NEB class 11 Stories

 

1^st Story

The Selfish Giant

Oscar Wilde

About the Writer

Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) was an Irish poet, playwright, and author, known for his wit, flamboyant style, and exploration of social norms. Wilde's famous works include The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest. The Selfish Giant is part of his 1888 collection The Happy Prince and Other Tales, written for his children but layered with deep moral and philosophical messages.

Setting

• Location: The story is set in the Giant’s beautiful garden, filled with lush trees, flowers, and singing birds.
• Time: The setting is timeless, resembling a fairy-tale landscape that reflects the changing seasons.

Plot Summary

The Giant’s garden is a paradise for local children who sneak in to play while he is away. Upon his return, the Giant, angry and possessive, builds a high wall to keep them out. Without the children’s presence, the garden falls into perpetual winter. One day, the Giant discovers that the children have found a way back, and spring returns with them. He spots a small boy struggling to climb a tree, helps him, and his heart softens. The Giant tears down the wall, welcoming the children forever.

Years later, the Giant sees the same small boy (symbolic of Christ) with wounds on his hands and feet. The boy invites him to his garden—Paradise—where the Giant dies peacefully.

Main Characters

• The Giant – Initially selfish and cold-hearted, he transforms into a kind, loving figure.
• The Little Boy – A Christ-like figure who teaches the Giant compassion and redemption.
• The Children – Represent innocence, joy, and the transformative power of love.

Themes

• Selfishness and Redemption – The Giant's journey reflects how selfishness isolates but can be redeemed through kindness.
• Childhood and Innocence – The children bring life and beauty, symbolizing purity and joy.
• Christian Symbolism – The little boy mirrors Christ, emphasizing love, sacrifice, and spiritual rebirth.
• Seasons as Metaphors – The changing seasons reflect the Giant’s emotional and moral transformation.

Summary

The Selfish Giant by Oscar Wilde tells the story of a cold-hearted Giant who owns a beautiful garden. While he is away, children from the village sneak in to play there, filling it with laughter and joy. However, upon his return, the Giant angrily chases the children away and builds a tall wall to keep them out. He places a sign that warns trespassers will be punished. The garden, once vibrant and full of life, falls into perpetual winter, as spring refuses to come. The Giant cannot understand why his garden remains cold and lifeless while the rest of the land blossoms.

One morning, the Giant hears the sound of birds singing and is astonished to see that spring has returned. He discovers that the children have found a way back through a hole in the wall. In one corner of the garden, winter still lingers where a small boy struggles to climb a tree. Moved by compassion, the Giant helps the boy and realizes the beauty of kindness. As a result, the garden blooms once more. The Giant, now transformed, tears down the wall and welcomes the children to play in his garden forever.

The Giant grows old and cherishes his time with the children. However, he never sees the small boy he helped again. One winter morning, the Giant finds the boy standing beneath a tree, with wounds on his hands and feet. The Giant is enraged, asking who hurt the boy, but the child reassures him that these are wounds of love. The boy invites the Giant to his garden, which he explains is Paradise.

Later that day, the children find the Giant dead beneath the tree, covered in white blossoms. His heart is at peace, and his body rests as if in eternal spring. Wilde’s story concludes with the message that love, compassion, and selflessness lead to redemption and spiritual fulfillment.

Alternate summary

"The Selfish Giant" is a short story by Oscar Wilde, first published in 1888 as part of his collection The Happy Prince and Other Tales. Here’s a summary:

The story revolves around a Giant who owns a beautiful garden. Children love playing in the garden, especially when the Giant is away. However, the Giant, being selfish, builds a high wall around his garden to keep the children out, posting a notice that trespassers will be prosecuted.

As a result, Spring stops coming to the garden, and it remains in perpetual Winter. The garden becomes bleak and cold, with no flowers blooming and no birds singing. The Giant does not understand why his garden is so desolate while the rest of the world enjoys the beauty of Spring.

One day, the children find a way back into the garden through a hole in the wall. As they play, the garden starts to bloom again, bringing back the beauty of Spring. The Giant, seeing this, realizes how selfish he has been and his heart melts. He knocks down the wall and welcomes the children back, enjoying their laughter and the return of nature’s beauty to his garden.

