NEB Grade 12 All Stories

 

1^st Essay

Neighbours

               Tim Winton

"Neighbours" by Tim Winton is a short story that explores themes of belonging, multiculturalism, and human connection.

1. About the Writer

Tim Winton is an acclaimed Australian author known for his evocative portrayals of Australian landscapes and communities. Much of his work explores themes of family, identity, and the natural environment. His writing style is often lyrical and introspective, and he frequently highlights the experiences of ordinary people.

2. Setting

The story is set in a suburban neighborhood in Australia, likely during the late 20th century. The area is inhabited by immigrants from various cultural backgrounds, reflecting the multicultural nature of Australian society.

3. Plot

The story follows a young couple who move into a diverse neighborhood. Initially, they feel isolated and out of place, observing their foreign neighbors with suspicion and misunderstanding. However, over time, small acts of kindness and shared experiences—such as gardening and the birth of their child—lead to a sense of connection and community. By the end of the story, the couple feels a deep bond with their neighbors, overcoming their initial prejudices.

4. Characters

1.      The Young Couple – The main characters whose perspective the story follows. They are not named, and their identities are shaped by their role as a couple in the community.

2.      The Macedonian Family – One of the neighboring families, identified by their cultural background.

3.      The Polish Widower – Another neighbor, referred to by his cultural background and status as a widower.

4.      The Italian Lady –Italian lady who came with a list of names for the unborn child. The Italian lady helps in a traditional way, checking the woman's belly and offering her own wisdom, indicating a bond between the neighbors despite cultural differences.

5.      Other Neighbors – The various neighbors who contribute to the community's support, although not individually named

 

5. Themes

• Belonging and Acceptance – The couple learns to appreciate their neighbors and finds a sense of community.
• Cultural Diversity – The story highlights the richness of multicultural neighborhoods and the potential for cross-cultural understanding.
• Transformation and Growth – The couple's journey represents personal growth as they shift from judgment to empathy.
• Human Connection – Small, everyday interactions forge deep bonds between the couple and their neighbors.

Summary

"Neighbours" by Tim Winton tells the story of a young couple who move into a multicultural Australian neighborhood. At first, they feel out of place and uncomfortable, noticing the differences between themselves and their foreign-born neighbors. The husband, who works from home, is irritated by the constant noise and activity, while the wife spends her time planting vegetables in the garden. The couple views their neighbors with suspicion, misunderstanding their habits and traditions.

As time passes, the couple begins to observe small acts of kindness from their neighbors. The neighbors quietly contribute to the wife's gardening efforts, offering seeds and tips without speaking much. These gestures, though subtle, start breaking down the couple's initial prejudice. The couple starts appreciating the industriousness and warmth of those around them, realizing that their neighbors' actions speak louder than words.

When the wife becomes pregnant, the dynamic shifts even further. The neighbors express joy and support, celebrating the news in their own ways. One neighbor brings over a basket of grapes, while another hugs the pregnant woman. The couple is surprised and touched by the community’s genuine care and excitement for the new addition to their family.

By the end of the story, the couple feels a strong sense of belonging within the neighborhood. The birth of their child becomes a shared event that unites the entire community. Through this experience, the couple learns the value of connection, empathy, and understanding. Winton highlights how barriers of culture and language can be overcome through shared human experiences and quiet acts of compassion.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. Describe how the young couple’s house looked like.

The young couple’s house in "Neighbours" is described as a small, modest dwelling situated in a working-class, multicultural neighborhood. The backyard is plain and unremarkable at first, but the wife begins to transform it by planting vegetables. The house stands in contrast to the vibrant, bustling homes of their neighbors, which are filled with life and activity. The simplicity of the couple’s house reflects their initial isolation and detachment from the community. However, as the story progresses and the neighbors contribute seeds and gardening tips, the backyard flourishes, symbolizing the couple’s growing connection to their surroundings and the people around them.

b. How did the young couple identify their neighbours in the beginning of their arrival?

At the beginning of their arrival, the young couple identified their neighbors based on their cultural differences and unfamiliar behaviors. They observed them from a distance, labeling them by their nationalities and customs rather than by their names or personal qualities. For example, they referred to them as “the Macedonian family” or “the Polish widower.” The couple focused on the noisy, energetic nature of the neighborhood, feeling alienated by the loud conversations, constant visitors, and bustling daily routines. This initial view highlights the couple’s sense of separation and the cultural gap between them and their neighbors.

c. How did the neighbours help the young couple in the kitchen garden?

The neighbors helped the young couple in the kitchen garden through quiet, generous acts. Without being asked, the neighbors began contributing seeds, gardening tools, and practical advice to assist the wife in her efforts to grow vegetables. Some neighbors would lean over the fence to share tips on planting and caring for the crops, while others left small offerings of seeds or cuttings. These subtle gestures reflected the neighbors’ warmth and willingness to support the couple, even without much conversation. Over time, with their help, the couple’s garden flourished, symbolizing the growing bond between them and the community.

d. Why were the people in the neighborhood surprised at the role of the young man and his wife in their family?

The people in the neighborhood were surprised by the roles of the young man and his wife because their relationship and domestic responsibilities challenged traditional gender roles. The young man stayed at home, working quietly while his wife took the lead in gardening and managing household tasks. This was unusual to the neighbors, many of whom came from cultures with more traditional views on gender roles, where men were typically the primary breadwinners and women managed the home. The neighbors watched with curiosity as the wife worked in the garden and the husband supported her efforts, finding their dynamic unconventional yet intriguing. This contrast highlighted the differences in cultural expectations but also paved the way for mutual respect and understanding.

e. How did the neighbours respond to the woman’s pregnancy?

The neighbors responded to the woman’s pregnancy with warmth, excitement, and generous support. Despite the cultural and language barriers, they expressed genuine happiness for the couple. Some neighbors brought gifts, like a basket of grapes, while others congratulated the woman with hugs and smiles. Their joy and involvement made the couple feel embraced by the community. The pregnancy became a shared celebration, strengthening the bond between the couple and their neighbors. This heartfelt response helped the couple feel a deeper sense of belonging and connection, transforming their initial feelings of isolation into one of acceptance and unity.

f. Why did the young man begin to weep at the end of the story?

The young man began to weep at the end of the story because he was overwhelmed by the kindness and acceptance of his neighbors, as well as the emotional significance of his wife's pregnancy and the birth of their child. Initially, he and his wife felt isolated and disconnected from the community, but over time, the neighbors’ quiet support and shared joy bridged that gap. The birth of their child symbolized not only a personal milestone but also the culmination of their integration into the neighborhood. The young man’s tears reflect a mix of relief, gratitude, and recognition of the deep human connection that had formed, dissolving the barriers of culture and language that once separated them.

g. Why do you think the author did not characterize the persons in the story with proper names?

The author, Tim Winton, chose not to give the characters proper names to emphasize the universality of the story’s themes. By keeping the young couple and their neighbors nameless, Winton highlights that their experiences could belong to anyone, anywhere. This approach allows readers to focus on the characters’ roles, relationships, and emotional journeys rather than their individual identities. It also reinforces the idea that cultural differences and barriers are common across many communities, and the path to understanding and acceptance is a shared human experience. The lack of names makes the story more symbolic, representing the broader idea of unity, belonging, and the breaking down of prejudice in multicultural societies.

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Reference to the context

a. The story shows that linguistic and cultural barriers do not create any obstacle in human relationship. Cite some examples from the story where the neighbours have transcended such barriers.

In "Neighbours", Tim Winton illustrates how linguistic and cultural barriers can be transcended through simple, meaningful gestures and shared experiences. Some key examples of this in the story are:

1. In spite of the different languages and cultures, the neighbours gave advice to the young couple about spacing, hilling and mulching the vegetables in the kitchen garden.

2. The polish widower rebuilt the falling henhouse of the young couple although they didn’t understand his words.

3. The young couple offered heads of cabbage and took gifts of grapes and firewood from neighbours.

4. The neighbours gifted chocolates, knitted the baby a suit when the couples were going to be parents.

 

b. The last sentence of the story reads “The twentieth-century novel had not prepared him for this.” In your view, what differences did the young man find between twentieth-century novels and human relations?

The young man’s reflection that "The twentieth-century novel had not prepared him for this" suggests a realization about the difference between the intellectual or emotional complexities often portrayed in literature and the simplicity and depth of human relationships in real life. In many twentieth-century novels, characters and relationships are often shaped by intellectual ideas, social struggles, or intricate emotional conflict. These novels might focus on individualism, existential questions, or societal issues that require deep analysis and interpretation.

In contrast, the young man discovers that the human connections he experiences in his neighborhood are more direct, compassionate, and grounded in shared, everyday experiences. The relationships in the story are not shaped by complex narratives or intellectual concepts but by simple, genuine acts of kindness and a willingness to connect beyond cultural and linguistic barriers. This highlights a difference between the often abstract, sometimes idealized interactions found in literature and the straightforward, emotional bonds that form in real life, based on mutual care and understanding.

The young man's realization suggests that real-life human connection transcends the confines of intellectual or literary conventions, and that true understanding and empathy often emerge from unspoken, tangible gestures rather than carefully constructed narratives or ideas.

c. A Nepali proverb says “Neighbors are companions for wedding procession as well as for funeral procession.” Does this proverb apply in the story? Justify.

Yes, the Nepali proverb “Neighbors are companions for wedding procession as well as for funeral procession” applies in "Neighbours" by Tim Winton. The proverb speaks to the idea that neighbors are not only part of the joyful moments in life but also stand by each other during times of sorrow or difficulty. This reflects the reciprocal nature of human relationships, where neighbors support one another through both celebrations and challenges.

In the story, the young couple's experience with their neighbors reflects this idea. When the wife becomes pregnant, the neighbors joyfully celebrate the impending arrival of the child, bringing gifts and expressing happiness for the couple. This mirrors the "wedding procession" aspect of the proverb, where neighbors share in the couple's joy and celebrate with them.

At the same time, the neighbors offer support and compassion during the couple's quieter, more intimate moments, symbolizing their role as constant companions through all stages of life, much like the "funeral procession" aspect. The unspoken care shown through acts like helping with the garden and providing support during the pregnancy reflects a kind of solidarity that transcends both celebration and hardship. The neighbors’ willingness to connect and be present during life’s significant moments, both happy and solemn, aligns with the spirit of the proverb, showing that true neighborly bonds are built on mutual support, regardless of the occasion.

d. The author has dealt with an issue of multiculturalism in the story. Why do you think multiculturalism has become a major issue in the present world?

Multiculturalism has become a major issue in the present world due to the increasing movement of people across borders, driven by factors such as globalization, migration, and the search for better economic opportunities. As societies become more diverse, the interaction between different cultures and the integration of various traditions, languages, and beliefs can lead to both enriching experiences and challenges.

In "Neighbours", Tim Winton explores how cultural differences can create initial barriers but also reveal opportunities for deeper understanding and connection. The story shows how people from different backgrounds, through small acts of kindness and empathy, can break down these barriers and form meaningful relationships. In the broader context of the world today, multiculturalism can lead to tensions when there is a lack of understanding or fear of the "other," but it can also lead to more inclusive societies when diversity is embraced.

The rise of multiculturalism has led to debates on identity, integration, and the challenges of balancing the preservation of cultural heritage with the need for shared values. In many societies, questions about how to integrate immigrant populations without losing cultural uniqueness are central. At the same time, multiculturalism offers the potential for greater creativity, economic growth, and social cohesion when different cultural perspectives are respected and celebrated.

Ultimately, multiculturalism has become a major issue because it touches on fundamental human concerns about belonging, tolerance, and the future of societies in an interconnected world. The story highlights that, despite differences, human connections can transcend cultural boundaries, offering a hopeful perspective on how diversity can enrich rather than divide communities.

Reference beyond the text

a. Write an essay on Celebration of Childbirth in my Community.

Celebration of Childbirth in my Community

Celebration of Childbirth in My Community

In my community, the celebration of childbirth is an important and joyous occasion that brings family, friends, and neighbors together. The birth of a child is viewed as a blessing, symbolizing the continuity of life, and it is celebrated with great enthusiasm. The celebration typically begins shortly after the birth when family members announce the arrival of the newborn. In many cases, relatives and neighbors visit the new parents to offer congratulations, share in the joy, and provide practical support. It is common for the new parents to receive gifts such as clothes, food, or money as a gesture of goodwill and care.

A traditional custom in my community is the "naming ceremony," which usually takes place a few days after the birth. During this ceremony, the child is given a name that often carries deep cultural, religious, or familial significance. Family members, especially grandparents, play a vital role in naming the child, and this event is marked by prayers or blessings for the child’s health and future. The naming ceremony is often accompanied by a small gathering where close relatives and friends come together to offer their well-wishes, light candles, and celebrate the arrival of the newborn.

Food plays an essential role in these celebrations. Family members prepare special dishes, often including traditional sweets and snacks, which are served to visitors. It is customary for the parents to offer food to their guests as a symbol of gratitude and joy. In rural communities, it is also common for neighbors to assist with the cooking and preparation of meals for the family, ensuring that the new parents are supported in every way during this time of transition.

The celebration of childbirth in my community reflects the strong sense of connection, solidarity, and respect for family values. It is not just an individual event but a communal experience, where the joy of new life is shared by everyone. Through these traditions, the community expresses its collective hopes for the child's future and celebrates the role of family and society in raising the next generation. The warmth and unity that emerge from these celebrations serve to reinforce the bonds that hold the community together.

b. Do the people in your community respond with similar reactions upon the pregnancy and childbirth as depicted in the story? Give a couple of examples.

Yes, the people in my community respond with similar reactions to pregnancy and childbirth as depicted in "Neighbours" by Tim Winton, where neighbors and family come together with joy, support, and care for the expecting parents. In my community, pregnancy and childbirth are celebrated not just as family events but as communal occasions that foster unity and solidarity.

For example, when someone announces their pregnancy, it is common for neighbors and relatives to offer congratulations and blessings right away, similar to the way the neighbors in the story celebrated the news of the pregnancy. The expectant mother is often showered with love and care, with people offering advice, gifts, or simply checking in to ensure she is doing well. Like the gift-giving in Winton's story, it is customary for neighbors to bring food, clothing, or baby essentials to the family as a way to support them during this important time.

Additionally, after the birth of the child, there is typically a gathering where close relatives, friends, and neighbors come together to offer blessings, congratulations, and practical help. This is similar to the joyful community participation depicted in the story when the neighbors come to celebrate the arrival of the baby. In my community, the naming ceremony is also an important event, with prayers, rituals, and food being shared among those who come to honor the new life. This communal approach to pregnancy and childbirth strengthens the bonds between individuals, much like the neighbors in the story who build connections through simple acts of care and compassion.

