chang-hi likely revealed the existence of the treasure through conversations or indirect hints, sparking the men’s interest and greed. Driven by the desire to claim the treasure for themselves, Evans and Hooker decided to kill Chang-hi and steal the map that led to the hidden gold.
Although they succeeded in acquiring the map, they overlooked Chang-hi’s cunning and vengeful nature. Before his death, Chang-hi gave them a cryptic smile, suggesting that he had anticipated their betrayal and had taken precautions to protect the treasure. This foreshadowed the deadly trap that ultimately led to the demise of Evans and Hooker.
d. Describe Evan’s dream.
During their journey, Evan began to doze and saw a dream. Evan had a dream about the treasure and Chang-hi. In the dream, they were in the forest and saw a little fire where three Chinese men sat around it and talked in quiet voices in English. Evans went closer and he knew that Chang-hi took the gold from a h4ish galleon after shipwrecked and hide it carefully on the island. He worked alone and it was his secret, but now he wanted help to get the gold back. There was a battle and Chang-hi was brutally killed by them. He thought that someone was calling him, so he suddenly woke up.
e. What do the two treasure hunters see when they walk towards the island?
The two treasure hunters saw three palm trees, thick bushes and dim white flowers at the mouth of the stream when they walk towards the island. They also saw the dead body of Chinese man named Chang-hi which makes both of them surprised.
f. In what condition did the treasure hunters find the dead man?
When Evan and Hooker reached the place where the treasure was buried, they saw a dead man lying in a clear space among the trees with a puffed and purple neck and swollen hands and ankles.
g. How did the treasure hunters try to carry gold ingots to the canoe?
The treasure hunters tried to carry gold ingots to the canoe with the help of the coat of which one end of the collar catching by the hand of Hooker and the other collar by Evan.
h. How were Evan and Hooker poisoned?
Evan and Hooker were poisoned as a slender (thin) thorn nearly of two inches length pricked in Hooker’s thumb and Evan rolled over him and both of them crumpled together on the ground which made them suffered a lot.
Reference to the Context
a. How do you know the story is set on a tropical island?
The story’s setting on a tropical island is conveyed through vivid descriptions of the environment. H.G. Wells paints a picture of a dense, humid forest filled with lush vegetation and an oppressive atmosphere. The island is portrayed as remote and uninhabited, with the “stillness of the air” and the “steamy heat” evoking the sense of a tropical climate. The forest is described as thick and tangled, with white, spiky plants that thrive in the heat, adding to the exotic and hazardous nature of the landscape.
Additionally, Evans and Hooker’s arrival by boat and their journey from the shoreline into the forest reinforce the sense of isolation typical of a tropical island. The presence of hidden treasure and the mention of sailing to this location further suggest the kind of adventure narrative often associated with tropical, uncharted islands. These elements collectively establish the setting as a dangerous and mysterious tropical environment.
b. Why do you think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island?
I think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island because of their greed for wealth. They took it as a challenge and the risks as rewards. They were also attracted by the fact that it was the treasure left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon which may cost millions of dollars. So they became crazy about the treasure and took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island.
c. Do you think the narrator of the story is racist? If yes, what made him feel superior to other races?
Yes, I find some sort of racist feelings in the narrator of the story when he presents Evan and Hooker as superior to that of the Chinese man in the story. In fact, a racist is a person who is prejudiced against or antagonistic towards people based on their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized. In the story, we find the Chinese man was brutally killed by Evans and Hooker. When Hooker said to Evans, “Have you lost your wit?”, it also reflects dominating nature of Hooker over Ivan. Thus, many instances in the story state that the narrator of the story looks like a racist.
d. What do you think is the moral of the story?
The moral of the story is that peoples can do anything for money. They can take any kind of risks for it. As in the story Evan and Hooker killed a Chinese man brutally to get their way to treasure buried in the desert, people can even take lives of other. It’s greed that is the disordered desire for more than is decent, not for the greater good but one’s own selfish interest, and at the detriment of others and society at large. Greed can be for anything but is most commonly for money or treasures and power which is much more. At the end of the story, Evan and Hooker both were poisoned. This shows that greediness leads to the destruction. So we should not run behind the money and treasure, rather than focus on our dreams and be happy with the things as much as we have.
Reference beyond the text
a. Interpret the story as a mystery story.
The story “The Treasures in the Forest” is full of mystery. The story has fine descriptions of its mysterious setting and characters. It has a fine plot with various twists in characters’ situations.It’s hard for a reader to predict what is going to happen next. The story is about two treasure hunters, Evans and Hooker who seek to find the hidden treasures in the forest left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon. Some mysterious events are : Hooker murder Chang-hi, a Chinese man to steal the treasure map. Chang-hi grins at them when he gets murdered. They travel by canoe sailing towards the coral island. However, neither of them understands the intention behind it. The fearful surroundings of the forest and the final painful death of the characters create a kind of suspense among the readers. The poisonous thorns appear out to be the main cause of the death of the characters. All these things prove this story as a mystery story.
b. Treasure hunting is a favorable subject of children’s story. Remember a treasure hunting story you read in your childhood and compare and contrast it with ‘The Treasure in the Forest.’
One treasure-hunting story from my childhood that comes to mind is The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss. In this classic adventure tale, a family is shipwrecked on a deserted island, and they discover a wealth of natural resources, including hidden treasure. As they explore the island, the family members embark on various adventures to secure their survival and uncover the treasures of the land, all while overcoming challenges and building a new life. The tone of the story is hopeful and focuses on teamwork, resourcefulness, and optimism. The treasure represents not just wealth but the rewards of hard work, ingenuity, and family unity.
In contrast, The Treasure in the Forest by H.G. Wells presents a darker and more cynical view of treasure hunting. While both stories involve the discovery of treasure on a remote island, the characters in Wells’ story, Evans and Hooker, are driven by greed rather than survival or family bonding. Their betrayal of Chang-hi and their rush to claim the treasure ultimately lead to their tragic deaths. Unlike the resourceful, heroic spirit of the Swiss family, Evans and Hooker’s story highlights the dangers of blind ambition and greed, offering a cautionary tale rather than an adventurous journey. While The Swiss Family Robinson ends on a hopeful note, The Treasure in the Forest shows how the pursuit of wealth can lead to doom.
5th Story
My Old Home
Lu Xun
"My Old Home" is a short story by Lu Xun, one of the most influential writers in modern Chinese literature. The story, written in 1921, reflects the social and political turmoil of China during the early 20th century, focusing on themes of nostalgia, change, and the contrast between the old and the new. Lu Xun is known for his critical stance against traditional Chinese society and his desire to inspire social reform through his works.
About the Story)
"My Old Home" is a short story written by Lu Xun in 1921. It shows how life in China was changing during hard times. The story talks about memories, growing up, and how things change over time. It compares the past and the present and makes us think about how people and places are not the same anymore.
About the Writer
Lu Xun (1881–1936) was a famous Chinese writer known as the father of modern Chinese literature. His stories often show the problems in traditional Chinese society and support the need for change, as seen in works like A Madman's Diary and My Old Home.
Setting
The story is set in Lu Xun’s hometown, Shaoxing, a small town in Zhejiang, China. This setting symbolizes the shift from traditional rural life to modern changes, highlighting nostalgia, decay, and the passage of time.