However, one small boy, who is different from the others, touches the Giant deeply. This boy, whom the Giant once saw struggling to climb a tree, later reappears with wounds on his hands and feet. The boy reveals that these are the wounds of love and tells the Giant that he has been invited to his garden, which is paradise. The Giant, realizing who the boy really is, is filled with peace.

Years later, the Giant is found dead in the garden, covered in blossoms, signifying that he has gone to paradise with the boy, who is implied to be a Christ-like figure. The story ends with the notion that the Giant's soul has found rest in eternal peace and beauty.

Long Questions

1) Discuss the transformation of the Giant's character throughout the story. What events lead to this change?

The Giant starts as a selfish character who is unwilling to share his garden with the children. His realization of the joy and beauty the children bring to the garden, and the arrival of Spring with them, leads him to understand the value of generosity and love. His encounter with the small boy, who he later realizes has wounds resembling those of Christ, deeply touches him, ultimately leading to his complete transformation into a kind and loving figure.

2.) Analyze the symbolic significance of the garden in "The Selfish Giant." What does it represent in the story?

The garden symbolizes the Giant's heart and soul. When he is selfish, the garden becomes cold and barren, mirroring his emotional state. When he opens his heart to the children, the garden flourishes, symbolizing the warmth and beauty that generosity and kindness bring to life. The changing seasons in the garden also reflect the themes of redemption and the cycle of life and renewal.

3.) What is the significance of the small boy with wounds on his hands and feet in the story? How does his presence influence the Giant?

The small boy with wounds on his hands and feet symbolizes a Christ-like figure, representing love, sacrifice, and redemption. His presence and the wounds, which evoke the crucifixion, deeply affect the Giant, prompting him to realize the consequences of his selfishness. This encounter leads the Giant to a profound understanding of love and generosity, ultimately bringing him peace and redemption. The boy's invitation to the Giant to join him in his garden (paradise) signifies the Giant's spiritual awakening and redemption.

Reference beyond text

a. What is the main theme of the story?

The main theme of this story is selfishness and love. It is the story of transformation of selfish giant into selfless giant. At the beginning of the story, the giant was very selfish and wicked towards the children and he closes the gate of beautiful garden for them. But later he realizes his mistake when the children stop coming to the garden and the garden never experiences the spring season until and unless he allows them to play in his garden. At this point he realizes the meaning of love and sharing. This story is very much relatable to the nature of human beings. We hardly share our belongings to anyone if somebody is needy and we are selfish too. This story teaches us to share love and compassion to get love in return.

b. Does God punish those who are cruel to children and very selfish?

Yes, God punishes those who are cruel to children and very selfish. As in the story, Giant has really been so cruel to the children and selfish and he didn’t let them play on the garden because of which spring never came in his garden. In the absence of children birds also did not sing. Once, a flower bloomed out of the grass but after seeing the notice board, it also went back to sleep. Then came the North Wind and the hailstorm. Due to the giant’s selfishness, autumn’s golden fruits also did not come to his garden. In this way god punishes to those who are cruel to children and very selfish.

When the little child smiled at the Giant, and said to him, "You let me play once in your garden, today you shall come with me to my garden, which is Paradise," shortly afterwards, the happy giant dies. What is the coincidence of this event? Describe it in relation to this fairy story.

The coincidence of this event once, the giant let the little child play in his garden and make him happy and today the same child wants to take him to his garden paradise to make him happy in return, which means the final time of the gaint has come and the little child is a messenger/ fairy who wants him to the heaven because of his noble works.

Short questions & answers

1. The story makes use of personification as one of the main figures of speech. Cite three examples of personification from the story. What is the significance of the seasons personified in the story?

The practice of representing the objects, qualities etc. as the human beings in art and literature is called personification. Three examples of personification from the story are the beautiful little flowers that slips back into the garden after seeing the notice board, the snow and the frost who says that the spring has forgotten this garden.

The story has the significance of the seasons personified. At the beginning, the seasons bless the garden with pleasant weather until the Giant sends the children away from his garden. Because of the Giant’s unkindness to the children, the spring season leaves the garden. The seasons disfavor indicates that the Giant’s selfishness goes against the natural order and thus deserves punishment. Thus the significance of the seasons personification is to show that if someone does bad then he/she will deserve the bad.