 

2^nd Story

A Respectable Woman

Kate Chopin

"A Respectable Woman" is a short story by Kate Chopin, first published in 1894. Kate Chopin is known for her exploration of female independence, societal expectations, and the complexities of human relationships, particularly within the confines of 19th-century American society.

Setting

The story is set in the late 19th century in Louisiana, which was a common backdrop for Chopin’s works. It takes place in a rural, somewhat isolated environment, highlighting the traditional, conservative values of the time, particularly around marriage and social respectability.

Plot

The story centers on Mrs. Baroda, a respectable woman married to a man named Dr. Baroda. The couple lives on a plantation, and Mrs. Baroda is initially portrayed as the ideal wife: conservative, well-mannered, and content in her life. The plot begins when her husband’s old friend, Governor Alcee Arobin, visits them. Mrs. Baroda is initially wary of Alcee, feeling uncomfortable with his flirtatious behavior and his influence over her husband. However, she becomes intrigued by him over time, and their interactions lead to an emotional and sexual tension that she has not experienced before. She struggles with her feelings of desire and guilt, feeling conflicted between her self-image as a respectable woman and the new emotions Alcee awakens in her. At the story’s conclusion, she chooses to leave for a while, hoping the distance will help her reconcile her conflicting emotions.

Themes

1.      Sexuality and Desire: One of the primary themes of "A Respectable Woman" is the conflict between societal expectations of respectability and personal desires. Mrs. Baroda’s attraction to Governor Arobin forces her to confront her own sexual identity and the tension between social propriety and personal fulfillment.

2.      Marriage and Identity: The story examines the role of women within marriage. Mrs. Baroda’s relationship with her husband, Dr. Baroda, seems stable and predictable, but her emotional reaction to Alcee Arobin reveals the complexity of her inner world. This suggests that marriage does not necessarily fulfill all of a woman's needs and desires.

3.      Conformity vs. Individuality: Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict reflects the larger theme of societal expectations versus personal autonomy. Her struggle with the desire for Governor Arobin challenges the conventional idea of what it means to be a “respectable woman” in a conservative society.

4.      The Role of Women: The story subtly critiques the limitations placed on women’s roles and the ways in which these roles conflict with their personal growth and desires. Mrs. Baroda’s evolving feelings and her decision to retreat highlight the tension between being a conventional wife and exploring one’s deeper emotional and sexual identity.

Summary

"A Respectable Woman" by Kate Chopin is a story that revolves around the inner conflict of Mrs. Baroda, a married woman who experiences a complex emotional and physical attraction to her husband's friend, Governor Alcee Arobin. The story takes place in Louisiana, where Mrs. Baroda and her husband, Dr. Baroda, live on a plantation. Mrs. Baroda is initially portrayed as the epitome of a respectable woman—conservative, composed, and entirely devoted to her husband. When Governor Arobin visits the Barodas, Mrs. Baroda feels uneasy about his flirtatious nature and the way he behaves around her. She finds his charm unsettling but is determined to remain polite and maintain her sense of propriety.

As the story progresses, Mrs. Baroda’s feelings toward Alcee become more complex. Despite her initial discomfort, she becomes intrigued by him, drawn to his personality and confident manner. Alcee, aware of her growing attraction, continues to act in a flirtatious manner, which causes Mrs. Baroda to feel conflicted. She is torn between her emotions and her desire to uphold her identity as a respectable wife. She finds herself experiencing a kind of longing and desire that she never thought she would feel, especially for a man who is not her husband. This internal conflict makes her increasingly uncomfortable with herself and her feelings.

The emotional tension reaches its peak when Mrs. Baroda finds herself alone with Alcee, and their interaction deepens. She begins to question her role as a wife and the societal expectations placed upon her as a “respectable” woman. Although she does not act on her attraction, the emotional charge between them is palpable. She is left grappling with her desire and guilt, unable to reconcile the woman she is expected to be with the woman she feels herself becoming in the presence of Alcee. Her inner turmoil is evident as she reflects on her reaction to the situation.

By the end of the story, Mrs. Baroda decides to withdraw and take a break from the situation by leaving for a while. She hopes that this physical distance from Alcee will allow her to regain her composure and resolve her feelings. She expresses a desire for time to “sort herself out” and regain her sense of control. The story ends ambiguously, with Mrs. Baroda’s future actions uncertain, but it is clear that the encounter with Alcee has fundamentally changed her, highlighting the tensions between societal expectations, personal desires, and the complexity of human emotions.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. Why was Mrs. Baroda unhappy with the information about Gouvernail’s visit to their farm?

Mrs. Baroda was unhappy with the information about Gouvernail's visit to their farm because she had strong reservations about him. Gouvernail was her husband's friend, and while Dr. Baroda seemed to view him as a pleasant and familiar presence, Mrs. Baroda found him somewhat unsettling. She felt uncomfortable with the idea of his visit, especially as she was unsure of his character and manner. Mrs. Baroda was accustomed to a peaceful, well-ordered life on the farm, and the idea of having an unfamiliar man stay with them disrupted her sense of control over the household. Her initial discomfort stemmed from Gouvernail’s flirtatious nature, which she sensed might challenge the traditional, respectful boundaries she valued. This tension foreshadows her deeper internal conflict with him during his stay.

b. How was Gouvernail different from Mrs. Baroda’s expectation?

Gouvernail was different from Mrs. Baroda's expectations in several ways. Initially, Mrs. Baroda expected him to be an intrusive, overly flirtatious, or inappropriate presence, based on her initial discomfort and the way she had imagined him. However, upon meeting Gouvernail, she found that he was actually quiet, reserved, and not at all as forward or imposing as she had feared. Instead of being the charming and charismatic man she had anticipated, Gouvernail was more unassuming and somewhat awkward, which made Mrs. Baroda feel even more conflicted.

She had expected Gouvernail to be a man who would disrupt her life and challenge the order she had in her marriage, but he was, in fact, more gentle and less overtly confident than she had anticipated. His calm demeanor and lack of flirtation made Mrs. Baroda feel somewhat guilty for her earlier judgments, and she became even more intrigued by him. This contrast between her expectations and the reality of his personality contributed to her growing emotional conflict, as she started to feel an unexpected attraction to him, despite initially believing he would be a source of discomfort.

c. How does Mrs. Baroda compare Gouvernail with her husband?

Mrs. Baroda compares Gouvernail to her husband, Dr. Baroda, and finds him to be quite different in several key ways. While Dr. Baroda is portrayed as a steady, dependable, and somewhat predictable figure, Gouvernail, in Mrs. Baroda’s eyes, represents a contrast. Gouvernail is more reserved and introspective, lacking the outward charm or flirtatious nature that might have drawn her attention initially. In fact, his calm, almost detached demeanor makes him stand out as a figure who is, in some ways, more emotionally mysterious and intriguing than her husband, whose personality she feels she already knows well.

While Dr. Baroda is described as reliable and familiar, Mrs. Baroda finds Gouvernail's quiet nature unsettling, yet alluring. Gouvernail’s manner of not imposing himself on her or her husband in an obvious way allows Mrs. Baroda to view him as somewhat enigmatic. This difference causes her to experience a new sense of curiosity and attraction, which she does not feel toward her husband. In comparing Gouvernail to Dr. Baroda, Mrs. Baroda is confronted with the realization that she desires something beyond the stable but predictable nature of her marriage, highlighting her internal conflict and emotional turmoil.

d. Why and how did Mrs. Baroda try to change Gouvernail’s solitary habits?

Mrs. Baroda tried to change Gouvernail’s solitary habits because she became intrigued by him and wanted to engage with him more. Initially, Gouvernail was quiet, reserved, and kept to himself, which made Mrs. Baroda feel both curious and somewhat frustrated. She found his aloofness and detachment alluring yet unsettling, and her growing attraction to him led her to desire a deeper connection with him.

To change his solitary habits, Mrs. Baroda made efforts to include Gouvernail in more social activities and to encourage him to interact more with her and her husband. She invited him to join them for meals and tried to engage him in conversation. Her aim was to draw him out of his reclusive nature, hoping that his involvement in the household would make him more approachable and open, thus allowing her to better understand him and perhaps foster a closer relationship.

However, Gouvernail remained largely unchanged in his behavior, which only intensified Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict. Her attempts to alter his solitary habits reflect her desire to bridge the emotional and social gap she felt between them. Her frustration with his lack of response ultimately contributed to her feeling of emotional turmoil, as she struggled to reconcile her growing attraction to him with the social and marital expectations she held.

e. How does Gaston disagree with his wife on Gouvernail’s character?

In "A Respectable Woman", Gaston (Mrs. Baroda’s husband) disagrees with his wife, Mrs. Baroda, on Gouvernail's character by defending him as a man of integrity and good nature, in contrast to the judgment Mrs. Baroda forms based on her initial discomfort. While Mrs. Baroda finds Gouvernail to be quiet, reserved, and somewhat enigmatic, leading her to feel uneasy and conflicted, Gaston sees him as an old friend with no ulterior motives. He describes Gouvernail as a person who is neither flirtatious nor imposing, but rather someone who is simply shy and introspective.

Gaston is puzzled by his wife's reservations about Gouvernail, believing that she is overreacting and misinterpreting his character. He cannot understand why she feels discomforted by someone who is, in his view, harmless and a good companion. This difference in their perceptions adds tension between the couple, as Mrs. Baroda’s feelings of attraction and confusion about Gouvernail grow, while Gaston remains completely oblivious to the emotional complexities his wife is experiencing. The contrast in their views highlights the divide between Mrs. Baroda’s internal conflict and Gaston’s more straightforward and trusting approach to their guest.

f. Why is Gaston surprised with his wife’s expression towards the end of the story?

At the end of "A Respectable Woman", Gaston is surprised by his wife’s expression because it reveals an unexpected and uncharacteristic change in her behavior. Throughout the story, he has seen his wife as composed, self-controlled, and entirely devoted to him. However, when she expresses a desire to leave for a while after Gouvernail's visit, Gaston is taken aback. He does not understand the depth of her internal conflict or the emotional turmoil she has been experiencing in response to Gouvernail's presence. Her decision to retreat and her ambiguous expression suggest that something has shifted within her, though Gaston is unaware of the full extent of her feelings and inner turmoil.

Gaston is surprised because he cannot comprehend the reasons behind his wife’s decision to withdraw. He believes that the visit from Gouvernail has been uneventful, and he perceives her unease as a mere passing discomfort. Gaston’s surprise comes from his failure to see that his wife’s attraction to Gouvernail and the emotional conflict it stirred in her have led to a significant, though unspoken, change in her. The expression Mrs. Baroda gives at the end, combined with her decision to leave, signals to Gaston that his wife is not the simple, predictable woman he thought he knew so well.

Reference to the context

a. What is the cause of conflict in Mrs. Baroda’s mind? What role does Mrs. Baroda ‘being a respectable woman’ play in the story?

The cause of conflict in Mrs. Baroda’s mind arises from her internal struggle between her role as a "respectable woman" and her growing attraction to Gouvernail, her husband's friend. Mrs. Baroda sees herself as a woman defined by social propriety, a role that demands loyalty, self-control, and restraint, particularly within her marriage. However, Gouvernail’s reserved yet intriguing presence awakens emotions and desires in her that she has never experienced before. She feels torn between her desire to maintain her respectful, composed identity and the powerful, unexpected feelings of attraction she develops toward him. This internal conflict forces Mrs. Baroda to confront the limitations of her role as a "respectable woman" and the complexity of her own emotional and sexual identity.

Mrs. Baroda’s identity as a "respectable woman" plays a critical role in the story, as it shapes her reactions and decisions throughout the narrative. In the context of the late 19th-century setting, "respectability" for women was closely tied to their adherence to societal expectations, particularly in marriage. Mrs. Baroda, being the epitome of this respectable ideal, believes she must remain emotionally and physically loyal to her husband, Dr. Baroda. However, her attraction to Gouvernail challenges this notion and makes her feel guilty, conflicted, and out of control. Her struggle highlights the tension between the rigid social constructs of respectability and the personal, emotional desires that often contradict them. In the end, her decision to leave for a while and reflect on her feelings can be seen as an attempt to regain control over her identity as a "respectable woman," even though this conflicts with her evolving self-awareness and desires.

b. Sketch the character of Gouvernail and contrast it with Gaston.

Gouvernail is a quiet, introspective, and reserved man who contrasts sharply with the more familiar and outgoing characters around him, especially Dr. Gaston. He is a long-time friend of Gaston, but unlike many social visitors, Gouvernail is solitary and somewhat detached. His aloofness initially unsettles Mrs. Baroda, but as the story progresses, his enigmatic nature becomes intriguing to her. Gouvernail’s emotional restraint and lack of overt charm or flirtation create a sense of mystery that stirs unexpected feelings in Mrs. Baroda. He doesn’t try to engage with her directly but instead keeps to himself, which paradoxically leads to her deepening attraction and internal conflict. Gouvernail represents the unknown and the complexity that challenges Mrs. Baroda's carefully constructed image of herself as a "respectable woman."

In contrast, Gaston, Mrs. Baroda’s husband, is open, confident, and emotionally transparent. He is familiar and predictable, providing a stable and comfortable life for his wife. Gaston is unbothered by Gouvernail’s quiet demeanor, assuming their guest's introversion is simply part of his nature. He trusts Gouvernail completely and sees no reason to doubt his character. Gaston’s straightforward, self-assured personality stands in stark contrast to Gouvernail’s emotional complexity and reticence, and he is unaware of the tension brewing between his wife and Gouvernail. While Gaston represents stability and the conventionality of married life, Gouvernail introduces an element of unpredictability and emotional awakening, leading Mrs. Baroda to confront desires that challenge her sense of self.

c. Why does Mrs. Baroda not disclose her feelings towards Gouvernail to her husband?

Mrs. Baroda does not disclose her feelings toward Gouvernail to her husband, Dr. Baroda, because she is deeply conflicted and feels guilty about the attraction she experiences. Throughout the story, she views herself as a "respectable woman," and revealing her feelings would challenge the image of loyalty, composure, and propriety that she believes is expected of her as a wife. Her internal conflict arises from the fact that she is attracted to Gouvernail, yet she is committed to maintaining the stability and respectability of her marriage. Confessing her emotional turmoil to her husband would not only disrupt the status quo but also expose her vulnerability, something she is reluctant to do.

Additionally, Mrs. Baroda’s feelings toward Gouvernail are complex and somewhat unexpected. She is drawn to him despite his quiet, reserved nature, which makes her question her own desires and sense of self. Disclosing her emotions to Gaston might not only cause embarrassment but could also strain her relationship with him, as she does not want to hurt or betray his trust. Instead, she tries to deal with her feelings internally, hoping that distance and time away from Gouvernail will help her regain control over her emotions. In the end, she chooses silence and withdrawal as a way of coping with her inner turmoil without confronting the issue directly with her husband.

d. The last three sentences of the story bring a kind of twist. After reading these three sentences, how do you analyze Mrs. Baroda’s attitude towards Gouvernail?