Plot
In My Old Home, the narrator returns to his childhood village after several years and is struck by the changes in the people and surroundings. As he reconnects with his childhood friend and observes the decaying state of his old home, he reflects on the passage of time, lost innocence, and the painful contrast between memory and reality.
Main Characters
1. Narrator (Lu Xun’s fictional self) A grown man returning to his old home after many years. He feels sad and nostalgic because everything has changed. He remembers the past with both love and disappointment.
2. Runtu : The narrator’s childhood friend, a poor farmer’s son. As a child, he was full of life and told exciting stories. Now, he is tired, poor, and quiet, showing how hard life has been for him.
3. Narrator’s Mother: A kind and caring woman. She reminds the narrator of the old times and helps him reconnect with Runtu.
4. Shuisheng :Runtu’s son. A small boy who represents hope for the future. The narrator gives him books as a sign of starting a new friendship.
Themes
1. Nostalgia and Disillusionment – The story explores the tension between the narrator’s memories of his childhood and the reality of his return. There is a sense of loss and disillusionment as the narrator realizes that time has eroded the beauty and simplicity he once cherished.
2. Social Change and Modernization – Lu Xun critiques the rapid social and economic changes in China, particularly how they affect traditional values and relationships. The story portrays the disintegration of the old way of life and the rise of new social structures.
3. Loss of Innocence – The narrator’s return to his old home signifies a loss of innocence, as he confronts the fact that the world he once knew has been irrevocably altered.
Summary
"My Old Home" by Lu Xun is a reflective and nostalgic short story about the narrator’s return to his hometown after many years of absence. The story begins with the narrator visiting his old home in the small town of Shaoxing, where he once lived. Upon his arrival, he is struck by the changes in the town and his childhood home, which is now in a state of decay. The narrator is confronted by the contrast between the memories of his past and the reality of the present, highlighting the theme of time’s irreversible passage and the loss of the familiar.
As the narrator wanders through the town, he meets his childhood friend, who has become a teacher in the village. The two men reminisce about their past and discuss the changes that have taken place in both the town and their lives. The narrator’s old friend, though still kind and familiar, now lives a life that is far removed from the simple, carefree days of their youth. The conversation between the two reveals the social and economic changes that have affected the town, and the differences in their respective lives. The narrator feels a sense of distance between himself and his old friend, both emotionally and culturally, due to the passage of time.
The story takes a deeper turn as the narrator reflects on the nature of change, loss, and memory. He recalls the time when he was a child, growing up in the same house, and the warmth of the past that now feels distant and unattainable. His return to the house, however, reveals the stark reality that the physical structure has deteriorated, symbolizing the fading of his own connection to his roots. The narrator’s longing for the past contrasts with the harsh reality of the present, creating a sense of disillusionment. The past, while cherished in memory, is gone, and the present cannot fully replace it.
In the final moments of the story, the narrator comes to terms with the fact that change is inevitable and that the past is irretrievable. Despite his nostalgia and yearning for the old home, he understands that life moves forward, and his return to the past can only bring about a painful awareness of how much things have changed. My Old Home reflects Lu Xun’s commentary on the effects of modernization and the loss of traditional values, showing how individuals and communities are shaped by the passage of time and societal transformation.
In short
"My Old Home" by Lu Xun is a story about a man who returns to his hometown after many years. When he arrives, he feels sad to see how much everything has changed. His old house looks worn down, and the town no longer feels the same. He remembers his happy childhood and compares it to the present, realizing that time has changed both people and places. The story shows how the past can feel warm in memory but painful when we try to return to it.
Later, he meets his childhood friend Runtu, who was once full of life but now appears tired and poor. Their friendship still exists, but it feels distant because their lives have become very different. As the narrator prepares to leave again, he realizes that the past is gone and cannot be brought back. He understands that change is a natural part of life, and we must move forward, even when it’s difficult. The story gives a message about growing up, letting go of the past, and accepting the future.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions
a. How does the narrator describe his feeling at the arrival of his old home?
Upon arriving at his old home, the narrator describes a mixture of nostalgia, disillusionment, and unease. He is initially filled with a sense of longing and anticipation, recalling the memories of his childhood and the warmth of his family life. However, as he steps into the old house, he is struck by its deterioration and decay. The familiar surroundings that once held such significance for him now feel alien and worn down. The house, which was once a symbol of comfort and security, now seems to reflect the passage of time and the inevitable changes that have occurred in both the physical space and the narrator's own life.
This emotional reaction reveals his internal conflict between his idealized memories of the past and the harsh reality of the present. He feels a sense of loss as the house no longer holds the same meaning it once did, and his childhood home seems almost like a stranger to him. His feelings are compounded by the awareness that the passage of time has not only changed the physical space but also altered his personal connections and sense of belonging. The visit to his old home becomes a painful reminder that the past cannot be reclaimed, leading to a complex blend of emotions, from fondness to sorrow.
b. What were the three kinds of servants in China then? What does it indicate about contemporary Chinese society?
There were three kinds of Chinese servants: dailies, yearlong and busy-mothers. First are day workers who work for the day or for some time only, sometimes known as short-timers. Yearlong are people who work for the same family all year or more. Finally, Busy-mothers were landowners who only worked for one family at a time, such as around New Year’s festivals, or when rent was due to pay.
The servant in contemporary Chinese society demonstrates the slavery system and the tendency of dividing the work. Based on their statuses, the work used to be allocated.
c. What makes the narrator nostalgic? What did he do with Runtu in his teenage years?
The narrator in My Old Home becomes nostalgic because of the memories of his childhood and the simplicity and warmth of life in his old home. His feelings of nostalgia are triggered by his return to the house and the familiar surroundings that once held deep meaning for him. He remembers the comfort and security of his earlier life, which contrasts sharply with the present decay of the house and his emotional distance from it. The physical changes to the house and the town evoke a sense of loss and remind him of the passage of time, when life seemed more innocent and uncomplicated.
In his teenage years, the narrator spent time with Runtu, a servant from his family’s household. The two shared a close friendship and had a bond that transcended the typical master-servant relationship. The narrator recalls playing and conversing with Runtu during their youth, and Runtu’s kindness and loyalty left a lasting impression on him. Despite the societal barriers between them, they were able to form a genuine connection, with Runtu even accompanying the narrator on some of his excursions and activities. However, as time passed, the changes in both the narrator's life and the world around him distanced him from this connection. Runtu, too, is impacted by the societal shifts and the rise of new social dynamics. The nostalgia the narrator feels is not only for the lost innocence of youth but also for these meaningful, yet forgotten, relationships.
d. How did Runtu hunt a Zha at a young age?
Runtu hunted a Zha by attacking with a pointed knife suddenly while he was standing to watch over watermelons at a young age.
e. How does the narrator make a humorous picture of Mrs Yang?
The narrator has described the image of Mrs Yang. He has associated Yang with the beancurd beauty. The narrator narrates the appearance of Yang with narrow cheekbones and lips. She used to powder her face. He portrays her as the face of two compasses in a geometry box when he sees her and expresses her as a humorous picture.
f. According to the narrator, what were different factors that made Runtu a poor man throughout his life?
The narrator exposes Runtu as a poor man throughout his life. There are many factors behind the poverty of Runtu. Different obligations and social division play the most important role behind his poverty. Alongside he suffered from a lack of opportunities. feeble economic background and discrimination he faced in his prime time is a reasonable factor. Besides it, the bad harvest, too many children, harsh taxes, famine and gentry folks are the other factors behind his poverty throughout his life.
g. How does the narrator help Runtu before leaving the old home?