2. This story can be read as a fairy story, where the children, the seasons, the tree, the corner of the garden, the snow, the wind and the frost are all used as symbolism. Interpret those symbols.

The story ‘The Selfish Giant’ is a fairy tale. Here, the children symbolize innocence, love, compassion and blessings. Likewise the seasons represent life and death. The tree symbolizes patience and hope. The corner of the garden depicts the paradise. Finally the snow, the wind and the frost symbolize pain, suffering and discomfort.

3. Which figure of speech is used for ‘winter, frost, snow, north wind, hail and little child’? Who is the little child compared to?

As a fairy tale, the story is full of figures of speech. The figure of speech is used for ‘winter, frost, snow, north wind, hail and little child’ is personification. The little child is compared to the God Almighty (Paradise). 

 

2^nd Story

The Oval Portrait

Edgar Allan Poe

"The Oval Portrait" by Edgar Allan Poe is a short story first published in 1842. It blends elements of Gothic fiction with Poe's signature exploration of beauty, art, and death.

Setting

The story is set in a dark, abandoned chateau in the Apennine Mountains of Italy. The gloomy, mysterious atmosphere is crucial to the Gothic tone. The action primarily takes place within a richly decorated chamber where the narrator, injured and seeking refuge, discovers an intriguing painting.

Plot

The plot unfolds through a frame narrative:

• The unnamed narrator and his servant enter the chateau to escape the cold night. The narrator, wounded and weak, rests in one of the rooms.
• While admiring the luxurious decorations, he notices an oval portrait of a young woman, which captivates him with its lifelike quality.
• Curious, he reads a book found in the room that details the history of the paintings. One entry recounts the tragic story behind the oval portrait.
• The woman in the painting was the wife of a passionate artist. Obsessed with capturing her beauty, the artist painted her relentlessly. As he worked, the woman’s health deteriorated, and she died just as he completed the portrait.
• The story ends with the chilling realization that the artist’s obsession with his work led to the loss of his wife’s life.

Main Characters

• The Narrator – An injured man who discovers the portrait and unravels its tragic backstory.
• The Artist – A devoted painter whose obsession with his art blinds him to his wife's suffering.
• The Artist’s Wife – A beautiful woman whose life fades as she poses for the portrait, symbolizing the cost of artistic obsession.
• Pedro – The narrator’s servant, who tends to him during his stay in the chateau.

Themes

1. The Price of Art and Obsession – The story explores how artistic passion can become destructive, even to the point of sacrificing a loved one.
2. Death and Beauty – Poe reflects on the idea that immortalizing beauty in art often coincides with the physical decline or death of the subject.
3. The Supernatural and Gothic Atmosphere – The eerie, isolated setting and the mysterious portrait contribute to the sense of dread and supernatural undercurrents.
4. Illusion vs. Reality – The lifelike quality of the portrait blurs the line between life and art, questioning the nature of representation and reality.

Summary

"The Oval Portrait" by Edgar Allan Poe is a brief yet haunting tale that explores the intersection of art, beauty, and mortality. The story begins with an unnamed narrator, who, injured and exhausted, seeks shelter in an abandoned chateau in the Apennine Mountains. Accompanied by his servant Pedro, he rests in a dimly lit chamber filled with luxurious decorations and numerous paintings. As the narrator lies on the bed, his eyes are drawn to an oval portrait of a young woman, which strikes him with its almost supernatural lifelike quality.

Curious about the painting, the narrator finds a book in the room that describes the history of the various artworks displayed. He begins reading by candlelight and soon discovers the tragic back story of the oval portrait. The woman in the painting was the wife of a passionate and obsessive artist. Though she loved her husband, she resented the attention he lavished on his art rather than on her. When he decided to paint her, she reluctantly agreed, despite feeling that the long hours spent posing drained her spirit.