The last three sentences of "A Respectable Woman" reveal a significant shift in Mrs. Baroda's attitude toward Gouvernail. After her time away from him, she returns with a newfound sense of clarity and acceptance. The twist lies in her decision to no longer view her feelings toward Gouvernail as a conflict to be suppressed or hidden. She acknowledges her attraction to him, but rather than being overwhelmed or guilt-ridden by it, she seems to have come to terms with the complexity of her emotions. The fact that she expresses a kind of resigned acceptance, coupled with her desire to maintain distance from him, suggests a recognition of the natural, human complexity of desire and attraction, which contrasts with her earlier attempts to repress these feelings.

In the final lines, it is clear that Mrs. Baroda has shifted from an internal battle of guilt and repression to a more accepting, if still conflicted, stance. She no longer feels as if her emotions are an infringement upon her identity as a "respectable woman." Instead, she understands that desire can exist alongside the constraints of respectability, and she seems to resign herself to the fact that these feelings are part of her, even if they will not be acted upon. This shift reveals her growth, as she moves away from denial to a more nuanced, self-aware perspective on her desires and her place within the expectations of her marriage.

Reference beyond the text

a. The entry of an outsider into a family has been a recurring subject in both literature and films. Narrate a story real or imaginative where an outsider’s arrival destroys the intimate relationship between the husband and the wife and causes break up in marital relationship without direct fault of anyone. Anton’s Chekhov’s story ‘About Love’ is a story on this subject.

Title: The Intruder

In a quiet, peaceful village nestled by the hills, Sarah and James had built a life together. Their marriage, though not without its small disagreements, was filled with mutual respect, love, and the shared joy of quiet companionship. Sarah had always enjoyed their little cottage with its small garden, where James tended to the flowers and vegetables while she painted or read. Their life together was simple, and they found comfort in each other's presence, with no room for anything that could disrupt their harmony.

However, this peaceful existence was disrupted one summer when Sarah's old friend, Clara, arrived at their doorstep. Clara had been Sarah’s closest friend during her university years, but after Sarah married James, the two had grown apart. Clara, an adventurous and free-spirited woman, had chosen a life of travel and career over settling down. She had seen the world, and now, weary from a recent failed relationship, she sought solace in the calm of Sarah’s home. James, though initially indifferent, welcomed Clara, hoping to make her feel at ease in their home.

At first, Clara’s presence seemed harmless. She brought a spark of energy to the house that both Sarah and James had been missing for a while. She would tell stories of distant places, new cultures, and the people she had met. Sarah, who had always been somewhat reserved, began to open up more with Clara, reminiscing about the days they spent together in their youth. James, too, found himself enjoying Clara’s company. Her lively personality was a welcome change from the routine of their daily lives. However, as days passed, subtle shifts began to occur.

Clara, with her worldly charm, began to slowly eclipse the quiet intimacy Sarah and James had shared. James found himself drawn to Clara’s vivacity, captivated by her stories of adventure and her confident, carefree attitude. He started spending more time with Clara, talking late into the night, while Sarah began to feel a growing sense of distance from both of them. What began as a friendly connection between the three gradually turned into an unspoken emotional rivalry. Sarah’s insecurities crept in as she realized how much of an impact Clara had on her husband. She found herself withdrawing, retreating to her art or her books, avoiding the dynamic that was slowly shifting the balance of her marriage.

Neither James nor Clara consciously intended to create such a rift. Clara did not seek to steal James’ affection, nor did James want to betray Sarah. Yet, the arrival of the outsider into their home, with her free-spirited nature and stories of a life full of experiences, unknowingly challenged the foundation of Sarah and James’ relationship. Sarah, feeling both alienated and hurt, began to question her own role in the relationship. She felt that she could not compete with Clara’s youthful exuberance and the new energy she had brought into their home.

One evening, after a long day, Sarah sat with James, who had been absent-mindedly watching Clara prepare for her departure. The air between them had grown thick with unspoken words. Sarah, with quiet tears in her eyes, told James that she needed space to rediscover herself, away from Clara’s presence. James, though still unaware of the depth of the emotional chasm between them, agreed to give her the time she needed. Clara left soon after, sensing the tension, and Sarah and James were left alone to face the truth that their bond had weakened in ways they hadn’t realized.

In the weeks that followed, Sarah found herself questioning if their love could ever return to its former closeness. The arrival of Clara had introduced a crack in the foundation of their marriage, one that was too fragile to repair with simple apologies or explanations. The emotional distance had been created not by any fault of Clara or James, but by the intrusion of a third presence into a relationship that had once felt impenetrable. It wasn’t that they didn’t love each other anymore, but the intimate connection they once shared had been fractured, and it felt impossible to put back together.

Their marriage, once filled with quiet contentment, now stood on the edge of an uncertain future. The arrival of the outsider had not been the direct cause of their eventual breakup, but it had undeniably shifted the balance, making them realize that their love, though deep, was vulnerable to the forces that could change it—an outsider’s presence, a shift in attention, and an unspoken emotional rivalry that no one had seen coming.

b. Mrs. Baroda makes an expectation about Gouvernail even before meeting him. Suppose you are a mature girl/boy and your family members are giving you pressure for getting married. Write in about 200 words describing what qualities you would like to get in your future husband/wife.

As a mature individual, I understand the importance of marriage and the responsibilities it entails. While I do acknowledge the pressure from family members to settle down, I believe that marriage should be built on mutual respect, trust, and understanding. The qualities I would seek in a future spouse would go beyond superficial traits and focus on emotional compatibility, shared values, and a genuine connection.

First and foremost, I would want my partner to be compassionate and empathetic. The ability to understand and support each other through both good and challenging times is essential in a lasting relationship. I would also value someone who is honest, transparent, and communicates openly—without these, any relationship risks becoming strained and fragile. Humor is another quality I highly appreciate; life is often stressful, and having a partner who can bring joy and laughter into everyday situations is invaluable.

Equally important is shared intellectual and emotional growth. I would want someone who encourages my ambitions, respects my individuality, and who also has a sense of independence and self-awareness. Finally, loyalty and kindness would be at the core of our partnership. Ultimately, I want to build a life with a partner who not only shares common goals but also values the personal growth and happiness of both individuals within the marriage.

 

3^rd Story

A Devoted Son

Anita Desai

"A Devoted Son" is a short story by Anita Desai, an Indian author known for her insightful explorations of family dynamics and complex human emotions. Desai's work often delves into themes of personal identity, relationships, and the tensions between tradition and modernity. In "A Devoted Son," she examines the intricacies of family relationships, particularly between a son and his aging father.

Setting

The story is set in an urban middle-class household in India. The story takes place in a contemporary setting, reflecting the changing dynamics in Indian families. The house is described as being in a "quiet neighborhood," and there are subtle references to the societal expectations of Indian families, especially regarding respect for elders, filial duty, and social reputation.

Themes

The main themes of A Devoted Son by Anita Desai include:

1.      Filial Duty and Sacrifice: The story explores the tension between duty and personal desires within family relationships. Rakesh is portrayed as a devoted son, sacrificing his own ambitions to meet his father’s high expectations. His duty towards his father becomes the central focus, highlighting the responsibilities children often feel toward aging parents.

2.      Generational Conflict: The story depicts a generational divide between the father, who holds onto traditional values and expectations, and his son, who seeks to balance personal success and familial obligations. The father, initially proud of his son’s achievements, becomes resentful when Rakesh begins to live life on his own terms, which reflects the changing dynamics between parents and children over time.

3.      Parental Expectations vs. Individual Aspiration: The father’s intense desire for Rakesh to become a successful doctor and support the family contrasts with Rakesh’s aspirations. Rakesh’s success, though fulfilling his father’s wishes, ultimately creates a gap between the two characters, revealing how parental expectations can sometimes stifle individual growth and desires.

4.      Pride and Stubbornness: The father’s pride in his son’s success gradually turns into resentment when he feels neglected and loses control in the family. His stubbornness prevents him from recognizing his son’s devotion, and his inability to accept his son’s role as an adult creates emotional distance between them.

5.      Cultural and Societal Expectations: The story touches upon the role of cultural norms and societal expectations in shaping the relationships within families. In Indian society, the concept of respect for elders and the duty of children to care for their parents is a strong value. The story examines how these societal pressures can influence individuals' decisions and shape family dynamics.

6.      The Complexity of Love: The narrative delves into the complex nature of love in family relationships. Rakesh’s love for his father is evident in his actions, but it is misunderstood and rejected by the father, who interprets it as neglect. The story suggests that love, while often the motivating force behind actions, can be misunderstood and lead to unintended consequences.

Summary

A Devoted Son by Anita Desai tells the story of Rakesh, a bright and ambitious young man from a modest Indian family, and his relationship with his father, Mr. Verma. Rakesh, the first in his family to receive an education, excels academically and becomes a successful doctor, much to the pride of his parents. His achievements bring great joy to his father, who had always dreamed of seeing his son succeed. Rakesh remains humble despite his success, marrying a girl chosen by his parents and staying close to home to care for them, reflecting his deep respect for family values.

As Mr. Verma grows older, his health begins to decline, and Rakesh takes on the responsibility of caring for him. Although his care is driven by love and duty, Mr. Verma starts to resent the restrictions Rakesh imposes on his diet and lifestyle. Rakesh insists on monitoring his father’s health strictly, limiting the sweets and rich foods that Mr. Verma enjoys. This creates frustration for Mr. Verma, who feels stripped of small pleasures in his old age. His pride prevents him from accepting Rakesh’s medical advice, and he begins to view his son’s devotion as controlling rather than caring.

Tension grows between father and son, highlighting a generational gap. Mr. Verma, who once took immense pride in Rakesh’s accomplishments, now feels alienated by the very success he had once encouraged. Rakesh, on the other hand, continues to fulfill his responsibilities dutifully, unaware of the emotional distance growing between them. Family members, including Rakesh’s wife and children, observe the strained relationship but remain on the sidelines, unable to intervene.

In the end, Mr. Verma’s stubbornness and refusal to comply with Rakesh’s care lead to his decline. Despite Rakesh’s best efforts, Mr. Verma’s health worsens, and he eventually passes away. The story closes with Rakesh continuing his life, burdened by the knowledge that his unwavering devotion could not bridge the emotional divide between him and his father. A Devoted Son poignantly explores the complexities of love, sacrifice, and the inevitable misunderstandings that can arise within families, especially between aging parents and their children.

Understanding the text

 

Answer the following questions.

a. How did the morning papers bring an ambience of celebration to the Varma family?

The morning papers brought an ambience of celebration to the Varma family by announcing the academic success of their son, Rakesh. As the family gathered around the breakfast table, they eagerly scanned the newspaper, and the news of Rakesh’s top-ranking achievements in his medical exams filled them with pride and joy. This moment of recognition not only highlighted Rakesh’s hard work and dedication but also fulfilled the family's expectations for him, solidifying their pride in his success. The announcement in the paper symbolized the culmination of years of effort and sacrifice, bringing a sense of accomplishment and happiness to the Varma household, as they saw their son’s future unfold with promise and prestige. It set a celebratory tone for the day, elevating their sense of pride in both Rakesh and their family's reputation.

b. How did the community celebrate Rakesh’s success?

The community celebrated Rakesh's success with great enthusiasm and pride, as his academic achievement was not just a personal victory but also a source of collective pride for the entire neighborhood. People in the community, who had watched Rakesh grow up, took immense joy in his accomplishments. Friends and relatives visited the Varma household to congratulate Rakesh and his family, bringing flowers and sweets as symbols of celebration. The local community recognized his success as a reflection of their shared values of hard work and education. The news of Rakesh’s triumph in the newspapers was a topic of widespread discussion, and many people expressed admiration for the Varma family, praising them for raising such a bright and promising young man. The celebration extended beyond the family, as Rakesh’s success became a point of pride for everyone who had been part of his upbringing.

c. Why was Rakesh’s success a special matter of discussion in the neighbourhood?

Rakesh’s success was a special matter of discussion in the neighborhood because it symbolized not only personal achievement but also the fulfillment of the community’s hopes and aspirations. Rakesh had risen to the top of his medical exams, which was considered a remarkable accomplishment, particularly in the context of the traditional values upheld by the community. His success was seen as a reflection of the hard work, discipline, and dedication instilled in him by his parents, especially by his father, who had worked tirelessly to provide for the family and ensure his son’s education. Furthermore, in a community where educational success was highly valued, Rakesh’s triumph served as an inspiration to others. It validated the idea that hard work and perseverance could lead to great achievements, and thus became a point of pride not just for the Varma family but for the entire neighborhood, making it a significant topic of discussion.

d. How does the author make fun with the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’?

Rakesh had won a scholarship in USA. His father learnt it to be called as ‘USA’ and taught the whole family not to say it as ‘America’ as it was the term to be called by his ignorant neighbours. In this way the author makes fun of the words ‘America’ and ‘the USA’.

e. How does the author characterize Rakesh’s wife?

The author characterizes Rakesh’s wife as an uneducated, old fashioned, plump girl. She was so placid, complaisant and lazy but too good-natured and pretty fat one.

f. Describe how Rakesh rises in his career.

After completing his medical education, he started his career as a doctor in the city hospital and quickly reached the top of administrative: organization and was made a director. Then, he opened his own private clinic and became known not only as of the best but also the richest doctor in city.

g. How does the author describe Rakesh’s family background?

Rakesh was from a poor family who used to live in a village in India. His father worked for a kerosene vendor and his mother spent her life in the kitchen. His grandparents also used to work as vegetable vendors. Despite of the poor economic condition, his parents worked hard and sacrificed everything they have for the higher education and medical college of his son Rakesh.

 

h. What is the impact of Rakesh’s mother’s death on his father?

Rakesh’s father was broken into pieces by the death of his wife. He fell ill so frequently and suffered with such mysterious disease named a peevish whim (sudden irritation in mind) that even his son could no longer make it out.

i. What did Rakesh do to make his father’s old age more comfortable?

Rakesh used to bring his father his morning tea in the old man’s favorite brass tumbler, and sat at the edge of his bed, comfortable and relaxed his father’s night-shirt, and read out the morning news for him. He used to help his father down the steps and onto the bed, soothing him and settling him down for a night under the stars.

j. Why did the old man try to bribe his grandchildren?

The old man tried to bribe his grandchildren in order to buy him sweets and Jalebis from the shop at the crossroads.

k. Are Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets reasonable? How?

I don’t think that the Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diets are reasonable. His son had made a diet plan for him so that he could live a healthy life. Rakesh being a responsible son and a doctor too, can’t allow his father to risk his life eating unnecessary foods and sweets. Rakesh did so because he didn’t what to lose his father as he had already losed his mother. Thus the Mr. Varma’s complaints about his diet aren’t reasonable.