The narrator helps Runtu before leaving the old home by offering different household items. Since they were leaving Runtu was financially poor, the narrator thought he could make his life a bit easier so he gave him two large tables, a few candles, an incense burner, and a set of scales.
h. How does the author differentiate two kinds of idols?
Superstitious idols and hope are two mentioned idols of the story. He distinguishes between these two types of idols in sense of time and belief, stating that people worship superstitious idols for the short term because they want something immediately, while hope is shown as the long term enduring empathy people need in most circumstances.
Reference to the context
a. While reading the friendship between the narrator and Runtu, Hindu readers remember the friendship between Krishna and Sudama. Which particular description reminds you of the mythological example?
The friendship between the narrator and Runtu in My Old Home evokes comparisons with the mythological friendship between Krishna and Sudama, especially in the way both friendships transcend social boundaries and reflect a deep, mutual connection. In the story, Runtu and the narrator share a close bond during their childhood despite the vast difference in their social standing. The narrator, from a wealthy family, and Runtu, a poor servant, play and interact as equals, forming a genuine friendship that is untainted by their class differences. Similarly, in Hindu mythology, Krishna, a prince and god, and Sudama, a poor Brahmin, share a deep friendship that is not defined by wealth or social status, but by loyalty, love, and mutual respect.
One of the most striking similarities between the two friendships lies in their innocence and simplicity. In My Old Home, the narrator recalls the times when he and Runtu would play together, with Runtu even helping the narrator with tasks or sharing his own knowledge and skills. The description of their shared experiences—without the interference of class or privilege—reminds readers of Krishna and Sudama's friendship. When Sudama, in dire poverty, goes to visit Krishna, their bond remains rooted in their childhood friendship, and Krishna welcomes him with love and respect, not because of Sudama's wealth, but because of their sincere connection. Both friendships are based on true affection and genuine companionship, transcending material conditions.
Another moment in My Old Home that recalls the Krishna-Sudama relationship is the loyalty and mutual support between the two characters. While Runtu is a servant, his loyalty to the narrator is unwavering, and the narrator, despite his changed circumstances, remembers Runtu with a sense of affection and nostalgia. This dynamic mirrors the relationship between Krishna and Sudama, where Krishna shows immense respect and care for Sudama despite his poverty. The narrator's reflection on their friendship, even as he returns to a changed home and sees Runtu's life affected by the social upheavals, highlights a similar bond of mutual respect and enduring connection that transcends time and circumstance.
Finally, the sadness of lost connection between the narrator and Runtu mirrors the poignant moment in the Krishna-Sudama myth where Sudama, though returning with Krishna’s blessings, realizes that their lives have diverged. The narrator, upon returning to his old home, is struck by how much has changed—both in his hometown and in his relationship with Runtu. Runtu, now a teacher, is far removed from the boy the narrator once knew, and their friendship has become distant. Similarly, Sudama's return to his humble home, though blessed by Krishna’s gift, reminds him of the passing of time and the inevitable changes in their lives. Both stories reflect how time and societal changes can distance even the closest of friendships, yet the underlying connection remains a cherished memory.
b. How does the story support the proposition that the relationships of childhood are innocent, impartial and disinterested?
The story My Old Home supports the proposition that childhood relationships are innocent, impartial, and disinterested through the depiction of the narrator’s friendship with Runtu, a servant in his family’s household. During their childhood, the bond between the narrator and Runtu is free from any awareness of social status, wealth, or class divisions. They interact as equals, enjoying each other’s company without concern for Runtu’s position as a servant or the narrator’s privileged background. Their relationship is characterized by genuine affection, spontaneous play, and a mutual sense of companionship, which illustrates the purity and simplicity of childhood connections.
The narrator’s memories of their time together reflect the innocence inherent in such relationships. They did not view each other through the lens of class or material wealth, but simply as friends who shared experiences and enjoyed each other’s company. For example, when the narrator remembers the time they spent playing together, there is no mention of power dynamics or hierarchical boundaries, suggesting that children form relationships based on shared interests and emotional connection, rather than external factors. This impartiality in their bond underscores the idea that, in childhood, relationships are driven by pure emotional connection, without any self-interest or consideration of what one can gain from the other.
Moreover, the disinterested nature of their friendship is shown in how neither Runtu nor the narrator expected anything in return. Runtu, despite his low social status, showed loyalty and kindness, not for any material gain but because of his sincere affection for the narrator. Likewise, the narrator remembers Runtu with nostalgia and fondness, reflecting on their bond without any sense of obligation or expectation. This reinforces the idea that, in childhood, relationships are not influenced by what one can gain from the other, but rather by a natural, unguarded sense of companionship.
The eventual distance between the narrator and Runtu as they grow older further highlights the inherent purity and innocence of their childhood bond. As adults, they are affected by the societal changes and the realities of their respective lives, which introduce complexities and a sense of estrangement. The narrator’s return to his old home reveals that time and societal divisions have fractured their relationship. However, their childhood friendship remains untouched by these factors, symbolizing the imperviousness of childhood innocence to the external world’s influences. The contrast between their childhood and adult selves shows that childhood relationships, in their truest form, are driven by innocence, impartiality, and disinterest—qualities that often fade as people grow and become more influenced by social structures and material concerns.
c. After reading the story, what inferences can you make about the contemporary Chinese economic and social system?
After reading My Old Home, one can infer several key aspects of the contemporary Chinese economic and social system, particularly during the early 20th century when the story was written. The rigidity of the class structure is evident throughout the narrative. The relationship between the narrator and Runtu, despite their childhood friendship, is framed by the stark contrast between their social positions. The narrator, from a privileged background, and Runtu, a servant, are bound by the class system that defines their interactions. This division suggests a deep-rooted social stratification, where an individual’s social class determined their role and opportunities in life, limiting personal growth and upward mobility for those in lower social standings.
The economic inequality present in the story reflects the disparities between the rich and the poor. Runtu, despite his resourcefulness and loyalty, remains in a lower economic position as a servant throughout his life, highlighting the lack of opportunities for social mobility. The narrator’s return to his old home and his reflection on Runtu’s life reveals the stifling nature of the economic system, where the poor were often trapped in their socio-economic status. This limited economic mobility suggests that the system was rigid and oppressive, offering little hope for individuals like Runtu to rise above their social status, regardless of their efforts or talents.
Additionally, the story emphasizes the persistence of traditional societal roles. Despite changes in the social and political landscape, the narrator and Runtu are still defined by their roles in the social hierarchy. The narrator’s nostalgia for the past reflects the resilience of traditional values that upheld class divisions and reinforced the power dynamics within families and communities. Even as time passed and the narrator left for education, these traditional roles remained entrenched, suggesting that Chinese society was slow to adapt to new social and economic realities. The notion of patriarchal control and familial obligations is also evident, with both the narrator and Runtu being influenced by the expectations of their families and communities, despite their personal relationships.