As the artist became increasingly engrossed in capturing her likeness, he failed to notice her gradual decline. His obsession with perfecting the painting grew to the point where he seemed unaware of the real woman sitting before him. With each brushstroke, his wife’s vitality faded, and by the time he finished the portrait, she had died. The story concludes with the chilling realization that the artist’s success in immortalizing her beauty coincided with the loss of her life, a grim commentary on the destructive power of artistic obsession.

Poe’s tale masterfully weaves Gothic elements with philosophical reflections on the nature of art and sacrifice. The dark, mysterious setting enhances the eerie mood, while the oval portrait serves as a symbol of the delicate balance between life and art. Through this brief yet powerful narrative, Poe explores the idea that capturing beauty can often come at a terrible cost, leaving readers to ponder the fine line between devotion and destruction.

Understanding the text

Answer these questions.

a. Where did the narrator and his servant make forcible entrance?

The narrator and his servant, Pedro, made a forcible entrance into an abandoned chateau in the Apennine Mountains. The narrator, suffering from severe injuries and exhaustion, needed a place to rest for the night. As they explored the dark and desolate building, they settled in one of the smaller, richly decorated rooms that seemed less damp and more comfortable than the others. This chamber, adorned with tapestries, armorial trophies, and paintings, became the setting for the narrator’s discovery of the mysterious oval portrait that captivated his attention and led to the unfolding of the tragic tale.

b. Which special picture did the narrator notice in the room?

The narrator noticed a striking oval portrait of a young woman in the room. The painting’s extraordinary lifelike quality immediately captivated him, making it stand out among the other decorations and artworks. The portrait's vivid realism left the narrator in awe, prompting him to investigate its story further by reading a book he found in the chamber that detailed the histories of the paintings. This portrait ultimately became the focal point of the narrative, revealing a tragic tale of love, obsession, and sacrifice.

c. Describe the portrait that the narrator saw in the room.

The portrait that the narrator saw was an oval-shaped painting of a young woman, remarkable for its striking realism and beauty. The woman depicted appeared to be in the early bloom of youth, full of grace and vitality. Her expression was serene yet tinged with melancholy, and the detail was so vivid that the narrator was momentarily startled, feeling as though the subject was alive. The light from the candelabrum illuminated the portrait, enhancing its lifelike quality and creating an almost supernatural presence. The delicate artistry and emotional depth of the painting left a profound impression on the narrator, drawing him deeper into the mysterious and tragic story behind it.

d. What is the relationship between the portrait painter and its subject?

The portrait painter and the subject of the painting had a deeply personal relationship – they were husband and wife. The artist, driven by his passion for his work, became obsessed with capturing his wife's beauty on canvas. Although the wife loved her husband, she felt neglected as his devotion to his art overshadowed his attention to her. Despite her reluctance, she agreed to pose for the portrait, enduring long sessions that gradually drained her health. Tragically, the artist became so engrossed in perfecting the painting that he failed to notice her physical decline. By the time he completed the portrait, his wife had died, symbolizing the destructive power of artistic obsession and the personal sacrifices made in the pursuit of art.

Reference to the context

a. What is the central theme of the story? Who is the woman depicted in the oval portrait?

The central theme of the story “The Oval Portrait” presents the confusing relationship between art and life. This story has shown the destructive power or the addiction of art and love. Both art and love can lead anyone towards perfection whereas they can bring destructive results in anyone’s life too. Although the artist of this story has become successful through his artistic work but his wife became a victim. She lost her husband so extremely that she doesn’t reveal her pains and sufferings and lose her life. This story also suggests that a women’s beauty collapsed her to death.

The woman depicted in the oval portrait is the wife of a passionate painter who has painted this oval portrait.

b. "The Oval Portrait" is a short horror story by Edgar Allan Poe involving the disturbing circumstances surrounding a portrait in a chateau. Elaborate.

This short story has presented a terrible and gloomy setting of a barren Chateau in one of the mountains range (Apennines) of central Italy. The Chateau in this story is completely deserted and very old fashioned. The Chateau itself drowned in darkness in a desolated place. The apartments inside Chateau were so unmanaged and dirty though it was richly decorated previously. The walls were full of tapestries and panting creating a gloomy atmosphere. The life-like portrait has been placed in one of the dark corners. The surrounding of the lifelike portrait is so disturbing due to the unmanaged condition everywhere. Thus it looked quite like a horror story.

c. "The Oval Portrait" suggests that the woman’s beauty condemns her to death. Discuss.