Reference to the Context

a. How did the Varma couple make sacrifices for their son’s higher education?

Mr. Varma being a worker in a Kerosene Dealer Deport and Mrs. Varma being a housewife doing household things have done and made a lot of sacrifices for their son’s higher education. Mr. Varma had never seen how the school looks like from the inside as he had never gone to study. So, he wanted to fulfill his dream from his son and he sent Rakesh to the school for quality education. Rakesh was the first son in the family to receive an education. Thus the Varma couple worked hard and sacrificed their life, time, money and everything they have for the higher education and medical college of son for the betterment of his future.

b. Mr. Varma suffers from diseases one after another after his wife’s death. Would he have enjoyed better health if she had not died before him? Give reasons.

I think yes he would have enjoyed better health if she had not died before him. He had fell ill as soon as his wife died. Before the death of his wife he was enjoying his life with no mental harassment but after the death of his wife he started being in depression and many other mental conditions. He was broken mentally as well as physically. It is usual too because when a person with whom you have spended decades, they become part of your life and when they leave permanently, it is obvious to get a shock. Thus, if she had not died before him, he would have enjoyed better health.

c. Dr Rakesh is divided between a doctor and a son. As a son, he loves his father and worries about his weakening health but as a doctor, he is strict on his father’s diet and medicine. In your view, what else could Rakesh have done to make his father’s final years more comfortable?

With no doubt Rakesh is a good son and a good inspiring doctor though he did remain devoted to his father. Actually he is dividing between a doctor and a son. In my view, Rakesh could have been more polite and respectful in his behaviour with his father in the final years. He could have let his old father take the lead and give him the same independence and freedom because it is the age where parents feel like they are left behind. Rakesh could have also given his father some personal space and let him dictate how and when his son helps him. His loud-speaking made his father very troublesome and miserable. So, if he had spoken to his father politely and in respectful way, he could have made his father’s final years more comfortable.

d. What does the story say about the relationship between grandfather and grandchildren?

Desai’s story “A Devoted Son” shows loving companionship between grandfather and grandchildren. There is an unbreakable bond between them; having a close relation, once the grandfather tried to bribe his grandchildren to bring Jalebis for him. He used the innocence and mean nature of a small kid for his own benefit. Though he loved his grandchildren very much but due to his meanness he tried to show his grandson the wrong path. For that reason, the relationship between grandfather and grandchildren was found to be innocent, tricky, trusty and bonding in the story.

e. Do you call Rakesh a devoted son? Give reasons.

Yes, I call Rakesh a devoted son. He always did whatever his parents have advised or wanted him to do like; good academic performance, crucial part of a boy’s life which is marriage, and also choosing to get back to his own nation and live with his family though he could earn a lot of more money living in the USA. Though Rakesh stuck at some part of giving his father a happy life but he had tried his best. He always used to separate time for his old father despite of being very busy in his professional life. He never wanted his father to suffer. Hence, I think that Rakesh is a devoted son in the sense that he is able to put his own wishes aside for their betterment.

Reference beyond the text

a. Write an essay on The Parents’ Ambition for their Children in Nepali Society. You must give at least five examples.

The Parents’ Ambition for Their Children in Nepali Society

In Nepali society, parents’ ambition for their children is deeply rooted in cultural values, social expectations, and a desire to secure a better future for the next generation. These ambitions often stem from the parents' own experiences and the desire for their children to overcome the struggles they may have faced. This strong drive can be seen in many aspects of life, including education, career, marriage, and social status. While parents’ ambitions are motivated by love and care, they can also create pressure on children, leading to conflicts and challenges in their relationships.

One prominent example of parents’ ambition is in the field of education. In Nepal, education is seen as a way to escape poverty and achieve upward mobility. Many parents sacrifice their own comfort to ensure that their children receive a good education. For example, rural parents often send their children to urban areas or even abroad to study, hoping that they will secure high-paying jobs. Parents aspire for their children to pursue fields like engineering, medicine, or law, which are considered prestigious and secure career paths. This ambition can be both a blessing and a burden, as children may feel pressured to meet these expectations, sometimes at the cost of their own passions.

Another example is in the desire for children to secure stable and respected jobs. Many Nepali parents dream of seeing their children become doctors, engineers, or civil servants. These professions are seen as the pinnacle of success and stability in society. Parents often encourage their children to pursue these fields, even if it means pushing them away from their personal interests or talents. The ambition to secure a respected job also extends to the pressure of gaining a government position, as it is seen as a symbol of prestige and financial stability.

Parents also have strong ambitions for their children's marriage and family life. In many parts of Nepal, the concept of a "good match" for marriage is often guided by caste, social standing, and financial stability. Parents work hard to ensure that their children marry into families with similar or better status. This ambition can sometimes overshadow the desires of the children, leading to arranged marriages that prioritize social and economic compatibility over personal choice. The ambition for a successful and harmonious marriage often reflects the parents' desire to maintain or elevate the family’s reputation in society.

In addition to career and marriage, parents in Nepal also have aspirations related to the social status and respectability of their children. They hope their children will lead lives that reflect well on the family name. For instance, in some cases, parents may encourage their children to participate in social and religious events, volunteer work, or community leadership, believing that such activities will elevate the family’s status. In these instances, the desire for recognition and respect within the community plays a significant role in shaping the family’s expectations for their children.

However, while these ambitions stem from a place of love and care, they can sometimes create conflict. The pressure to meet these expectations can lead to frustration, especially if children have different aspirations or feel trapped in the paths laid out for them. In some cases, the conflict between parental ambition and children’s personal desires can strain relationships and cause emotional distress. It is important for parents to strike a balance between encouraging their children to pursue their dreams and respecting their individuality.

In conclusion, parents’ ambition for their children in Nepali society is a reflection of cultural values, the pursuit of social mobility, and a deep desire for their children’s success and happiness. While these ambitions can provide opportunities and drive, it is essential to ensure that children’s voices are heard, and their individual aspirations are respected. Only through understanding and mutual respect can the gap between parents’ dreams and children’s desires be bridged, creating a harmonious and supportive environment for the next generation.

b. Medicines replace our diets in old age. What can be done to make old ageless less dependent on medicine?

As people age, their bodies undergo natural changes that can lead to various health issues, often resulting in the increased use of medications. However, relying too heavily on medicine in old age can sometimes lead to side effects and dependency. To make old age less dependent on medicine, several lifestyle changes and preventive measures can be implemented to promote better health, vitality, and independence.

1.      Balanced Diet: One of the most effective ways to reduce dependency on medicine in old age is by maintaining a nutritious, well-balanced diet. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help manage many chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Additionally, including foods high in vitamins and minerals—such as calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium—can strengthen bones and immune function, reducing the need for supplements or medications.

2.      Physical Activity: Regular physical exercise is essential for maintaining strength, flexibility, and mobility. For older adults, activities like walking, swimming, yoga, or strength training can help reduce the risk of falls, improve cardiovascular health, and prevent conditions like osteoporosis. Regular physical activity also helps manage weight, regulate blood sugar levels, and enhance mood, thus reducing the need for medications that treat various age-related conditions.

3.      Mental Stimulation and Social Engagement: Keeping the mind active through activities such as reading, solving puzzles, learning new skills, or engaging in social interactions can help reduce cognitive decline and prevent mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. Socializing with friends, family, or community groups can also provide emotional support and reduce the need for medications that treat stress or depression.

4.      Preventive Healthcare: Regular health check-ups, screenings, and early detection of health issues can help reduce the reliance on medications. Preventive care measures, such as getting vaccinated, managing chronic conditions with lifestyle changes, and addressing health issues before they worsen, can reduce the need for long-term medications. For example, managing blood pressure through diet and exercise rather than relying solely on medications can help control hypertension in the long run.

5.      Holistic Approaches: Incorporating alternative therapies like herbal medicine, acupuncture, or aromatherapy, under the guidance of a healthcare professional, can complement traditional treatments and potentially reduce the reliance on pharmaceuticals. Practices such as meditation and mindfulness can help alleviate stress and improve mental well-being, potentially reducing the need for anti-anxiety medications.

6.      Adequate Sleep: Quality sleep is crucial for overall health, especially in old age. Sleep plays a critical role in memory, immune function, and emotional health. Ensuring that older adults get sufficient, restful sleep can reduce the need for sleep aids or medications for mood disorders.

c. Write an essay on “Care of Elderly Citizens” in about 300 words.

Care of Elderly Citizens

The care of elderly citizens is a critical issue in today’s society, particularly as life expectancy increases globally. Older adults often face challenges that require special attention, including physical frailty, chronic health conditions, and the need for emotional support. As the population ages, it is essential to ensure that elderly citizens receive the care, respect, and dignity they deserve, allowing them to live their later years in comfort and security.

One of the primary aspects of elderly care is ensuring physical health. This includes providing regular medical check-ups, managing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, and offering assistance with daily activities like bathing, dressing, and mobility. Access to healthcare services, including home visits by doctors or nurses, can be crucial for elderly individuals who may have difficulty traveling to medical appointments. Proper nutrition is also vital, as elderly individuals often need a balanced diet to maintain energy, immune function, and overall well-being.

In addition to physical care, emotional and social support is equally important. Elderly citizens may experience loneliness or isolation, especially if they live alone or have limited social interactions. Regular contact with family members, friends, or caregivers can alleviate feelings of isolation and depression. Social activities, such as community events or senior clubs, can help keep elderly citizens engaged and connected with their communities.

Moreover, the emotional well-being of elderly citizens should be prioritized, as they may face significant life transitions, including the loss of a spouse, friends, or independence. Providing emotional support, encouraging open communication, and offering counseling or mental health services can help elderly citizens cope with these challenges.

In conclusion, the care of elderly citizens involves not only managing their physical health but also attending to their emotional, social, and psychological needs. It is the responsibility of society to ensure that elderly individuals live their final years with respect, dignity, and the support they need to thrive.

 4^th Story

The Treasure in the Forest

H.G. Wells

"The Treasure in the Forest" is a short story by H.G. Wells, first published in 1894. It blends adventure and suspense with a touch of horror, reflecting Wells’ interest in the unknown and the consequences of human greed.

About the Writer

H.G. Wells (1866–1946) was an English writer best known for his science fiction novels, including The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, and The Invisible Man. Wells often explored themes of human ambition, technological advancement, and their unintended consequences. In The Treasure in the Forest, Wells steps away from science fiction to craft a cautionary tale about greed and the dangers of pursuing wealth blindly.

Setting

The story is set in a dense, tropical forest on an isolated island or coastal region. The vivid description of the jungle, with its oppressive heat, tangled vegetation, and sense of foreboding, creates an atmosphere of tension and danger. This lush yet hostile environment plays a crucial role in the plot, reinforcing the sense that nature itself is a force to be reckoned with.

Plot Summary

Two adventurers, Evans and Hooker, sail to a remote island in search of hidden treasure. They have acquired a map by killing a Chinese man named Chang-hi, who originally possessed the knowledge of the treasure's location. Upon reaching the forest, the two men follow the map’s directions to find the treasure hidden beneath peculiar white plants. However, they unknowingly trigger a deadly trap left by Chang-hi – the white plants are poisonous.

As Evans and Hooker dig greedily for the treasure, Evans pricks his finger on one of the plants and begins to experience paralysis. Hooker, realizing the plants are toxic, tries to save Evans but is too late. As Evans dies, Hooker too begins to succumb to the poison, leaving both men victims of their own greed and lack of foresight.

Characters

1. Evans – One of the two treasure seekers. Evans is impulsive and driven by greed. His carelessness leads to his fatal encounter with the poisonous plants.
2. Hooker – The more cautious of the two, Hooker tries to assess the situation but is ultimately powerless to save Evans or himself.
3. Chang-hi – The Chinese man who originally owned the treasure map. He is killed by Evans and Hooker, but his knowledge of the trap indirectly leads to the deaths of the two men.

Themes

• Greed and Its Consequences – Evans and Hooker’s desire for wealth leads to their demise, illustrating how blind ambition can be self-destructive.
• Nature as an Adversary – The tropical forest, with its hidden dangers, serves as a reminder of humanity’s vulnerability in the face of nature’s power.
• Moral Retribution – The deaths of Evans and Hooker can be seen as a form of poetic justice for their betrayal and murder of Chang-hi.

Summary

"The Treasure in the Forest" by H.G. Wells is a short story about two adventurers, Evans and Hooker, who set out to retrieve a hidden treasure in a remote tropical forest. The story begins with the two men rowing ashore after sailing to an isolated island, guided by a map they obtained by killing a Chinese man named Chang-hi. As they enter the dense forest, they are driven by the promise of wealth but are also uneasy, haunted by the memory of Chang-hi’s sinister smile before his death. The oppressive heat and silence of the forest add to their growing sense of unease.

Following the map’s directions, Evans and Hooker discover the treasure’s location, marked by peculiar white, spiky plants. Eager to uncover the gold, Evans begins digging immediately, despite the strange appearance of the plants. In his haste, he pricks his finger on one of the spines but dismisses it as unimportant. As the men unearth the hidden treasure, Evans starts to feel weak and numb. The effects of the poisonous plants quickly spread through his body, causing paralysis.

Hooker, realizing the danger too late, tries to help Evans but can only watch as his companion succumbs to the poison. In a desperate attempt to save himself, Hooker begins to feel the same creeping paralysis as he inadvertently comes into contact with the plants. The story ends with both men falling victim to the trap left by Chang-hi, who had carefully protected the treasure with deadly plants, ensuring that anyone who betrayed him would not live to enjoy their spoils.

The Treasure in the Forest serves as a cautionary tale about greed and the consequences of deceit. Evans and Hooker’s relentless pursuit of wealth blinds them to the dangers around them, leading to their downfall. The hostile environment of the jungle, combined with Chang-hi’s clever use of nature as a weapon, highlights the story’s central theme – that nature and fate often conspire against those who seek to profit at the expense of others.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. Describe the expository scene of the story.

The expository scene of The Treasure in the Forest sets the tone for the story by immersing the reader in an atmosphere of unease and foreboding. It opens with Evans and Hooker rowing a small boat toward the shore of a remote tropical island. The dense, silent forest looms ahead, creating a sense of isolation and danger. As they make their way through the humid jungle, the men’s tense conversation reveals that they obtained the treasure map by murdering a Chinese man named Chang-hi. Evans recalls Chang-hi’s cryptic, mocking smile before his death, hinting at the possibility of a hidden danger. This opening scene establishes key elements – the characters' greed, the mysterious treasure, and the foreshadowing of the peril that lies ahead – drawing the reader into a narrative of suspense and inevitable doom.

b. What does the map look like and how do Evan and Hooker interpret it?

The map in The Treasure in the Forest is described as a rough, hand-drawn sketch, likely created by Chang-hi, the Chinese man Evans and Hooker killed to obtain it. It is simple yet cryptic, with markings indicating the location of the hidden treasure within the dense tropical forest. The map shows a path leading inland from the shore, with landmarks such as trees and rocks used to guide the treasure seekers to the precise spot where the gold is buried.