Finally, the limited social mobility highlighted in the story points to the lack of equal access to opportunities. Runtu’s eventual role as a teacher, though a step up from his previous position, does not fundamentally change the power dynamics between him and the narrator. Despite the narrator’s education and broader life experiences, Runtu remains constrained by the systemic inequalities of the time. This reflects a society that was rigidly defined by class and where change was difficult to achieve. The barriers to social and economic mobility are reflected in both the personal lives of the characters and the broader societal structures they inhabit, emphasizing the difficulty of overcoming ingrained social hierarchies in contemporary China.
d. What does the story indicate about the geographical features of the narrator’s hometown?
The setup of the story ‘My Old Home’ is in the winter season of 1921 in ancient China. The story includes the ancient Chinese society often called the contemporary society, its economic condition and social boundaries. The obligations put by ancient society are somehow unethical and inhuman. The story focuses on the true friendship of Xun and Runtu by justifying their respect and locality beside the obligation of making relations between a different class of people.
The story also speaks about climate change and destruction in the name of development. The narrator nostalgically narrates his hometown. In his childhood, his hometown was lovely and surrounded by greenery where the green sky lies above. The story especially focuses on the hometown of the narrator that was underneath the blue-black sky and land covered with green grasses and vegetables. The birds used to fly around his garden and house. He feels very good and warm when he comes home.
But now, when Xun went back to his old hometown after twenty years, everything was changed. The green sky he used to see and wonder was changed into the vast and greying sky where no imagination was possible to be made. they look like they already lost the resemblance of any life, they were drab and desolate. There is no sign of progress over the years.
He also talked about the seaside where he used to go to collect shells of different colours. He also described how he caught the bird; kill Zha underneath the blue-black sky.
6th Essay
Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the
slowly sinking Sun
Shankar Lamichhane
About the Writer
Shankar Lamichhane (1928–1975) was a well-known Nepali writer from
Kathmandu. He wrote in a deep and thoughtful way, often focusing on Nepali
culture, spirituality, and identity. His works talk about the importance of
tradition and the changes brought by modern life.
Setting
The story is set in Nepal, showing its spiritual
places, natural beauty, and rich traditions. Important places like Swayambhunath
(Monkey Temple) are described to highlight Nepal’s unique culture and
peaceful lifestyle.
Plot
In the story, the narrator meets a tourist,
which makes him think deeply about Nepal’s true meaning and beauty. He
reflects on life, death, and human values, and how outsiders may not
fully understand the soul of Nepal. The story shows the narrator’s love for
his country and its spiritual heart.
1. The Narrator: The main character of the story. A thoughtful and
emotional person who loves Nepal, its culture, and spirituality. He
reflects deeply on life, death, and the meaning of Nepalese identity. Through his thoughts, we see his concern for
how modern life and tourism affect Nepal’s traditions.
2. The Tourist: A foreigner visiting Nepal to explore its culture and
beauty. He seems curious but doesn’t fully understand the spiritual depth
and meaning of what he sees. His
presence makes the narrator think deeply about how outsiders view Nepal
and what they might miss.
These two characters represent two
different perspectives:
- One from inside the culture (the narrator)
- One from outside (the tourist)
Themes
1. Love for Country and Culture: The story shows a deep love and
respect for Nepal—its culture, religion, history, and natural beauty. The
narrator feels proud of Nepal’s spiritual richness and worries that
outsiders may not understand or value it.
2. Cultural Identity: The story explores what it means to
be Nepali. The narrator reflects on how important it is to protect
traditions and values, even in a changing modern world.
3. Tradition vs. Modernity: There is a
strong contrast between old traditions and the modern world. The
narrator fears that modernization and tourism may weaken spiritual values
and cultural roots.
4. Spirituality and Peace: The half-closed eyes of the
Buddha represent peace, calmness, and wisdom. The story talks about
the spiritual strength of Nepal, which is deeper than what tourists,
might see.
5. Human Connection and Understanding: The story highlights the lack of
true understanding between people of different cultures. It suggests that
to understand a country, you must connect with its heart and soul, not
just visit its places.
Summary in
short
“The Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun” is a thoughtful story set in
Nepal, written by Shankar Lamichhane. The narrator, who loves his country
deeply, describes the natural beauty, spiritual places like Swayambhunath, and
the rich culture of Nepal. When he meets a tourist, it makes him think about
how foreigners see Nepal only from the outside, without understanding its
deeper meaning. Through his reflections, we see his feelings of pride, love,
and concern for his homeland and its traditions.
The
story has only two main characters: the narrator,
who represents Nepali people and their strong connection to culture and
spirituality, and the tourist,
who represents outsiders who may not truly understand Nepal. The story explores
important themes like love for the
country, cultural
identity, tradition vs.
modern life, and spiritual
peace. The half-closed eyes of the Buddha symbolize calmness,
wisdom, and the deep soul of Nepal. In the end, the story teaches us to value
and protect our traditions while being aware of the effects of modern changes.
Summary
The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha
and the slowly sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichhane is a philosophical and reflective
narrative set in Nepal. The story begins with the narrator observing a tourist
exploring Nepal’s cultural landmarks, such as Swayambhunath Stupa. The
tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local culture and spirituality
spark the narrator’s introspection about how outsiders perceive Nepal. While
the tourist sees Nepal as an exotic destination, the narrator reflects on the
deeper spiritual and cultural essence of the country, symbolized by the
Buddha’s half-closed eyes.
The Buddha’s eyes, half-open and
half-closed, serve as a central metaphor for balance and harmony, representing
Nepal’s philosophy of living a life in equilibrium between material engagement
and spiritual detachment. The narrator contrasts this with the modern world's
focus on materialism and superficial achievements, highlighting the serenity
and contentment rooted in Nepalese culture. The slowly sinking sun, another
powerful symbol, reflects the transient nature of life, emphasizing the
inevitability of change and the importance of accepting impermanence with
grace.
As the story progresses, the
narrator delves deeper into Nepal's interconnectedness with nature and
spirituality, contrasting it with the tourist’s inability to grasp the profound
essence of the land. The essay becomes a poignant commentary on how modernity
often overlooks the simplicity and wisdom of traditional cultures. Through its
meditative tone and symbolic imagery, the narrative celebrates Nepal’s
spiritual heritage while critiquing the shallow understanding of those who view
it from an external perspective. The story ultimately invites readers to
embrace a more meaningful and harmonious way of life.
Alternate
summary
Shankar Lamichhane’s The
Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun is a
philosophical essay that captures the spiritual essence of Nepal through the
reflections of a local narrator. The narrative begins with a tourist exploring
the rich cultural and spiritual landmarks of Nepal, such as the iconic
Swayambhunath Stupa. The tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local
culture spark a deep contemplation in the narrator, who contrasts the
outsider’s superficial observations with the profound cultural and spiritual
truths embodied in Nepalese life. This initial encounter sets the stage for an
exploration of Nepal’s identity as a land of spirituality, harmony, and
balance.
The half-closed eyes of the
Buddha, prominently depicted on Nepalese stupas, symbolize a state of balance
and serenity—being neither fully awake nor completely detached. The narrator
uses this imagery to explain Nepal’s philosophy of life, which integrates the
material and the spiritual. This harmony, deeply ingrained in the country’s
culture, stands in stark contrast to the tourist’s modern worldview, which is
driven by material pursuits and a lack of spiritual grounding. Through this
metaphor, the narrator critiques the tendency of modernity to undervalue the wisdom
and simplicity of traditional ways of life.