In "The Oval Portrait," Edgar Allan Poe explores the idea that the woman’s beauty ultimately leads to her death, illustrating how the artist’s obsession with preserving her loveliness consumes her life. The woman, described as full of youth and grace, becomes the subject of her husband's artistic ambition. While she embodies life and vitality, the act of immortalizing her on canvas gradually drains her of these qualities. Her beauty, which initially captivates the artist, becomes a curse as he prioritizes perfecting the painting over recognizing her physical and emotional needs. The more lifelike the portrait becomes, the closer she comes to death, suggesting that the effort to preserve beauty paradoxically destroys it.

Poe uses the tragic outcome to highlight the dangerous consequences of artistic obsession and the objectification of women. The woman, reduced to a passive muse, loses her identity as a living person and becomes a mere image, forever frozen in the portrait. Her death symbolizes the ultimate price paid for the artist’s relentless pursuit of his craft. By portraying beauty as something that leads to destruction, Poe critiques the idea that art can truly capture life without exacting a heavy toll. The story serves as a powerful reminder that unchecked passion, even for art, can have fatal consequences for those who are caught in its path.

d. Discuss the story as a frame narrative (a story within a story).

"The Oval Portrait" is a classic example of a frame narrative, where one story exists within the context of another. The outer frame involves the unnamed narrator, who, after seeking refuge in an abandoned chateau, becomes engrossed in the room’s art and decorations. This part of the narrative sets the Gothic tone, introducing the dark, mysterious atmosphere that foreshadows the eerie tale to come. The narrator’s discovery of the oval portrait and his subsequent reading of the accompanying book shifts the focus to the inner story—the tragic account of the artist and his wife.

The inner story, which recounts the life and death of the woman in the portrait, is revealed through the narrator’s reading. This layered storytelling technique enhances the sense of mystery and detachment, as the events of the past are filtered through multiple perspectives. The frame structure creates a reflective quality, allowing readers to experience the same sense of gradual revelation and horror as the narrator. By employing this technique, Poe emphasizes the timeless nature of the tragedy, blurring the boundaries between art, life, and death. The frame narrative ultimately reinforces the central theme of obsession, drawing attention to the enduring power of art to preserve beauty at a deadly cost.

e. The story is told in a descriptive style, with plenty of imagery and symbolism. Which images and symbols do you find in the story?

"The Oval Portrait" by Edgar Allan Poe is rich in imagery and symbolism, which enhance the story’s haunting atmosphere and reinforce its central themes

Frame

·         It symbolizes the physical character of the young girl.

·         It is trying to capture all the physical beauty of a young girl in the frame only.

Image of young girl

·         It symbolizes the beauty of artist’s wife that he tried to depict through the portrait.

f. What does the expression “She was dead!” mean?

The expression “She was dead!” in "The Oval Portrait" carries profound significance, revealing the tragic irony at the heart of the story. When the narrator, after reading the backstory of the painting, realizes that the woman in the portrait has died, it is a shocking revelation that the artist's obsessive pursuit of capturing her beauty led to her literal death. The exclamation underscores the chilling irony that the artist succeeded in immortalizing her beauty on canvas, but in doing so, he drained her life away. The moment of realization highlights the destructive cost of artistic obsession: while the woman’s beauty is preserved forever in the portrait, her physical existence has been sacrificed for it.

This statement also conveys the finality of her death, marking the culmination of the tragic narrative. It serves as a haunting reminder that beauty, when idolized and pursued relentlessly, can come at the expense of life itself. The stark simplicity of the phrase encapsulates the horrific truth of the story her life was lost in the very act of capturing her beauty, a fatal consequence of the artist’s single-minded devotion to his work.

Reference beyond the text

a. Do you think there is life in art?

The question of whether there is life in art is deeply philosophical and has been explored by many artists, writers, and thinkers throughout history. In "The Oval Portrait," Edgar Allan Poe seems to suggest that art has the potential to capture the essence or spirit of life, but at a cost. In the story, the portrait of the woman is described as so lifelike that it seems almost to breathe, which evokes the idea that art can preserve or even encapsulate a moment of life. However, the tragedy lies in the fact that the woman’s life is drained away as she sits for the portrait, and she is physically dead by the time the painting is completed, even though her beauty lives on in the image.