Evans and Hooker interpret the map with confidence, believing it to be accurate and straightforward. They follow the directions carefully, eager to claim the treasure. However, they overlook potential warnings and dismiss Chang-hi’s eerie smile as meaningless. Their interpretation focuses solely on the reward, failing to consider the possibility that the map might contain traps or hidden dangers – a fatal oversight that leads to their eventual downfall.

c. How did Evan and Hooker know about the treasure?

Evans and Hooker learned about the treasure from Chang-hi, a Chinese man who had originally hidden it. Chang-hi likely revealed the existence of the treasure through conversations or indirect hints, sparking the men’s interest and greed. Driven by the desire to claim the treasure for themselves, Evans and Hooker decided to kill Chang-hi and steal the map that led to the hidden gold.

Although they succeeded in acquiring the map, they overlooked Chang-hi’s cunning and vengeful nature. Before his death, Chang-hi gave them a cryptic smile, suggesting that he had anticipated their betrayal and had taken precautions to protect the treasure. This foreshadowed the deadly trap that ultimately led to the demise of Evans and Hooker.

d. Describe Evan’s dream.

During their journey, Evan began to doze and saw a dream. Evan had a dream about the treasure and Chang-hi. In the dream, they were in the forest and saw a little fire where three Chinese men sat around it and talked in quiet voices in English. Evans went closer and he knew that Chang-hi took the gold from a h4ish galleon after shipwrecked and hide it carefully on the island. He worked alone and it was his secret, but now he wanted help to get the gold back. There was a battle and Chang-hi was brutally killed by them. He thought that someone was calling him, so he suddenly woke up.

e. What do the two treasure hunters see when they walk towards the island?

The two treasure hunters saw three palm trees, thick bushes and dim white flowers at the mouth of the stream when they walk towards the island. They also saw the dead body of Chinese man named Chang-hi which makes both of them surprised.

f. In what condition did the treasure hunters find the dead man?

When Evan and Hooker reached the place where the treasure was buried, they saw a dead man lying in a clear space among the trees with a puffed and purple neck and swollen hands and ankles.

g. How did the treasure hunters try to carry gold ingots to the canoe?

The treasure hunters tried to carry gold ingots to the canoe with the help of the coat of which one end of the collar catching by the hand of Hooker and the other collar by Evan.

h. How were Evan and Hooker poisoned?

Evan and Hooker were poisoned as a slender (thin) thorn nearly of two inches length pricked in Hooker’s thumb and Evan rolled over him and both of them crumpled together on the ground which made them suffered a lot.

Reference to the Context

a. How do you know the story is set on a tropical island?

The story’s setting on a tropical island is conveyed through vivid descriptions of the environment. H.G. Wells paints a picture of a dense, humid forest filled with lush vegetation and an oppressive atmosphere. The island is portrayed as remote and uninhabited, with the “stillness of the air” and the “steamy heat” evoking the sense of a tropical climate. The forest is described as thick and tangled, with white, spiky plants that thrive in the heat, adding to the exotic and hazardous nature of the landscape.

Additionally, Evans and Hooker’s arrival by boat and their journey from the shoreline into the forest reinforce the sense of isolation typical of a tropical island. The presence of hidden treasure and the mention of sailing to this location further suggest the kind of adventure narrative often associated with tropical, uncharted islands. These elements collectively establish the setting as a dangerous and mysterious tropical environment.

b. Why do you think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island?

I think Evan and Hooker took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island because of their greed for wealth. They took it as a challenge and the risks as rewards. They were also attracted by the fact that it was the treasure left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon which may cost millions of dollars. So they became crazy about the treasure and took such a risk of finding the buried treasure on a desert island.

c. Do you think the narrator of the story is racist? If yes, what made him feel superior to other races?

Yes, I find some sort of racist feelings in the narrator of the story when he presents Evan and Hooker as superior to that of the Chinese man in the story. In fact, a racist is a person who is prejudiced against or antagonistic towards people based on their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized. In the story, we find the Chinese man was brutally killed by Evans and Hooker. When Hooker said to Evans, “Have you lost your wit?”, it also reflects dominating nature of Hooker over Ivan. Thus, many instances in the story state that the narrator of the story looks like a racist.

d. What do you think is the moral of the story?

The moral of the story is that peoples can do anything for money. They can take any kind of risks for it. As in the story Evan and Hooker killed a Chinese man brutally to get their way to treasure buried in the desert, people can even take lives of other. It’s greed that is the disordered desire for more than is decent, not for the greater good but one’s own selfish interest, and at the detriment of others and society at large. Greed can be for anything but is most commonly for money or treasures and power which is much more. At the end of the story, Evan and Hooker both were poisoned. This shows that greediness leads to the destruction. So we should not run behind the money and treasure, rather than focus on our dreams and be happy with the things as much as we have.

Reference beyond the text

a. Interpret the story as a mystery story.

The story “The Treasures in the Forest” is full of mystery. The story has fine descriptions of its mysterious setting and characters. It has a fine plot with various twists in characters’ situations.It’s hard for a reader to predict what is going to happen next. The story is about two treasure hunters, Evans and Hooker who seek to find the hidden treasures in the forest left behind by a shipwrecked h4ish galleon. Some mysterious events are : Hooker murder Chang-hi, a Chinese man to steal the treasure map. Chang-hi grins at them when he gets murdered. They travel by canoe sailing towards the coral island. However, neither of them understands the intention behind it. The fearful surroundings of the forest and the final painful death of the characters create a kind of suspense among the readers. The poisonous thorns appear out to be the main cause of the death of the characters. All these things prove this story as a mystery story.

b. Treasure hunting is a favorable subject of children’s story. Remember a treasure hunting story you read in your childhood and compare and contrast it with ‘The Treasure in the Forest.’

One treasure-hunting story from my childhood that comes to mind is The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss. In this classic adventure tale, a family is shipwrecked on a deserted island, and they discover a wealth of natural resources, including hidden treasure. As they explore the island, the family members embark on various adventures to secure their survival and uncover the treasures of the land, all while overcoming challenges and building a new life. The tone of the story is hopeful and focuses on teamwork, resourcefulness, and optimism. The treasure represents not just wealth but the rewards of hard work, ingenuity, and family unity.

In contrast, The Treasure in the Forest by H.G. Wells presents a darker and more cynical view of treasure hunting. While both stories involve the discovery of treasure on a remote island, the characters in Wells’ story, Evans and Hooker, are driven by greed rather than survival or family bonding. Their betrayal of Chang-hi and their rush to claim the treasure ultimately lead to their tragic deaths. Unlike the resourceful, heroic spirit of the Swiss family, Evans and Hooker’s story highlights the dangers of blind ambition and greed, offering a cautionary tale rather than an adventurous journey. While The Swiss Family Robinson ends on a hopeful note, The Treasure in the Forest shows how the pursuit of wealth can lead to doom.

 

 5^th Story

My Old Home

Lu Xun

"My Old Home" is a short story by Lu Xun, one of the most influential writers in modern Chinese literature. The story, written in 1921, reflects the social and political turmoil of China during the early 20th century, focusing on themes of nostalgia, change, and the contrast between the old and the new. Lu Xun is known for his critical stance against traditional Chinese society and his desire to inspire social reform through his works.

About the Writer

Lu Xun (1881–1936) was a prominent Chinese writer, essayist, and critic, considered the father of modern Chinese literature. His works often critique the traditional Chinese system and highlight the suffering of ordinary people, while advocating for social change. His sharp observations of Chinese society, particularly its flaws, are evident in his stories, which mix realism, social critique, and elements of personal reflection. Some of his most famous works include A Madman's Diary, The True Story of Ah Q, and The Story of the Stone. My Old Home reflects his deep connection to his homeland while also critiquing the changes that have taken place over time.

Setting

The story is set in Lu Xun’s hometown of Shaoxing, a small town in the Zhejiang province in China. The setting plays a crucial role, representing the transition from the rural, traditional past to the modern, changing China of the early 20th century. The countryside, the old home, and the familiar surroundings all evoke nostalgia for the narrator but also show the sense of decay and disintegration as time has passed. The contrast between the old home and the changes in the town and people reflects the themes of loss, change, and the passage of time.

Plot Summary

In My Old Home, the narrator, who has been away from his hometown for several years, returns to visit after a period of absence. He is greeted by the changes that have occurred in his hometown, both in the physical landscape and in the people. The story revolves around his visit to his old home, where he is confronted with the stark contrast between his nostalgic memories of childhood and the reality of the present.

During his visit, the narrator encounters his childhood friend, who has since become a teacher, and they reflect on their past lives and the changes in their town. The narrator’s old home is now in a state of disrepair, and the people have changed, with his friend's life being affected by social and economic shifts. The story highlights the passage of time and the inevitability of change, with the narrator struggling to reconcile his memories with the reality of his current life.

Characters

1. The Narrator – The central character who returns to his hometown after a long absence. He is reflective, nostalgic, and concerned with the changes that have taken place in his life and his town. The narrator represents a longing for the past but also the realization that time has altered everything.
2. The Narrator’s Old Friend – A man the narrator knew in his youth, who has now become a teacher. The friend’s life contrasts with the narrator’s, and he symbolizes the changes in the social fabric of the town. Despite the friendship, there is a subtle distance between them, as their lives have diverged over the years.
3. The Narrator’s Family – The narrator's family plays a background role, particularly his mother, who is still living in the old home. Her presence further emphasizes the contrast between the old life and the present situation.

Themes

1. Nostalgia and Disillusionment – The story explores the tension between the narrator’s memories of his childhood and the reality of his return. There is a sense of loss and disillusionment as the narrator realizes that time has eroded the beauty and simplicity he once cherished.
2. Social Change and Modernization – Lu Xun critiques the rapid social and economic changes in China, particularly how they affect traditional values and relationships. The story portrays the disintegration of the old way of life and the rise of new social structures.
3. Loss of Innocence – The narrator’s return to his old home signifies a loss of innocence, as he confronts the fact that the world he once knew has been irrevocably altered.

Summary

"My Old Home" by Lu Xun is a reflective and nostalgic short story about the narrator’s return to his hometown after many years of absence. The story begins with the narrator visiting his old home in the small town of Shaoxing, where he once lived. Upon his arrival, he is struck by the changes in the town and his childhood home, which is now in a state of decay. The narrator is confronted by the contrast between the memories of his past and the reality of the present, highlighting the theme of time’s irreversible passage and the loss of the familiar.

As the narrator wanders through the town, he meets his childhood friend, who has become a teacher in the village. The two men reminisce about their past and discuss the changes that have taken place in both the town and their lives. The narrator’s old friend, though still kind and familiar, now lives a life that is far removed from the simple, carefree days of their youth. The conversation between the two reveals the social and economic changes that have affected the town, and the differences in their respective lives. The narrator feels a sense of distance between himself and his old friend, both emotionally and culturally, due to the passage of time.

The story takes a deeper turn as the narrator reflects on the nature of change, loss, and memory. He recalls the time when he was a child, growing up in the same house, and the warmth of the past that now feels distant and unattainable. His return to the house, however, reveals the stark reality that the physical structure has deteriorated, symbolizing the fading of his own connection to his roots. The narrator’s longing for the past contrasts with the harsh reality of the present, creating a sense of disillusionment. The past, while cherished in memory, is gone, and the present cannot fully replace it.

In the final moments of the story, the narrator comes to terms with the fact that change is inevitable and that the past is irretrievable. Despite his nostalgia and yearning for the old home, he understands that life moves forward, and his return to the past can only bring about a painful awareness of how much things have changed. My Old Home reflects Lu Xun’s commentary on the effects of modernization and the loss of traditional values, showing how individuals and communities are shaped by the passage of time and societal transformation.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions

a. How does the narrator describe his feeling at the arrival of his old home?

Upon arriving at his old home, the narrator describes a mixture of nostalgia, disillusionment, and unease. He is initially filled with a sense of longing and anticipation, recalling the memories of his childhood and the warmth of his family life. However, as he steps into the old house, he is struck by its deterioration and decay. The familiar surroundings that once held such significance for him now feel alien and worn down. The house, which was once a symbol of comfort and security, now seems to reflect the passage of time and the inevitable changes that have occurred in both the physical space and the narrator's own life.

This emotional reaction reveals his internal conflict between his idealized memories of the past and the harsh reality of the present. He feels a sense of loss as the house no longer holds the same meaning it once did, and his childhood home seems almost like a stranger to him. His feelings are compounded by the awareness that the passage of time has not only changed the physical space but also altered his personal connections and sense of belonging. The visit to his old home becomes a painful reminder that the past cannot be reclaimed, leading to a complex blend of emotions, from fondness to sorrow.

b. What were the three kinds of servants in China then? What does it indicate about contemporary Chinese society?

There were three kinds of Chinese servants: dailies, yearlong and busy-mothers. First are day workers who work for the day or for some time only, sometimes known as short-timers. Yearlong are people who work for the same family all year or more. Finally, Busy-mothers were landowners who only worked for one family at a time, such as around New Year’s festivals, or when rent was due to pay.

The servant in contemporary Chinese society demonstrates the slavery system and the tendency of dividing the work. Based on their statuses, the work used to be allocated.

c. What makes the narrator nostalgic? What did he do with Runtu in his teenage years?

The narrator in My Old Home becomes nostalgic because of the memories of his childhood and the simplicity and warmth of life in his old home. His feelings of nostalgia are triggered by his return to the house and the familiar surroundings that once held deep meaning for him. He remembers the comfort and security of his earlier life, which contrasts sharply with the present decay of the house and his emotional distance from it. The physical changes to the house and the town evoke a sense of loss and remind him of the passage of time, when life seemed more innocent and uncomplicated.

In his teenage years, the narrator spent time with Runtu, a servant from his family’s household. The two shared a close friendship and had a bond that transcended the typical master-servant relationship. The narrator recalls playing and conversing with Runtu during their youth, and Runtu’s kindness and loyalty left a lasting impression on him. Despite the societal barriers between them, they were able to form a genuine connection, with Runtu even accompanying the narrator on some of his excursions and activities. However, as time passed, the changes in both the narrator's life and the world around him distanced him from this connection. Runtu, too, is impacted by the societal shifts and the rise of new social dynamics. The nostalgia the narrator feels is not only for the lost innocence of youth but also for these meaningful, yet forgotten, relationships.

d. How did Runtu hunt a Zha at a young age?

Runtu hunted a Zha by attacking with a pointed knife suddenly while he was standing to watch over watermelons at a young age.

e. How does the narrator make a humorous picture of Mrs Yang?