As the story unfolds, the slowly
sinking sun becomes another central symbol, representing the transience of life
and the inevitability of change. The narrator reflects on how Nepalese
philosophy teaches acceptance of impermanence, urging individuals to live with
a sense of detachment while appreciating the beauty of the moment. This
perspective is further contrasted with the tourist’s fascination with the
external aspects of Nepal, such as its scenic beauty and cultural artifacts,
without grasping the deeper meaning they hold for the local people.
The narrator’s reflections expand
to highlight the interconnectedness of life, nature, and spirituality in Nepal.
The country’s mountains, rivers, and stupas are not merely physical landmarks
but manifestations of a spiritual essence that guides the way of life for its
people. However, the narrator laments how this profound heritage is often
misunderstood or overlooked by outsiders who fail to see beyond its surface charm.
The essay subtly critiques the modern world’s obsession with materialism and
the loss of spiritual depth in the pursuit of progress.
In conclusion, Lamichhane’s essay
is both a celebration of Nepal’s cultural and spiritual richness and a critique
of modernity’s inability to appreciate it fully. Through its evocative imagery
and poetic reflections, the narrative conveys the essence of Nepalese
philosophy, urging readers to seek balance, harmony, and a deeper understanding
of life. The essay serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of
preserving cultural heritage and embracing a more meaningful and spiritually
enriched way of living.
Understanding
the Text
Answer the
following questions.
a. How does
the tourist describe his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley?
The tourist describes his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley
through the words of appreciation of natural sceneries, landscape, the
fragrance of soil, and the clay-made homes painted in red, yellow, and white.
He feels the air filled with the serenity of mountains and is fascinated by
views of the valley.
b. According
to the tourist, why is the West indebted to the East?
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the tourist suggests that the West is
indebted to the East because of the profound spiritual and philosophical
heritage that the East has shared with the world. The tourist likely reflects
on the rich traditions of Eastern spirituality, such as Buddhism, which have
influenced Western thought, art, and practices like meditation and mindfulness.
This spiritual wisdom, symbolized by the calm and detached gaze of the Buddha,
offers a sense of peace and introspection that contrasts with the materialistic
and fast-paced nature of Western life.
The story hints at the idea that
while the East may struggle economically, its cultural and spiritual
contributions provide a lasting value that the West draws upon for deeper
understanding and personal fulfillment. This dynamic highlights the balance
between material wealth and spiritual richness, reinforcing the notion that the
East's teachings continue to guide and inspire people around the world.
c. How does the
tourist interpret the gaze of the monks and nuns?
The tourist in "Half-closed
Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" interprets the gaze of the
monks and nuns as serene, detached, and full of quiet wisdom. To the tourist,
their calm and observant demeanor reflects a sense of inner peace and spiritual
fulfillment that contrasts with the restless and materialistic nature of modern
life. The monks and nuns, much like the Buddha’s half-closed eyes, appear to
embody patience, acceptance, and a deep understanding of the impermanence of
worldly suffering.
This interpretation suggests that
the monks and nuns are not indifferent but rather possess a tranquil awareness
that allows them to navigate life’s hardships without becoming consumed by
them. The tourist sees their gaze as a reminder of the East’s spiritual wealth,
reinforcing the idea that enlightenment and contentment stem from looking
inward rather than outward. This perspective highlights the difference in how
suffering and life’s struggles are approached in Eastern and Western cultures.
d. Why do the
tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional?
The tourists in "Half-closed
Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" perceive Nepali people as
wonderful and exceptional because of their resilience, warmth, and ability to
find contentment despite facing economic hardships. The tourists are captivated
by the genuine hospitality, humility, and kindness they encounter, which stand
in contrast to the often impersonal and hurried interactions in their own
countries.
Nepali people’s spiritual outlook,
shaped by deep-rooted traditions and a connection to religious and cultural
heritage, also contributes to this admiration. The tourists are struck by how
individuals seem to accept life’s struggles with grace, drawing strength from
their faith and community. This combination of enduring hardship with a sense
of peace and generosity leaves a lasting impression, leading the tourists to
view Nepali people as exceptional in their approach to life’s challenges.
e. What are
the different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu valley and how do they
coexist with each other?
n "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the Kathmandu Valley is depicted as a
rich mosaic of diverse communities, including Hindus, Buddhists, and indigenous
ethnic groups like the Newars. Each community has its own distinct customs,
festivals, and religious practices, contributing to the valley’s vibrant
cultural landscape. Temples, stupas, and shrines representing different faiths
coexist side by side, reflecting the region’s long-standing tradition of
religious harmony and mutual respect.
Despite their differences, these
communities share common public spaces, marketplaces, and cultural
celebrations, fostering a sense of unity and coexistence. Rituals and festivals
often overlap, with people from various backgrounds participating in each
other’s ceremonies. This blending of traditions highlights Kathmandu’s
inclusive spirit, where spiritual and cultural diversity is embraced rather
than divided. The story subtly underscores this coexistence as a testament to
Nepal’s unique cultural identity, where ancient values continue to shape
everyday life.
f. What does
the tourist feel about the temple of Adinath?
When she saw the Adinath temple from Chobhar hill, she feels the
living example of Nepalese tolerance. Nepal is stand out with the example of
harmony because of coexistence and variety of gods, religions, and philosophies.
g. Why does
the guide take the tourist to the remote village?
The guide takes the tourist to the remote village to find the harsh
reality of people living beyond the scenario. He wants to see her poverty and
sympathetic elements of the beautiful country which was never talking in any
novels or books nor seen by other tourists and neither captured by their
cameras.
h. What does
the innocent village couple think of the doctor?
The innocent village couple accepts her as the eldest son who has
brought a life-restoring treatment across the seven seas for his brother.
i. What are
the differences between the paralyzed child and his sister?
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the paralyzed child and his sister
symbolize contrasting aspects of life shaped by physical ability and
responsibility. The paralyzed child represents vulnerability and stillness,
bound to his condition and reliant on others for care. His life is marked by
limitation and quiet endurance, reflecting a sense of passive acceptance.
Despite his immobility, he carries a silent strength, embodying the resilience
of those who must confront life’s hardships without the power to change their
circumstances.
The sister, on the other hand,
represents activity, freedom, and responsibility. She moves through life with
energy, engaging with the world beyond their home while also taking on the duty
of caring for her brother. Her mobility contrasts sharply with the stillness of
the paralyzed child, highlighting the disparities in their experiences. Yet,
this difference strengthens their bond, as her care and compassion reflect the interconnectedness
of their lives. Through this dynamic, the story emphasizes themes of sacrifice,
love, and the quiet perseverance that sustains families facing adversity.
j. Why does the guide show the
instances of poverty to the tourist?
The guide shows instances of
poverty to the tourist to present an unfiltered and authentic view of life in
Nepal. By highlighting the harsh realities faced by ordinary people, the guide
reveals the deep economic struggles that exist alongside the country’s rich
cultural and spiritual heritage. This contrast allows the tourist to witness
not just the beauty of temples and historical sites, but also the resilience
and perseverance of the people who live in difficult conditions.
Additionally, the guide’s
intention may stem from a desire to evoke empathy and awareness, encouraging
the tourist to reflect on the inequalities that persist in society. It serves
as a reminder that while Nepal’s cultural landmarks and spiritual symbols draw
admiration, the daily lives of many citizens reflect a different narrative—one
of hardship and survival. This duality deepens the tourist’s understanding of
the country, leaving a more profound and lasting impression.