This duality reflects a complex truth: while art can indeed evoke emotions, memories, and sensations that feel alive, it is also inherently a representation, a static image or form that cannot fully replicate the vitality of actual life. Art, in this sense, captures a part of life—its beauty, pain, or intensity—but it also distances itself from the immediacy of lived experience. The act of creating art can preserve something of a person or moment, yet it cannot bring back or replicate the full essence of life itself.

So, yes, art can hold a certain "life" in the sense that it evokes strong feelings, transcends time, and immortalizes aspects of human experience, but it also exists as a form of remembrance, often highlighting the distance between life and the frozen image it creates. The tension between life and art, as seen in Poe’s story, ultimately reveals that while art can capture life, it can never fully replace or resurrect it.

b. As a thing of art nothing could be more admirable than the painting itself. Explain.

I totally agree with the above statement. Painting is really a very admirable form of art. The painters really work hard and spend much time to create quality paintings with meanings. A picture can paint a thousand words. The painting itself speaks in its literal manner. Here in this story, the oval portrait is one of the finest examples which has surprised the narrator. He feels completely puzzled to see that painting and start describing about it. True arts baffles all formulas and it’s true that as a thing of art nothing could be more admirable than the painting itself.

c. A more intense look at the painting reveals the illusion. Have you noticed any such painting?

Yes, I have noticed such painting which reveals the illusion. A painting can’t be judged at a single look. An artist spends days to make an art. Every objects in an art possess special meaning. The painting becomes more meaningful when it is watched by the viewer who is passionate about paintings. But, for those viewers like me who don’t have an idea about paintings find illusion all the time. In my case, I watched a typical painting in a museum near my house for a long time but I didn’t get meanings about it.

 

3^rd Story

God Sees the Truth but Waits

Leo Tolstoy

"God Sees the Truth, But Waits" is a short story written by Russian author Leo Tolstoy. The story was first published in 1872 and is one of Tolstoy’s most widely-read and admired works. It is a moral tale about the themes of faith, justice, forgiveness, and the power of patience.

Setting

The story is set in Russia, primarily within the confines of a prison, where the central character, Aksionov, is held after being wrongfully convicted of murder. The setting also includes a few scenes outside the prison, including Aksionov's home and his journey to the prison. The bleak and oppressive atmosphere of the prison symbolizes the inner torment of the characters and their struggles with faith and justice.

Plot

The story revolves around Aksionov, a peaceful, kind-hearted merchant from a small town, who is wrongfully accused of murder. He is arrested and sent to prison for a crime he did not commit, losing his family, his wealth, and his reputation. Throughout his years in prison, he lives a life of quiet suffering and spiritual growth, praying for justice but never seeking revenge. His life takes an unexpected turn when he meets Makar Devushkin, a fellow prisoner who reveals that he was the real murderer. Aksionov is initially torn between his desire for revenge and his newfound sense of spiritual clarity. However, after much internal struggle and reflection, he decides to forgive Makar, which ultimately leads to his release and reconciliation with God. The story ends with Aksionov finding peace and understanding that God’s justice is always right, even when it takes time.

Characters

• Aksionov – The protagonist, a noble and patient man who is wrongly imprisoned for a crime he did not commit. Over time, he grows spiritually, accepting the hardships of his life and finding peace through faith.
• Makar Devushkin – The real murderer, a fellow prisoner who eventually confesses to the crime. His revelation is the turning point in Aksionov’s spiritual journey.
• Aksionov’s wife – Though she is mentioned briefly, she is an important character in Aksionov’s life, as her belief in his innocence causes her to suffer greatly during his years of imprisonment.
• Other prisoners – Several other minor characters appear throughout the story, particularly within the prison setting, contributing to Aksionov’s development.