The narrator has described the image of Mrs Yang. He has associated Yang with the beancurd beauty. The narrator narrates the appearance of Yang with narrow cheekbones and lips. She used to powder her face. He portrays her as the face of two compasses in a geometry box when he sees her and expresses her as a humorous picture.

f. According to the narrator, what were different factors that made Runtu a poor man throughout his life?

The narrator exposes Runtu as a poor man throughout his life. There are many factors behind the poverty of Runtu. Different obligations and social division play the most important role behind his poverty. Alongside he suffered from a lack of opportunities. feeble economic background and discrimination he faced in his prime time is a reasonable factor. Besides it, the bad harvest, too many children, harsh taxes, famine and gentry folks are the other factors behind his poverty throughout his life.

g. How does the narrator help Runtu before leaving the old home?

The narrator helps Runtu before leaving the old home by offering different household items. Since they were leaving Runtu was financially poor, the narrator thought he could make his life a bit easier so he gave him two large tables, a few candles, an incense burner, and a set of scales.

h. How does the author differentiate two kinds of idols?

Superstitious idols and hope are two mentioned idols of the story. He distinguishes between these two types of idols in sense of time and belief, stating that people worship superstitious idols for the short term because they want something immediately, while hope is shown as the long term enduring empathy people need in most circumstances.

Reference to the context

a. While reading the friendship between the narrator and Runtu, Hindu readers remember the friendship between Krishna and Sudama. Which particular description reminds you of the mythological example?

The friendship between the narrator and Runtu in My Old Home evokes comparisons with the mythological friendship between Krishna and Sudama, especially in the way both friendships transcend social boundaries and reflect a deep, mutual connection. In the story, Runtu and the narrator share a close bond during their childhood despite the vast difference in their social standing. The narrator, from a wealthy family, and Runtu, a poor servant, play and interact as equals, forming a genuine friendship that is untainted by their class differences. Similarly, in Hindu mythology, Krishna, a prince and god, and Sudama, a poor Brahmin, share a deep friendship that is not defined by wealth or social status, but by loyalty, love, and mutual respect.

One of the most striking similarities between the two friendships lies in their innocence and simplicity. In My Old Home, the narrator recalls the times when he and Runtu would play together, with Runtu even helping the narrator with tasks or sharing his own knowledge and skills. The description of their shared experiences—without the interference of class or privilege—reminds readers of Krishna and Sudama's friendship. When Sudama, in dire poverty, goes to visit Krishna, their bond remains rooted in their childhood friendship, and Krishna welcomes him with love and respect, not because of Sudama's wealth, but because of their sincere connection. Both friendships are based on true affection and genuine companionship, transcending material conditions.

Another moment in My Old Home that recalls the Krishna-Sudama relationship is the loyalty and mutual support between the two characters. While Runtu is a servant, his loyalty to the narrator is unwavering, and the narrator, despite his changed circumstances, remembers Runtu with a sense of affection and nostalgia. This dynamic mirrors the relationship between Krishna and Sudama, where Krishna shows immense respect and care for Sudama despite his poverty. The narrator's reflection on their friendship, even as he returns to a changed home and sees Runtu's life affected by the social upheavals, highlights a similar bond of mutual respect and enduring connection that transcends time and circumstance.

Finally, the sadness of lost connection between the narrator and Runtu mirrors the poignant moment in the Krishna-Sudama myth where Sudama, though returning with Krishna’s blessings, realizes that their lives have diverged. The narrator, upon returning to his old home, is struck by how much has changed—both in his hometown and in his relationship with Runtu. Runtu, now a teacher, is far removed from the boy the narrator once knew, and their friendship has become distant. Similarly, Sudama's return to his humble home, though blessed by Krishna’s gift, reminds him of the passing of time and the inevitable changes in their lives. Both stories reflect how time and societal changes can distance even the closest of friendships, yet the underlying connection remains a cherished memory.

b. How does the story support the proposition that the relationships of childhood are innocent, impartial and disinterested?

The story My Old Home supports the proposition that childhood relationships are innocent, impartial, and disinterested through the depiction of the narrator’s friendship with Runtu, a servant in his family’s household. During their childhood, the bond between the narrator and Runtu is free from any awareness of social status, wealth, or class divisions. They interact as equals, enjoying each other’s company without concern for Runtu’s position as a servant or the narrator’s privileged background. Their relationship is characterized by genuine affection, spontaneous play, and a mutual sense of companionship, which illustrates the purity and simplicity of childhood connections.

The narrator’s memories of their time together reflect the innocence inherent in such relationships. They did not view each other through the lens of class or material wealth, but simply as friends who shared experiences and enjoyed each other’s company. For example, when the narrator remembers the time they spent playing together, there is no mention of power dynamics or hierarchical boundaries, suggesting that children form relationships based on shared interests and emotional connection, rather than external factors. This impartiality in their bond underscores the idea that, in childhood, relationships are driven by pure emotional connection, without any self-interest or consideration of what one can gain from the other.

Moreover, the disinterested nature of their friendship is shown in how neither Runtu nor the narrator expected anything in return. Runtu, despite his low social status, showed loyalty and kindness, not for any material gain but because of his sincere affection for the narrator. Likewise, the narrator remembers Runtu with nostalgia and fondness, reflecting on their bond without any sense of obligation or expectation. This reinforces the idea that, in childhood, relationships are not influenced by what one can gain from the other, but rather by a natural, unguarded sense of companionship.

The eventual distance between the narrator and Runtu as they grow older further highlights the inherent purity and innocence of their childhood bond. As adults, they are affected by the societal changes and the realities of their respective lives, which introduce complexities and a sense of estrangement. The narrator’s return to his old home reveals that time and societal divisions have fractured their relationship. However, their childhood friendship remains untouched by these factors, symbolizing the imperviousness of childhood innocence to the external world’s influences. The contrast between their childhood and adult selves shows that childhood relationships, in their truest form, are driven by innocence, impartiality, and disinterest—qualities that often fade as people grow and become more influenced by social structures and material concerns.

c. After reading the story, what inferences can you make about the contemporary Chinese economic and social system?

After reading My Old Home, one can infer several key aspects of the contemporary Chinese economic and social system, particularly during the early 20th century when the story was written. The rigidity of the class structure is evident throughout the narrative. The relationship between the narrator and Runtu, despite their childhood friendship, is framed by the stark contrast between their social positions. The narrator, from a privileged background, and Runtu, a servant, are bound by the class system that defines their interactions. This division suggests a deep-rooted social stratification, where an individual’s social class determined their role and opportunities in life, limiting personal growth and upward mobility for those in lower social standings.

The economic inequality present in the story reflects the disparities between the rich and the poor. Runtu, despite his resourcefulness and loyalty, remains in a lower economic position as a servant throughout his life, highlighting the lack of opportunities for social mobility. The narrator’s return to his old home and his reflection on Runtu’s life reveals the stifling nature of the economic system, where the poor were often trapped in their socio-economic status. This limited economic mobility suggests that the system was rigid and oppressive, offering little hope for individuals like Runtu to rise above their social status, regardless of their efforts or talents.

Additionally, the story emphasizes the persistence of traditional societal roles. Despite changes in the social and political landscape, the narrator and Runtu are still defined by their roles in the social hierarchy. The narrator’s nostalgia for the past reflects the resilience of traditional values that upheld class divisions and reinforced the power dynamics within families and communities. Even as time passed and the narrator left for education, these traditional roles remained entrenched, suggesting that Chinese society was slow to adapt to new social and economic realities. The notion of patriarchal control and familial obligations is also evident, with both the narrator and Runtu being influenced by the expectations of their families and communities, despite their personal relationships.

Finally, the limited social mobility highlighted in the story points to the lack of equal access to opportunities. Runtu’s eventual role as a teacher, though a step up from his previous position, does not fundamentally change the power dynamics between him and the narrator. Despite the narrator’s education and broader life experiences, Runtu remains constrained by the systemic inequalities of the time. This reflects a society that was rigidly defined by class and where change was difficult to achieve. The barriers to social and economic mobility are reflected in both the personal lives of the characters and the broader societal structures they inhabit, emphasizing the difficulty of overcoming ingrained social hierarchies in contemporary China.

d. What does the story indicate about the geographical features of the narrator’s hometown?

The setup of the story ‘My Old Home’ is in the winter season of 1921 in ancient China. The story includes the ancient Chinese society often called the contemporary society, its economic condition and social boundaries. The obligations put by ancient society are somehow unethical and inhuman. The story focuses on the true friendship of Xun and Runtu by justifying their respect and locality beside the obligation of making relations between a different class of people.

The story also speaks about climate change and destruction in the name of development. The narrator nostalgically narrates his hometown. In his childhood, his hometown was lovely and surrounded by greenery where the green sky lies above. The story especially focuses on the hometown of the narrator that was underneath the blue-black sky and land covered with green grasses and vegetables. The birds used to fly around his garden and house. He feels very good and warm when he comes home.

But now, when Xun went back to his old hometown after twenty years, everything was changed. The green sky he used to see and wonder was changed into the vast and greying sky where no imagination was possible to be made. they look like they already lost the resemblance of any life, they were drab and desolate. There is no sign of progress over the years.

He also talked about the seaside where he used to go to collect shells of different colours. He also described how he caught the bird; kill Zha underneath the blue-black sky.

6^th Essay

Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the slowly sinking Sun

Shankar Lamichhane

About the Writer

Shankar Lamichhane (1928-1975) was a prominent Nepali writer, essayist, and thinker known for his philosophical and reflective style of writing. Born in Kathmandu, he was deeply influenced by the cultural richness and spiritual heritage of Nepal. His works often explore themes of identity, spirituality, cultural preservation, and the contrast between tradition and modernity.

Setting

Setting

The story The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichhane is set primarily in Nepal, focusing on the cultural, spiritual, and natural beauty of the country. The physical setting is rich with symbolic references to places such as Swayambhunath (the iconic stupa in Kathmandu, often referred to as the "Monkey Temple") and other historical and cultural landmarks. The setting highlights Nepal’s unique identity as a blend of ancient traditions and natural landscapes.

Setting

The story The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichhane is set primarily in Nepal, focusing on the cultural, spiritual, and natural beauty of the country. The physical setting is rich with symbolic references to places such as Swayambhunath (the iconic stupa in Kathmandu, often referred to as the "Monkey Temple") and other historical and cultural landmarks. The setting highlights Nepal’s unique identity as a blend of ancient traditions and natural landscapes.

Plot

The story is a reflective narrative that weaves together the personal musings of the narrator with the broader cultural and philosophical reflections on life, death, and human connection. The narrator encounters a tourist who is exploring Nepal, prompting a journey of introspection about how outsiders perceive Nepalese culture and spirituality.

Through this interaction, the narrator reflects on:

• The enduring serenity symbolized by the Buddha's half-closed eyes, representing balance and harmony.
• The inevitability of time and mortality, symbolized by the slowly sinking sun.
  The story explores Nepal’s rich cultural heritage and its philosophy of contentment and detachment, contrasted with the materialism of the modern world.

Characters

1. The Narrator: A reflective and philosophical character who provides insights into Nepalese culture and spirituality.
2. The Tourist: Represents the curious outsider seeking to understand Nepal but often failing to grasp its deeper essence due to cultural differences.
3. Symbolic Figures: The Buddha (through the stupa at Swayambhunath) and the natural elements (such as the setting sun) serve as metaphoric characters that enhance the thematic depth of the story.

Themes

1. Cultural Identity: The story contrasts Nepalese spirituality and simplicity with the Western tourist’s materialistic perspective.
2. Impermanence: The slowly sinking sun symbolizes the transitory nature of life and the inevitability of change.
3. Harmony and Balance: The half-closed eyes of the Buddha suggest a state of equilibrium between engagement and detachment.
4. Perception vs. Reality: The tourist’s inability to fully comprehend Nepal’s spiritual depth highlights the gap between superficial observation and true understanding.
5. Interconnectedness: The story underscores the unity of nature, humanity, and spirituality in Nepalese philosophy.

Summary

The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the slowly sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichhane is a philosophical and reflective narrative set in Nepal. The story begins with the narrator observing a tourist exploring Nepal’s cultural landmarks, such as Swayambhunath Stupa. The tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local culture and spirituality spark the narrator’s introspection about how outsiders perceive Nepal. While the tourist sees Nepal as an exotic destination, the narrator reflects on the deeper spiritual and cultural essence of the country, symbolized by the Buddha’s half-closed eyes.

The Buddha’s eyes, half-open and half-closed, serve as a central metaphor for balance and harmony, representing Nepal’s philosophy of living a life in equilibrium between material engagement and spiritual detachment. The narrator contrasts this with the modern world's focus on materialism and superficial achievements, highlighting the serenity and contentment rooted in Nepalese culture. The slowly sinking sun, another powerful symbol, reflects the transient nature of life, emphasizing the inevitability of change and the importance of accepting impermanence with grace.

As the story progresses, the narrator delves deeper into Nepal's interconnectedness with nature and spirituality, contrasting it with the tourist’s inability to grasp the profound essence of the land. The essay becomes a poignant commentary on how modernity often overlooks the simplicity and wisdom of traditional cultures. Through its meditative tone and symbolic imagery, the narrative celebrates Nepal’s spiritual heritage while critiquing the shallow understanding of those who view it from an external perspective. The story ultimately invites readers to embrace a more meaningful and harmonious way of life.

 

Alternate summary

Shankar Lamichhane’s The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun is a philosophical essay that captures the spiritual essence of Nepal through the reflections of a local narrator. The narrative begins with a tourist exploring the rich cultural and spiritual landmarks of Nepal, such as the iconic Swayambhunath Stupa. The tourist’s curiosity and questions about the local culture spark a deep contemplation in the narrator, who contrasts the outsider’s superficial observations with the profound cultural and spiritual truths embodied in Nepalese life. This initial encounter sets the stage for an exploration of Nepal’s identity as a land of spirituality, harmony, and balance.

The half-closed eyes of the Buddha, prominently depicted on Nepalese stupas, symbolize a state of balance and serenity—being neither fully awake nor completely detached. The narrator uses this imagery to explain Nepal’s philosophy of life, which integrates the material and the spiritual. This harmony, deeply ingrained in the country’s culture, stands in stark contrast to the tourist’s modern worldview, which is driven by material pursuits and a lack of spiritual grounding. Through this metaphor, the narrator critiques the tendency of modernity to undervalue the wisdom and simplicity of traditional ways of life.

As the story unfolds, the slowly sinking sun becomes another central symbol, representing the transience of life and the inevitability of change. The narrator reflects on how Nepalese philosophy teaches acceptance of impermanence, urging individuals to live with a sense of detachment while appreciating the beauty of the moment. This perspective is further contrasted with the tourist’s fascination with the external aspects of Nepal, such as its scenic beauty and cultural artifacts, without grasping the deeper meaning they hold for the local people.