Reference
to the Context
a. Which
narrative technique is used by the author to tell the story? How is this story
different from other stories you have read?
The author uses the technique of ‘stream of consciousness technique’
in this story. This story is different from other stories I read ever now
because of the appearance of double views on the story which shows the good and
bad aspects. Unlike other many stories where the author writes only about the
event of the story from one side but if you read this story, it deals with the
monologues of two characters a tourist guide of Kathmandu valley and a foreign
tourist. in other many conventional stories, I read ever follow the stream of
awareness techniques where a narrator shows the action and events through
fictional characters or other ways.
b. How is the
author able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole?
The author is able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a
unified whole by providing the insights and examples of different eyes, views,
experiences and linking them to two different aspects. The author shows the
reality of Nepalese(eastern) poverty and sympathetic aspect which the western
not see from their eyes and doesn’t capture from their camera nor write in
their books. They only see the upper beauty of the Himalayas and green forests.
But they don’t understand and feel the inner reality of the eastern and their
pain suffocated in the poverty and the life spent in lacking. The author shows
the hardship, diseases that the people face in the community. The tourist only
pictures the things of beauty But a guide makes her see the things of reality
and sympathetic pain.
c. The author
brings some historical and legendary references to the story. Collect these
references and show their significance in the story.
In the story ‘The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly
Sinking Sun’, the author brings some historical and legendary references in the
story. They are:
Manjushri and his deed: It is believed that Kathmandu was once a lake
and Manjushri cut a gorge at a place called Chobhar Gorge, near Chobhar Ancient
Hill Village, and drained away the waters to establish a habitable land and
that’s where the Kathmandu valley was formed.
Cultural, tradition, and art crafts: it is mentioned in the story that easterner
had given many things to Westerners; Puranas, images of brass and ornaments of
ivory, manuscripts of palm leaves and inscriptions on copperplate and also
civilization and many musical instruments. If we destroy all the history books
then these are things which would again create a new tradition, religion, and
culture and made us rich in culture, tradition, religion, and air crafts.
The gaze of monks and nuns: The story shows the gaze of monks and nuns
who received alms and spread the law in the nooks and fissures of the
Kasthamandap with ‘the samyak gaze’. This is a sight that perceives everything
in its purest form.
Historical Relationship: The close relationship of Nepal and Tibet at
the time of the licchavi dynasty is mentioned in the story.
Half closed eyes of Buddha and setting sun
reflected in the eyes of the Buddha: The
Half closed eyes of Buddha and the setting sun reflected in the eyes of the
Buddha represents peacefulness and harmony in the country by which people feel
the love and peace.
d. The author
talks about the eyes in many places: the eyes of the shaven monks and nuns,
eyes in the window and door panels, the eyes of the Himalayas, the eyes of the
paralyzed boy, the eyes of the welcoming villagers and above all the
half-closed eyes of the Buddha. Explain how all the instances of eyes
contribute to the overall unity of the story.
In "Half-closed Eyes of the
Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the motif of eyes plays a
crucial symbolic role, weaving together various themes and contributing to the
story's overall unity. Each reference to eyes serves as a metaphor for
observation, perception, and the nature of existence.
The eyes of the shaven monks
and nuns symbolize inner peace, detachment, and spiritual wisdom. Their
serene, composed gaze reflects the calm acceptance of life’s suffering,
embodying the Buddhist ideal of mindfulness and non-attachment. This contrasts
with the eyes in the window and door panels, which are often symbolic in
Nepali culture, representing divine protection or the presence of gods watching
over the people. These eyes are not just physical but convey a deeper spiritual
connection between the people and their faith.
The eyes of the Himalayas represent
the majestic and eternal presence of nature, observing the world from a
distant, detached perspective. They add a layer of timelessness to the story,
suggesting that the natural world, much like the Buddha, watches over humanity
without interference. The eyes of the paralyzed boy embody
vulnerability and helplessness, reflecting the child’s isolation and inability
to engage with the world fully. His eyes, though physically still, carry a
profound emotional depth, indicating a silent resilience amidst suffering.
The eyes of the welcoming
villagers reflect warmth, hospitality, and the inherent kindness of the
people. These eyes symbolize human connection, care, and empathy, offering a
stark contrast to the detachment seen in other eyes throughout the story.
Finally, the half-closed eyes of the Buddha serve as the central
metaphor, representing both peace and indifference. The Buddha’s gaze
symbolizes a passive acceptance of the world’s suffering, urging a reflection
on the tension between divine detachment and human struggle.
Collectively, these instances of
eyes contribute to the story’s unity by highlighting the theme of
observation—whether through the lens of spiritual wisdom, personal suffering,
or societal awareness. The eyes in the story act as silent witnesses to the
complexities of life, underscoring the coexistence of suffering, resilience,
and compassion in a world where different perspectives continually interact.
Through this recurring motif, Gautam explores the tension between active
engagement and passive observation, offering a profound commentary on how we
perceive and respond to the world around us.
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
By Gabriel García Márquez
“A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” is a short story by Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez, published in 1955. It is a great example of magical realism, where strange things happen in a normal world. The story mixes reality and fantasy to make us think about how people react to the unknown.
About the Writer
Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014) was a famous Colombian writer and Nobel Prize winner. He is best known for his book "One Hundred Years of Solitude". His stories often blend magic with real life and talk about social issues in a deep but imaginative way.
Setting
The story takes place in a small village by the sea. It is a simple, rural town where people live ordinary lives. The sudden arrival of a mysterious old man with wings surprises everyone and brings magic into their everyday world.
Plot
Pelayo and Elisenda find a weak old man with wings after a storm. People think he might be an angel, but they treat him badly and use him to make money. Even though a child is healed, people lose interest. Later, the old man gets better and flies away, and no one truly understands who he was. The story shows how people often ignore true miracles when they don't look special.
Main Characters
1. The Old Man with Enormous Wings
A strange, weak old man with big wings. People think he might be an angel, but they don’t treat him kindly. He is misunderstood and ignored even though he is special.
2. Pelayo
A fisherman who finds the old man. He keeps him locked up and uses him to make money. Pelayo is practical and selfish.
3. Elisenda
Pelayo’s wife. She also thinks about the money they can earn from the old man and doesn’t try to understand him.
4. The Sick Child
A child who gets better because of the old man, but this does not change how people treat the old man.
5. The Crowd of Onlookers
The townspeople who come to see the old man. They are curious at first but soon treat him like a strange show and don’t understand him.
Main Themes
1. Human Cruelty and Indifference
People treat the old man badly and don’t care about his feelings because he looks strange and different.
2. The Unknown and Fear
People are scared or confused by things they don’t understand, like the old man with wings.
3. Greed and Selfishness
Pelayo and Elisenda use the old man to make money without thinking about him as a person.
4. Faith and Doubt
People don’t know if the old man is really an angel, and they struggle to believe in something they cannot explain.
5. Miracles in Everyday Life
The story shows how real miracles can happen but often go unnoticed or misunderstood by ordinary people.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
a. How does the narrator describe the weather and its effects in the exposition of the story?