The narrator’s reflections expand to highlight the interconnectedness of life, nature, and spirituality in Nepal. The country’s mountains, rivers, and stupas are not merely physical landmarks but manifestations of a spiritual essence that guides the way of life for its people. However, the narrator laments how this profound heritage is often misunderstood or overlooked by outsiders who fail to see beyond its surface charm. The essay subtly critiques the modern world’s obsession with materialism and the loss of spiritual depth in the pursuit of progress.

In conclusion, Lamichhane’s essay is both a celebration of Nepal’s cultural and spiritual richness and a critique of modernity’s inability to appreciate it fully. Through its evocative imagery and poetic reflections, the narrative conveys the essence of Nepalese philosophy, urging readers to seek balance, harmony, and a deeper understanding of life. The essay serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of preserving cultural heritage and embracing a more meaningful and spiritually enriched way of living.

 

Understanding the Text

Answer the following questions.

a. How does the tourist describe his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley?

The tourist describes his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley through the words of appreciation of natural sceneries, landscape, the fragrance of soil, and the clay-made homes painted in red, yellow, and white. He feels the air filled with the serenity of mountains and is fascinated by views of the valley.

b. According to the tourist, why is the West indebted to the East?

In "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the tourist suggests that the West is indebted to the East because of the profound spiritual and philosophical heritage that the East has shared with the world. The tourist likely reflects on the rich traditions of Eastern spirituality, such as Buddhism, which have influenced Western thought, art, and practices like meditation and mindfulness. This spiritual wisdom, symbolized by the calm and detached gaze of the Buddha, offers a sense of peace and introspection that contrasts with the materialistic and fast-paced nature of Western life.

The story hints at the idea that while the East may struggle economically, its cultural and spiritual contributions provide a lasting value that the West draws upon for deeper understanding and personal fulfillment. This dynamic highlights the balance between material wealth and spiritual richness, reinforcing the notion that the East's teachings continue to guide and inspire people around the world.

c. How does the tourist interpret the gaze of the monks and nuns?

The tourist in "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" interprets the gaze of the monks and nuns as serene, detached, and full of quiet wisdom. To the tourist, their calm and observant demeanor reflects a sense of inner peace and spiritual fulfillment that contrasts with the restless and materialistic nature of modern life. The monks and nuns, much like the Buddha’s half-closed eyes, appear to embody patience, acceptance, and a deep understanding of the impermanence of worldly suffering.

This interpretation suggests that the monks and nuns are not indifferent but rather possess a tranquil awareness that allows them to navigate life’s hardships without becoming consumed by them. The tourist sees their gaze as a reminder of the East’s spiritual wealth, reinforcing the idea that enlightenment and contentment stem from looking inward rather than outward. This perspective highlights the difference in how suffering and life’s struggles are approached in Eastern and Western cultures.

d. Why do the tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional?

The tourists in "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" perceive Nepali people as wonderful and exceptional because of their resilience, warmth, and ability to find contentment despite facing economic hardships. The tourists are captivated by the genuine hospitality, humility, and kindness they encounter, which stand in contrast to the often impersonal and hurried interactions in their own countries.

Nepali people’s spiritual outlook, shaped by deep-rooted traditions and a connection to religious and cultural heritage, also contributes to this admiration. The tourists are struck by how individuals seem to accept life’s struggles with grace, drawing strength from their faith and community. This combination of enduring hardship with a sense of peace and generosity leaves a lasting impression, leading the tourists to view Nepali people as exceptional in their approach to life’s challenges.

e. What are the different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu valley and how do they coexist with each other?

n "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the Kathmandu Valley is depicted as a rich mosaic of diverse communities, including Hindus, Buddhists, and indigenous ethnic groups like the Newars. Each community has its own distinct customs, festivals, and religious practices, contributing to the valley’s vibrant cultural landscape. Temples, stupas, and shrines representing different faiths coexist side by side, reflecting the region’s long-standing tradition of religious harmony and mutual respect.

Despite their differences, these communities share common public spaces, marketplaces, and cultural celebrations, fostering a sense of unity and coexistence. Rituals and festivals often overlap, with people from various backgrounds participating in each other’s ceremonies. This blending of traditions highlights Kathmandu’s inclusive spirit, where spiritual and cultural diversity is embraced rather than divided. The story subtly underscores this coexistence as a testament to Nepal’s unique cultural identity, where ancient values continue to shape everyday life.

f. What does the tourist feel about the temple of Adinath?

When she saw the Adinath temple from Chobhar hill, she feels the living example of Nepalese tolerance. Nepal is stand out with the example of harmony because of coexistence and variety of gods, religions, and philosophies.

g. Why does the guide take the tourist to the remote village?

The guide takes the tourist to the remote village to find the harsh reality of people living beyond the scenario. He wants to see her poverty and sympathetic elements of the beautiful country which was never talking in any novels or books nor seen by other tourists and neither captured by their cameras.

h. What does the innocent village couple think of the doctor?

The innocent village couple accepts her as the eldest son who has brought a life-restoring treatment across the seven seas for his brother.

i. What are the differences between the paralyzed child and his sister?

In "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the paralyzed child and his sister symbolize contrasting aspects of life shaped by physical ability and responsibility. The paralyzed child represents vulnerability and stillness, bound to his condition and reliant on others for care. His life is marked by limitation and quiet endurance, reflecting a sense of passive acceptance. Despite his immobility, he carries a silent strength, embodying the resilience of those who must confront life’s hardships without the power to change their circumstances.

The sister, on the other hand, represents activity, freedom, and responsibility. She moves through life with energy, engaging with the world beyond their home while also taking on the duty of caring for her brother. Her mobility contrasts sharply with the stillness of the paralyzed child, highlighting the disparities in their experiences. Yet, this difference strengthens their bond, as her care and compassion reflect the interconnectedness of their lives. Through this dynamic, the story emphasizes themes of sacrifice, love, and the quiet perseverance that sustains families facing adversity.

j. Why does the guide show the instances of poverty to the tourist?

The guide shows instances of poverty to the tourist to present an unfiltered and authentic view of life in Nepal. By highlighting the harsh realities faced by ordinary people, the guide reveals the deep economic struggles that exist alongside the country’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage. This contrast allows the tourist to witness not just the beauty of temples and historical sites, but also the resilience and perseverance of the people who live in difficult conditions.

Additionally, the guide’s intention may stem from a desire to evoke empathy and awareness, encouraging the tourist to reflect on the inequalities that persist in society. It serves as a reminder that while Nepal’s cultural landmarks and spiritual symbols draw admiration, the daily lives of many citizens reflect a different narrative—one of hardship and survival. This duality deepens the tourist’s understanding of the country, leaving a more profound and lasting impression.

Reference to the Context

a. Which narrative technique is used by the author to tell the story? How is this story different from other stories you have read?

The author uses the technique of ‘stream of consciousness technique’ in this story. This story is different from other stories I read ever now because of the appearance of double views on the story which shows the good and bad aspects. Unlike other many stories where the author writes only about the event of the story from one side but if you read this story, it deals with the monologues of two characters a tourist guide of Kathmandu valley and a foreign tourist. in other many conventional stories, I read ever follow the stream of awareness techniques where a narrator shows the action and events through fictional characters or other ways.

b. How is the author able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole?

The author is able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole by providing the insights and examples of different eyes, views, experiences and linking them to two different aspects. The author shows the reality of Nepalese(eastern) poverty and sympathetic aspect which the western not see from their eyes and doesn’t capture from their camera nor write in their books. They only see the upper beauty of the Himalayas and green forests. But they don’t understand and feel the inner reality of the eastern and their pain suffocated in the poverty and the life spent in lacking. The author shows the hardship, diseases that the people face in the community. The tourist only pictures the things of beauty But a guide makes her see the things of reality and sympathetic pain.

c. The author brings some historical and legendary references to the story. Collect these references and show their significance in the story.

In the story ‘The Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun’, the author brings some historical and legendary references in the story. They are:

Manjushri and his deed: It is believed that Kathmandu was once a lake and Manjushri cut a gorge at a place called Chobhar Gorge, near Chobhar Ancient Hill Village, and drained away the waters to establish a habitable land and that’s where the Kathmandu valley was formed.

Cultural, tradition, and art crafts: it is mentioned in the story that easterner had given many things to Westerners; Puranas, images of brass and ornaments of ivory, manuscripts of palm leaves and inscriptions on copperplate and also civilization and many musical instruments. If we destroy all the history books then these are things which would again create a new tradition, religion, and culture and made us rich in culture, tradition, religion, and air crafts.

The gaze of monks and nuns: The story shows the gaze of monks and nuns who received alms and spread the law in the nooks and fissures of the Kasthamandap with ‘the samyak gaze’. This is a sight that perceives everything in its purest form.

Historical Relationship: The close relationship of Nepal and Tibet at the time of the licchavi dynasty is mentioned in the story.

Half closed eyes of Buddha and setting sun reflected in the eyes of the Buddha: The Half closed eyes of Buddha and the setting sun reflected in the eyes of the Buddha represents peacefulness and harmony in the country by which people feel the love and peace.

d. The author talks about the eyes in many places: the eyes of the shaven monks and nuns, eyes in the window and door panels, the eyes of the Himalayas, the eyes of the paralyzed boy, the eyes of the welcoming villagers and above all the half-closed eyes of the Buddha. Explain how all the instances of eyes contribute to the overall unity of the story.

In "Half-closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun," the motif of eyes plays a crucial symbolic role, weaving together various themes and contributing to the story's overall unity. Each reference to eyes serves as a metaphor for observation, perception, and the nature of existence.

The eyes of the shaven monks and nuns symbolize inner peace, detachment, and spiritual wisdom. Their serene, composed gaze reflects the calm acceptance of life’s suffering, embodying the Buddhist ideal of mindfulness and non-attachment. This contrasts with the eyes in the window and door panels, which are often symbolic in Nepali culture, representing divine protection or the presence of gods watching over the people. These eyes are not just physical but convey a deeper spiritual connection between the people and their faith.

The eyes of the Himalayas represent the majestic and eternal presence of nature, observing the world from a distant, detached perspective. They add a layer of timelessness to the story, suggesting that the natural world, much like the Buddha, watches over humanity without interference. The eyes of the paralyzed boy embody vulnerability and helplessness, reflecting the child’s isolation and inability to engage with the world fully. His eyes, though physically still, carry a profound emotional depth, indicating a silent resilience amidst suffering.

The eyes of the welcoming villagers reflect warmth, hospitality, and the inherent kindness of the people. These eyes symbolize human connection, care, and empathy, offering a stark contrast to the detachment seen in other eyes throughout the story. Finally, the half-closed eyes of the Buddha serve as the central metaphor, representing both peace and indifference. The Buddha’s gaze symbolizes a passive acceptance of the world’s suffering, urging a reflection on the tension between divine detachment and human struggle.

Collectively, these instances of eyes contribute to the story’s unity by highlighting the theme of observation—whether through the lens of spiritual wisdom, personal suffering, or societal awareness. The eyes in the story act as silent witnesses to the complexities of life, underscoring the coexistence of suffering, resilience, and compassion in a world where different perspectives continually interact. Through this recurring motif, Gautam explores the tension between active engagement and passive observation, offering a profound commentary on how we perceive and respond to the world around us.

 7^th Story

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Gabriel García Márquez

"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" is a short story by the acclaimed Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez, first published in 1955. It is a classic example of magical realism, a genre for which Márquez is well-known, where fantastical elements are integrated into a realistic world. The story mixes the ordinary with the extraordinary, illustrating the surreal nature of human experience and questioning the boundaries between reality and myth.

About the Writer

Gabriel García Márquez (1927-2014) was a Nobel Prize-winning Colombian novelist and short story writer. His work, often rooted in his Latin American heritage, blends magical realism with profound social commentary. Márquez's most famous work is One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), but his short stories, including "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings," are equally celebrated for their rich symbolism, vivid imagination, and philosophical depth.

Setting

The story takes place in a small coastal town, where the arrival of a mysterious old man with wings disrupts the lives of its inhabitants. The time period is unspecified, though it appears to be a rural setting that reflects a blend of traditional beliefs and the mundane realities of daily life. The setting is important because it highlights the contrast between the extraordinary (the man with wings) and the ordinary life of the villagers, creating an atmosphere where the miraculous becomes part of the everyday world.

Plot Summary

The plot revolves around the appearance of a very old man with enormous wings, who is discovered by a couple, Pelayo and Elisenda, after a storm. The couple initially considers him to be an angel, though he is disheveled, bedraggled, and barely able to speak. They cage him, and soon word spreads, leading to a crowd of curious onlookers who come to witness the man. The couple capitalizes on his presence by charging admission to see the strange creature.

As the story unfolds, the old man remains largely passive, enduring the curious stares and mistreatment of the townspeople. A subplot involves a sick child who is miraculously healed, but the people grow more indifferent to the old man, treating him like a sideshow attraction. Eventually, the old man regains strength, and after an unspecified period, he is able to fly away, leaving the town in awe but with no deeper understanding of his true nature or purpose. The story ends with a sense of ambiguity, leaving the miraculous unexplained.

Main Characters

The Old Man with Enormous Wings – The mysterious, angel-like figure who is at the center of the story. He is weak, disheveled, and misunderstood by the villagers. Despite his obvious extraordinary nature, he is treated with cruelty and indifference.

Pelayo: A fisherman who first discovers the old man and decides to keep him captive. His character symbolizes practicality, selfishness, and a willingness to exploit the strange for personal gain.

Elisenda:  Pelayo's wife, who becomes increasingly pragmatic about the old man. She sees him as a way to make money and is focused on the material benefits of his presence rather than understanding his true nature.

The Sick Child:  A symbolic figure who is miraculously healed by the old man’s presence, yet his recovery does not lead to any lasting change in the town’s behavior towards the old man.

The Crowd of Onlookers: Various townspeople who come to see the old man. They are fascinated by him initially but soon treat him as an oddity or a spectacle, showcasing humanity's tendency to exploit the extraordinary without understanding it.

Themes

The Nature of Miracles – The story explores how extraordinary events or figures, like the old man with wings, are often treated with indifference or exploitation rather than reverence. The villagers fail to grasp the miraculous, reducing the old man to an object of curiosity and financial gain.

Humanity's Indifference to the Divine – The villagers’ treatment of the old man reflects a broader theme of humanity’s inability or unwillingness to recognize the divine or extraordinary in its true form. The old man is a symbol of the divine, but the townspeople’s selfishness prevents them from appreciating him fully.

Exploitation and Commercialization – The story critiques how society commodifies even the miraculous or the sacred. Pelayo and Elisenda’s decision to profit from the old man’s presence illustrates how humans often exploit the unknown or strange for material gain.

Ambiguity and Mystery – The old man’s identity and purpose are never fully explained. This uncertainty is a key theme of the story, emphasizing the mystery of life, spirituality, and the miraculous, and reflecting the limits of human understanding.

Isolation and Alienation – The old man, despite his divine nature, is isolated and alienated from the community. His passive endurance of the townspeople’s behavior highlights the theme of loneliness and the alienation that can occur even when one is extraordinary.

 

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. How does the narrator describe the weather and its effects in the exposition of the story?

The narrator set up the picture of a rainy day to describe the weather and its effects in the exposition of the story. The rain falls continuously for three days and makes the land and houses filled with rainwater. During the rainy season, the sky and sea were changed into ash grey colour and the sand of the shore glimmered like powdered light, which had become a hash of mud and rotten shellfish. The light sparked was so weak and hard to see.

b. Describe the strange old man as Pelayo and his wife first encounter within their courtyard.

When Pelayo and his wife Elisenda first encounter the strange old man in their courtyard, he appears as a bewildering and unsettling figure. The old man is described as **“very old,” with enormous wings that are tattered and dirty, adding to his odd, otherworldly appearance. His wings are not majestic or graceful, but rather, they resemble those of a vulture, battered by time and neglect. His face is “a little worse for wear”, making him look more like a tired, disheveled traveler than a divine being. The old man’s overall appearance is frail and bedraggled, making him seem out of place in the world of the living, further amplifying the mystery surrounding his identity.

He is not immediately recognized as an angel, though his wings and strange presence might suggest so. Instead, he lies motionless in the mud, seemingly exhausted and vulnerable, with his eyes barely open. Pelayo and Elisenda are unsure of what to make of him at first, and it is only later that they begin to consider the possibility that he could be an angel. His passive, almost resigned state and the unremarkable nature of his wings clash with the villagers' expectations of what an angel should look like. This contrast is significant, as it sets the tone for the treatment of the old man throughout the story, where the extraordinary is met with skepticism and misunderstanding.

c. Why did Pelayo and Elisenda imprison the old man in the chicken coop?

Pelayo and Elisenda imprison the old man in the chicken coop out of a combination of fear, curiosity, and practicality. Initially, when Pelayo finds the old man in their courtyard, he is unsure of what to make of the strange, bedraggled figure. At first, Pelayo considers the possibility that the old man could be an angel, sent to heal their sick child. However, the old man’s appearance and passive demeanor do not match the expected image of an angel, and Pelayo is left confused and uncertain.

As the couple begins to think about how to handle the situation, they decide to confine the old man in the chicken coop primarily for safety and control. They feel a sense of ownership over the strange being, and by locking him up, they can contain him and determine what to do with him. Elisenda also sees the situation as an opportunity for profit, as the townspeople, upon hearing of the old man’s presence, flock to see him. Pelayo and Elisenda eventually charge admission for people to view the old man, treating him as a spectacle. Their decision to imprison him in the chicken coop reflects their pragmatic approach to the unusual situation, prioritizing material gain over empathy or understanding of the old man’s true nature.

d. Why was Father Gonzaga not sure about the old man being a celestial messenger?

Father Gonzaga was not sure about the old man being a celestial messenger because the old man did not conform to the traditional expectations of an angel. Despite the presence of enormous wings, which might suggest some divine origin, the old man’s appearance was far from heavenly. He was dirty, disheveled, and appeared to be frail and human, not the powerful and glorious figure one might expect from a celestial being. Father Gonzaga, a man of religious authority, was skeptical and distrustful of the old man’s authenticity, doubting his divine nature because of his unremarkable and imperfect condition.

Father Gonzaga’s doubt is also influenced by his rigid expectations of what an angel or celestial being should be like. Angels, in the religious teachings of the Church, are usually portrayed as immaculate, pure, and radiantly beautiful, and the old man did not meet any of these characteristics. His inability to speak in Latin, the language of the Church, and his general incoherence further convinced Father Gonzaga that the old man might not be a true messenger from God. Instead of investigating further or offering assistance, Father Gonzaga quickly dismisses the old man and regards him with skepticism, illustrating the theme of human inability to recognize the miraculous when it does not fit into conventional frameworks.

e. Many people gathered at Pelayo’s house to see the strange old man. Why do you think the crowd assembled to see him?

The crowd assembled at Pelayo's house to see the strange old man because of a combination of curiosity, superstition, and the mystique surrounding his unusual appearance. When the news spread that an old man with enormous wings had appeared, the people of the town were immediately drawn to the mystery of his presence. The idea of a celestial being or an angel, even though the old man’s appearance didn’t conform to conventional expectations, was enough to provoke the villagers’ interest. People are naturally intrigued by the extraordinary or unexplained, especially in a small, rural town where such events are rare.

Additionally, there is an element of superstition at play. The townspeople likely believed that this strange being might possess supernatural powers or be able to perform miracles, given his wings and otherworldly nature. Some may have hoped for a blessing or healing, much like the sick child who was reportedly healed by his presence. The crowd’s reaction is also influenced by the tendency to treat the unknown as a spectacle, something to be gawped at, rather than understood or revered. The villagers, rather than approaching the old man with reverence or compassion, view him primarily as a curiosity, which leads to the commodification of his presence as they pay to see him. This reflects the theme of exploitation and the failure to appreciate the miraculous when it does not fit one’s expectations.

f. Some miracles happened while the crowd gathers to see the strange man. What are these miracles?

As the crowd gathers to see the strange old man with enormous wings, several subtle miracles occur, though they are largely overlooked or dismissed by the townspeople. One of the most notable is the healing of a sick child. The child, who had been gravely ill and near death, miraculously recovers after being placed near the old man, suggesting that his presence has some supernatural power. However, the townspeople do not fully grasp the significance of this event and instead attribute the recovery to coincidence or the passage of time. Another miracle is the arrival of a spider-woman, a woman who had been transformed into a spider as punishment for her disobedience. This unusual event adds to the sense of wonder and the supernatural atmosphere surrounding the town. While these miracles occur, the crowd remains more fascinated by the old man’s appearance than by the miraculous changes happening around them, reflecting the theme that humanity often fails to recognize or appreciate the true nature of miracles when they do not conform to their expectations.

g. State the irritating things that the people did with the strange old man.

The people in the story treat the strange old man with enormous wings in highly irritating and disrespectful ways. They crowd around him like a mob, gawking at him as if he were a mere curiosity rather than a being deserving of dignity. They insult and mock him, asking ridiculous questions and criticizing his wings for not being as majestic as they expect an angel’s to be. Instead of offering compassion, they exploit him for financial gain, paying to see him as if he were an attraction in a sideshow. The crowd demands that he perform miraculous feats, and when he fails to meet their expectations, they lose interest, growing bored and disappointed. Their treatment of the old man highlights their lack of empathy, turning the miraculous into a spectacle for their own entertainment rather than acknowledging the divine or extraordinary in his presence.

h. How and why was the woman changed into a spider?

The woman in the story was changed into a spider as a punishment for her defiant behavior. According to the tale, she had run away from home with her lover, disobeying her parents and societal expectations. In response to her disobedience, the woman was transformed into a spider by a higher power, a supernatural consequence for her actions. This transformation serves as a form of divine retribution for her rebellion.

Her story is shared with the townspeople, who are more interested in her transformation than in the moral or spiritual significance of her punishment. The woman’s metamorphosis into a spider serves as a parallel to the old man’s strange presence, both figures embodying the mysterious and unexplained. The story of the spider-woman adds to the magical realism of the narrative, highlighting the surreal and fantastical elements of the world that the characters inhabit, where such transformations can occur and coexist with everyday life.

i. Describe how Elisenda saw the strange man flying over the houses?

As Elisenda watches the strange old man with enormous wings fly over the houses, she feels a mix of relief and disbelief. After enduring the burden of the old man's presence for so long, Elisenda sees him as nothing more than a strange, troubling figure who had been a source of inconvenience and profit. When the old man finally takes flight, Elisenda views it as a final departure that signals the end of his time in their lives.

From her perspective, the old man’s flight is almost a miracle of liberation, a release from the spectacle and burdens he imposed on her and her family. She watches him slowly ascend into the sky, and while she recognizes the impossibility of what is happening, she feels no awe or reverence. Rather, she is simply glad to see him go. As he flies over the houses, Elisenda reflects on the fact that, though the old man is no longer a physical presence in her life, she will not truly understand the nature of his visit or what it meant. The flight is marked by indifference, signifying the emotional distance and unresolved mystery surrounding the old man’s existence and his eventual departure.

Reference to text

a. The arrival of a strange old man at Pelayo’s courtyard arouses many suspicions and explanations. Explain how the neighbour woman, Father Gonzaga and the doctor speak of the strange man. Why do you think these three people give three different kinds of interpretations?

When the strange old man with enormous wings arrives at Pelayo’s courtyard, the neighbor woman, Father Gonzaga, and the doctor each offer distinct interpretations based on their individual perspectives and beliefs. The neighbor woman, driven by superstition, immediately assumes that the old man is an angel sent to help Pelayo’s sick child. She bases this on his appearance—particularly his wings—and the idea that angels are typically sent to intervene in such dire situations. In contrast, Father Gonzaga, the local priest, rejects the notion that the old man is an angel because he doesn’t fit the idealized image of divine beings. He is dirty, frail, and cannot speak Latin, which causes Father Gonzaga to view him with skepticism, reinforcing the institutionalized religious view that only perfectly divine beings can serve a heavenly purpose. The doctor, meanwhile, approaches the situation with a rational mindset, dismissing the idea of divine intervention altogether. He attributes the old man’s wings to a medical condition or physical anomaly, showing his reliance on science and logical explanations rather than superstition or faith.

These three differing interpretations arise because each character views the situation through the lens of their own worldview. The neighbor woman is influenced by faith and superstition, seeing the old man as a symbol of divine intervention. Father Gonzaga, representing organized religion, requires conformity to established norms and dismisses anything that challenges his understanding of angels. The doctor, coming from a scientific and rational perspective, dismisses any possibility of the supernatural and instead looks for a physical explanation. This contrast highlights how human beings often interpret the unknown based on their personal beliefs, values, and roles in society, and how people’s understanding of the miraculous is shaped by their biases and frameworks of understanding.

b. This story belongs to the genre of ‘magical realism, a genre perfected by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in his novels and short stories. Magical realism is a narrative technique in which the storyteller narrates the commonplace things with magical colour and the events look both magical and real at the same time. Collect five magic realist happenings from the story and argue why they seem magical to you.

In Gabriel García Márquez's “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” the story blends the ordinary with the extraordinary, a hallmark of magical realism. One of the most striking magical realist elements is the arrival of the old man with enormous wings. His appearance in Pelayo’s courtyard is both baffling and remarkable, yet it is treated with indifference by the characters. The wings are a fantastical, magical feature, but the characters—rather than reacting with awe or disbelief—take his presence as an inconvenient curiosity, treating him as if he were just another part of the world, making this event both magical and mundane at the same time.

Another magical realist moment occurs when the old man begins to fly over the houses. The concept of a human flying, especially an old man with worn wings, is an impossible phenomenon in reality. However, in the story, it is presented casually, almost as a natural conclusion to his existence in the town. His flight, though magical, does not spark the expected wonder; instead, it is treated as just another oddity. This blending of the magical and the everyday is a defining characteristic of magical realism, where the extraordinary becomes part of the normal fabric of life.

The transformation of a woman into a spider also exemplifies magical realism. The woman, who had run away with her lover, is changed into a spider as punishment. This transformation is supernatural, but it is narrated without shock or surprise, as though such occurrences are common. The townspeople's treatment of the transformation—simply as an odd story—underscores the magical realist technique of narrating magical events as part of the natural world, rather than as supernatural disruptions.

The healing of the sick child is another magical realist occurrence. The child, who was gravely ill and on the brink of death, suddenly recovers after being near the old man. This miracle, though undeniably magical, is not met with the reverence one might expect. Instead, it is presented as a simple, almost unnoticed event, with the parents seeing it as a fortunate coincidence rather than recognizing it as a miraculous act. The casualness with which the miracle is accepted emphasizes the magical realism of the narrative, where magic and the real world coexist without any necessary explanation.

Lastly, the townspeople’s exploitation of the old man also reflects the genre’s magical realist nature. Instead of viewing the old man as a divine being, they turn him into a spectacle, charging admission for people to see him. This mundane exploitation of something magical—turning the miraculous into a commodity—is another key feature of magical realism. The blending of commercialization and the supernatural highlights the absurdity and indifference with which the characters approach the magical, further blurring the line between what is real and what is magical.

These magical realist events seem magical because they involve occurrences that defy the laws of nature, yet they are woven into the fabric of everyday life without surprise or fanfare. In magical realism, the extraordinary is made ordinary, and the story encourages readers to accept the magical as part of the real world.

c. The author introduces the episode of a woman who became a spider for having disobeyed her parents. This episode at once shifts people’s concentration from the strange old man to the spider woman. What do you think is the purpose of the author to bring this shift in the story?

The author introduces the episode of a woman who became a spider for having disregarded her parents by going outside to dance without any permission. The scene of shifting a woman into a spider is somewhat breaking the attention of an old man, I think, the author brought this shift in the story is to show another example of magical realism. The intention of the author was to show us the greed of humans. In the beginning, Pelayo, and Elisenda take care of a strange old man when they benefit from him by charging five cents admission to see. But when a spider woman comes and people pay less attention to an angel, they do not care about him. Old man drags here and there. The house of an old man collapse due to rain and sun but they didn’t repair it.

d. The story deals with the common people’s gullibility. How do Pelayo and his wife take advantage of common people’s whim?

Pelayo and his wife, Elisenda, take advantage of the common people's gullibility by turning the strange old man with wings into a spectacle for financial gain. When the old man first arrives, the couple is unsure of his true nature, but they quickly realize that the townspeople view him as a miracle. Instead of treating the old man with compassion or reverence, they begin to exploit his presence. Recognizing the townspeople’s curiosity and desire to witness the extraordinary, they set up a makeshift admission fee for anyone who wants to see the old man. This commercial approach to the supernatural illustrates how Pelayo and Elisenda use the people's gullibility—their belief in the miraculous without questioning its authenticity—to make money. They are fully aware that the townspeople are eager to witness anything out of the ordinary and are willing to pay to satisfy their curiosity.

The couple's exploitation of the crowd’s gullibility goes further when they capitalize on the visitors’ fantasies. People come from all over, expecting to see an angel or a divine being, and Pelayo and Elisenda feed into their beliefs by charging an entry fee, profiting from the town's eagerness to witness the extraordinary. Instead of treating the old man with kindness or trying to understand him, they treat him as a source of income, recognizing that the people’s blind belief in his supernatural nature can be monetized. Through this manipulation, the couple reinforces the theme of exploitation and reflects the human tendency to commodify the miraculous, taking advantage of the common people's need to believe in something beyond the ordinary. The story suggests that, while the townspeople are gullible, Pelayo and Elisenda are also complicit in using this gullibility for their own benefit, making them morally questionable figures in the narrative.