The narrator set up the picture of a rainy day to describe the weather and its effects in the exposition of the story. The rain falls continuously for three days and makes the land and houses filled with rainwater. During the rainy season, the sky and sea were changed into ash grey colour and the sand of the shore glimmered like powdered light, which had become a hash of mud and rotten shellfish. The light sparked was so weak and hard to see.
b. Describe the strange old man as Pelayo and his wife first encounter within their courtyard.
When Pelayo and his wife Elisenda first encounter the strange old man in their courtyard, he appears as a bewildering and unsettling figure. The old man is described as **“very old,” with enormous wings that are tattered and dirty, adding to his odd, otherworldly appearance. His wings are not majestic or graceful, but rather, they resemble those of a vulture, battered by time and neglect. His face is “a little worse for wear”, making him look more like a tired, disheveled traveler than a divine being. The old man’s overall appearance is frail and bedraggled, making him seem out of place in the world of the living, further amplifying the mystery surrounding his identity.
He is not immediately recognized as an angel, though his wings and strange presence might suggest so. Instead, he lies motionless in the mud, seemingly exhausted and vulnerable, with his eyes barely open. Pelayo and Elisenda are unsure of what to make of him at first, and it is only later that they begin to consider the possibility that he could be an angel. His passive, almost resigned state and the unremarkable nature of his wings clash with the villagers' expectations of what an angel should look like. This contrast is significant, as it sets the tone for the treatment of the old man throughout the story, where the extraordinary is met with skepticism and misunderstanding.
c. Why did Pelayo and Elisenda imprison the old man in the chicken coop?
Pelayo and Elisenda imprison the old man in the chicken coop out of a combination of fear, curiosity, and practicality. Initially, when Pelayo finds the old man in their courtyard, he is unsure of what to make of the strange, bedraggled figure. At first, Pelayo considers the possibility that the old man could be an angel, sent to heal their sick child. However, the old man’s appearance and passive demeanor do not match the expected image of an angel, and Pelayo is left confused and uncertain.
As the couple begins to think about how to handle the situation, they decide to confine the old man in the chicken coop primarily for safety and control. They feel a sense of ownership over the strange being, and by locking him up, they can contain him and determine what to do with him. Elisenda also sees the situation as an opportunity for profit, as the townspeople, upon hearing of the old man’s presence, flock to see him. Pelayo and Elisenda eventually charge admission for people to view the old man, treating him as a spectacle. Their decision to imprison him in the chicken coop reflects their pragmatic approach to the unusual situation, prioritizing material gain over empathy or understanding of the old man’s true nature.
d. Why was Father Gonzaga not sure about the old man being a celestial messenger?
Father Gonzaga was not sure about the old man being a celestial messenger because the old man did not conform to the traditional expectations of an angel. Despite the presence of enormous wings, which might suggest some divine origin, the old man’s appearance was far from heavenly. He was dirty, disheveled, and appeared to be frail and human, not the powerful and glorious figure one might expect from a celestial being. Father Gonzaga, a man of religious authority, was skeptical and distrustful of the old man’s authenticity, doubting his divine nature because of his unremarkable and imperfect condition.
Father Gonzaga’s doubt is also influenced by his rigid expectations of what an angel or celestial being should be like. Angels, in the religious teachings of the Church, are usually portrayed as immaculate, pure, and radiantly beautiful, and the old man did not meet any of these characteristics. His inability to speak in Latin, the language of the Church, and his general incoherence further convinced Father Gonzaga that the old man might not be a true messenger from God. Instead of investigating further or offering assistance, Father Gonzaga quickly dismisses the old man and regards him with skepticism, illustrating the theme of human inability to recognize the miraculous when it does not fit into conventional frameworks.
e. Many people gathered at Pelayo’s house to see the strange old man. Why do you think the crowd assembled to see him?
The crowd assembled at Pelayo's house to see the strange old man because of a combination of curiosity, superstition, and the mystique surrounding his unusual appearance. When the news spread that an old man with enormous wings had appeared, the people of the town were immediately drawn to the mystery of his presence. The idea of a celestial being or an angel, even though the old man’s appearance didn’t conform to conventional expectations, was enough to provoke the villagers’ interest. People are naturally intrigued by the extraordinary or unexplained, especially in a small, rural town where such events are rare.
Additionally, there is an element of superstition at play. The townspeople likely believed that this strange being might possess supernatural powers or be able to perform miracles, given his wings and otherworldly nature. Some may have hoped for a blessing or healing, much like the sick child who was reportedly healed by his presence. The crowd’s reaction is also influenced by the tendency to treat the unknown as a spectacle, something to be gawped at, rather than understood or revered. The villagers, rather than approaching the old man with reverence or compassion, view him primarily as a curiosity, which leads to the commodification of his presence as they pay to see him. This reflects the theme of exploitation and the failure to appreciate the miraculous when it does not fit one’s expectations.
f. Some miracles happened while the crowd gathers to see the strange man. What are these miracles?
As the crowd gathers to see the strange old man with enormous wings, several subtle miracles occur, though they are largely overlooked or dismissed by the townspeople. One of the most notable is the healing of a sick child. The child, who had been gravely ill and near death, miraculously recovers after being placed near the old man, suggesting that his presence has some supernatural power. However, the townspeople do not fully grasp the significance of this event and instead attribute the recovery to coincidence or the passage of time. Another miracle is the arrival of a spider-woman, a woman who had been transformed into a spider as punishment for her disobedience. This unusual event adds to the sense of wonder and the supernatural atmosphere surrounding the town. While these miracles occur, the crowd remains more fascinated by the old man’s appearance than by the miraculous changes happening around them, reflecting the theme that humanity often fails to recognize or appreciate the true nature of miracles when they do not conform to their expectations.
g. State the irritating things that the people did with the strange old man.
The people in the story treat the strange old man with enormous wings in highly irritating and disrespectful ways. They crowd around him like a mob, gawking at him as if he were a mere curiosity rather than a being deserving of dignity. They insult and mock him, asking ridiculous questions and criticizing his wings for not being as majestic as they expect an angel’s to be. Instead of offering compassion, they exploit him for financial gain, paying to see him as if he were an attraction in a sideshow. The crowd demands that he perform miraculous feats, and when he fails to meet their expectations, they lose interest, growing bored and disappointed. Their treatment of the old man highlights their lack of empathy, turning the miraculous into a spectacle for their own entertainment rather than acknowledging the divine or extraordinary in his presence.
h. How and why was the woman changed into a spider?
The woman in the story was changed into a spider as a punishment for her defiant behavior. According to the tale, she had run away from home with her lover, disobeying her parents and societal expectations. In response to her disobedience, the woman was transformed into a spider by a higher power, a supernatural consequence for her actions. This transformation serves as a form of divine retribution for her rebellion.
Her story is shared with the townspeople, who are more interested in her transformation than in the moral or spiritual significance of her punishment. The woman’s metamorphosis into a spider serves as a parallel to the old man’s strange presence, both figures embodying the mysterious and unexplained. The story of the spider-woman adds to the magical realism of the narrative, highlighting the surreal and fantastical elements of the world that the characters inhabit, where such transformations can occur and coexist with everyday life.
i. Describe how Elisenda saw the strange man flying over the houses?
As Elisenda watches the strange old man with enormous wings fly over the houses, she feels a mix of relief and disbelief. After enduring the burden of the old man's presence for so long, Elisenda sees him as nothing more than a strange, troubling figure who had been a source of inconvenience and profit. When the old man finally takes flight, Elisenda views it as a final departure that signals the end of his time in their lives.
From her perspective, the old man’s flight is almost a miracle of liberation, a release from the spectacle and burdens he imposed on her and her family. She watches him slowly ascend into the sky, and while she recognizes the impossibility of what is happening, she feels no awe or reverence. Rather, she is simply glad to see him go. As he flies over the houses, Elisenda reflects on the fact that, though the old man is no longer a physical presence in her life, she will not truly understand the nature of his visit or what it meant. The flight is marked by indifference, signifying the emotional distance and unresolved mystery surrounding the old man’s existence and his eventual departure.
Reference to text
a. The arrival of a strange old man at Pelayo’s courtyard arouses many suspicions and explanations. Explain how the neighbour woman, Father Gonzaga and the doctor speak of the strange man. Why do you think these three people give three different kinds of interpretations?
When the strange old man with enormous wings arrives at Pelayo’s courtyard, the neighbor woman, Father Gonzaga, and the doctor each offer distinct interpretations based on their individual perspectives and beliefs. The neighbor woman, driven by superstition, immediately assumes that the old man is an angel sent to help Pelayo’s sick child. She bases this on his appearance—particularly his wings—and the idea that angels are typically sent to intervene in such dire situations. In contrast, Father Gonzaga, the local priest, rejects the notion that the old man is an angel because he doesn’t fit the idealized image of divine beings. He is dirty, frail, and cannot speak Latin, which causes Father Gonzaga to view him with skepticism, reinforcing the institutionalized religious view that only perfectly divine beings can serve a heavenly purpose. The doctor, meanwhile, approaches the situation with a rational mindset, dismissing the idea of divine intervention altogether. He attributes the old man’s wings to a medical condition or physical anomaly, showing his reliance on science and logical explanations rather than superstition or faith.
These three differing interpretations arise because each character views the situation through the lens of their own worldview. The neighbor woman is influenced by faith and superstition, seeing the old man as a symbol of divine intervention. Father Gonzaga, representing organized religion, requires conformity to established norms and dismisses anything that challenges his understanding of angels. The doctor, coming from a scientific and rational perspective, dismisses any possibility of the supernatural and instead looks for a physical explanation. This contrast highlights how human beings often interpret the unknown based on their personal beliefs, values, and roles in society, and how people’s understanding of the miraculous is shaped by their biases and frameworks of understanding.
b. This story belongs to the genre of ‘magical realism, a genre perfected by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in his novels and short stories. Magical realism is a narrative technique in which the storyteller narrates the commonplace things with magical colour and the events look both magical and real at the same time. Collect five magic realist happenings from the story and argue why they seem magical to you.
In Gabriel García Márquez's “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” the story blends the ordinary with the extraordinary, a hallmark of magical realism. One of the most striking magical realist elements is the arrival of the old man with enormous wings. His appearance in Pelayo’s courtyard is both baffling and remarkable, yet it is treated with indifference by the characters. The wings are a fantastical, magical feature, but the characters—rather than reacting with awe or disbelief—take his presence as an inconvenient curiosity, treating him as if he were just another part of the world, making this event both magical and mundane at the same time.
Another magical realist moment occurs when the old man begins to fly over the houses. The concept of a human flying, especially an old man with worn wings, is an impossible phenomenon in reality. However, in the story, it is presented casually, almost as a natural conclusion to his existence in the town. His flight, though magical, does not spark the expected wonder; instead, it is treated as just another oddity. This blending of the magical and the everyday is a defining characteristic of magical realism, where the extraordinary becomes part of the normal fabric of life.
The transformation of a woman into a spider also exemplifies magical realism. The woman, who had run away with her lover, is changed into a spider as punishment. This transformation is supernatural, but it is narrated without shock or surprise, as though such occurrences are common. The townspeople's treatment of the transformation—simply as an odd story—underscores the magical realist technique of narrating magical events as part of the natural world, rather than as supernatural disruptions.
The healing of the sick child is another magical realist occurrence. The child, who was gravely ill and on the brink of death, suddenly recovers after being near the old man. This miracle, though undeniably magical, is not met with the reverence one might expect. Instead, it is presented as a simple, almost unnoticed event, with the parents seeing it as a fortunate coincidence rather than recognizing it as a miraculous act. The casualness with which the miracle is accepted emphasizes the magical realism of the narrative, where magic and the real world coexist without any necessary explanation.
Lastly, the townspeople’s exploitation of the old man also reflects the genre’s magical realist nature. Instead of viewing the old man as a divine being, they turn him into a spectacle, charging admission for people to see him. This mundane exploitation of something magical—turning the miraculous into a commodity—is another key feature of magical realism. The blending of commercialization and the supernatural highlights the absurdity and indifference with which the characters approach the magical, further blurring the line between what is real and what is magical.
These magical realist events seem magical because they involve occurrences that defy the laws of nature, yet they are woven into the fabric of everyday life without surprise or fanfare. In magical realism, the extraordinary is made ordinary, and the story encourages readers to accept the magical as part of the real world.
c. The author introduces the episode of a woman who became a spider for having disobeyed her parents. This episode at once shifts people’s concentration from the strange old man to the spider woman. What do you think is the purpose of the author to bring this shift in the story?
The author introduces the episode of a woman who became a spider for having disregarded her parents by going outside to dance without any permission. The scene of shifting a woman into a spider is somewhat breaking the attention of an old man, I think, the author brought this shift in the story is to show another example of magical realism. The intention of the author was to show us the greed of humans. In the beginning, Pelayo, and Elisenda take care of a strange old man when they benefit from him by charging five cents admission to see. But when a spider woman comes and people pay less attention to an angel, they do not care about him. Old man drags here and there. The house of an old man collapse due to rain and sun but they didn’t repair it.
d. The story deals with the common people’s gullibility. How do Pelayo and his wife take advantage of common people’s whim?
Pelayo and his wife, Elisenda, take advantage of the common people's gullibility by turning the strange old man with wings into a spectacle for financial gain. When the old man first arrives, the couple is unsure of his true nature, but they quickly realize that the townspeople view him as a miracle. Instead of treating the old man with compassion or reverence, they begin to exploit his presence. Recognizing the townspeople’s curiosity and desire to witness the extraordinary, they set up a makeshift admission fee for anyone who wants to see the old man. This commercial approach to the supernatural illustrates how Pelayo and Elisenda use the people's gullibility—their belief in the miraculous without questioning its authenticity—to make money. They are fully aware that the townspeople are eager to witness anything out of the ordinary and are willing to pay to satisfy their curiosity.
The couple's exploitation of the crowd’s gullibility goes further when they capitalize on the visitors’ fantasies. People come from all over, expecting to see an angel or a divine being, and Pelayo and Elisenda feed into their beliefs by charging an entry fee, profiting from the town's eagerness to witness the extraordinary. Instead of treating the old man with kindness or trying to understand him, they treat him as a source of income, recognizing that the people’s blind belief in his supernatural nature can be monetized. Through this manipulation, the couple reinforces the theme of exploitation and reflects the human tendency to commodify the miraculous, taking advantage of the common people's need to believe in something beyond the ordinary. The story suggests that, while the townspeople are gullible, Pelayo and Elisenda are also complicit in using this gullibility for their own benefit, making them morally questionable figures in the narrative.
.png)
No comments:
Post a Comment