Themes

1. Faith and Redemption – One of the central themes is the power of faith. Despite his wrongful imprisonment, Aksionov’s unwavering faith helps him endure and grow spiritually, showing the redemptive power of trust in God’s plan.
2. Justice and Patience – The story reflects on the theme of justice, with the understanding that true justice may not always be immediate but is in God’s hands. Aksionov learns to wait for God’s timing and accept that divine justice is perfect.
3. Forgiveness – Aksionov’s decision to forgive Makar is a key moral lesson. Despite the betrayal and suffering he has endured, Aksionov chooses forgiveness, which ultimately leads to his freedom and peace.
4. The Nature of Suffering – The story explores how suffering, although painful, can be transformative. Through his years in prison, Aksionov becomes a wiser, more compassionate person who learns the value of spiritual growth over material success.

Summary

"God Sees the Truth, But Waits" is a story about a man named Aksionov, a merchant who lives a peaceful life with his wife and children in Russia. One day, while traveling to a fair, Aksionov is accused of murder after a fellow merchant is found dead, and Aksionov’s knife is discovered at the crime scene. Despite his protests of innocence, he is convicted and sent to a remote Siberian prison. His life is completely shattered as he loses his family, wealth, and reputation, all while maintaining his innocence.

Over the years, Aksionov adapts to life in prison. He becomes known for his good character and spirituality, never seeking revenge or harboring hatred, even though he suffers greatly. He spends his days working, praying, and reflecting, growing increasingly devoted to God. Aksionov’s heart remains pure, and he becomes a respected and patient figure among the other prisoners, though he still yearns for justice and dreams of one day being released.

The story takes a pivotal turn when a new prisoner, Makar Devushkin, arrives at the prison. Makar is a man with a mysterious past, and over time, Aksionov comes to suspect that he may know something about the murder he was wrongfully accused of. After many years, Makar finally confesses that he was the one who committed the crime and framed Aksionov. However, Aksionov, having undergone a profound spiritual transformation, struggles with the temptation for vengeance but ultimately decides to forgive Makar. This act of forgiveness symbolizes Aksionov’s deep faith in God’s will and his release from the burden of anger and resentment.

In the end, Aksionov’s decision to forgive Makar leads to a peaceful resolution. Makar, feeling guilty for causing Aksionov’s suffering, dies shortly after confessing. Aksionov, having come to terms with his wrongful imprisonment and the pain he endured, finds peace in knowing that God’s justice is beyond human understanding and that divine truth always prevails. The story concludes with Aksionov’s acceptance of his fate, recognizing that true freedom comes not from being released from prison, but from spiritual clarity and forgiveness.

Understanding the text

a. What bad habits did Aksionov have before his marriage?

Before his marriage, Aksionov had several bad habits that were quite common among young men of his time. He was known to be a heavy drinker, often indulging in alcohol to excess. This excessive drinking led to impulsive behavior, and on occasion, he would act rashly and irresponsibly. He was also somewhat hot-tempered, quick to anger, and prone to making hasty decisions without much thought. These traits caused tension in his life and relationships, including with his wife, who initially had to deal with his unpredictable behavior. However, after his marriage, Aksionov reformed his ways and became more thoughtful, responsible, and devout, focusing on his work and family rather than his previous vices. His transformation into a patient, spiritual man became one of the central elements of his character as the story progressed.

b. What can be the meaning of his wife’s dream?

In "God Sees the Truth, But Waits," Aksionov’s wife’s dream is a prophetic vision that foreshadows the suffering and hardship that her husband will soon face. In the dream, she sees Aksionov with white hair and a pale face, symbols of distress and aging, which suggests that he will undergo a transformative experience—one that will age him and take a physical and emotional toll. The dream reflects her deep, intuitive fear about the journey he is about to embark on and hints at the inevitable suffering of their future. It underscores the themes of fate and the unpredictability of life, highlighting how certain events, such as Aksionov’s wrongful imprisonment, are beyond their control, despite the love and concern they share. The dream acts as a tragic premonition, signaling the trials to come and marking the beginning of Aksionov’s long and difficult spiritual journey.

c. Why did Aksionov think of killing himself?

Aksionov thought of killing himself during the early years of his imprisonment because of the overwhelming despair and injustice he felt. He was wrongfully accused of murder and had been separated from his family, wealth, and life as he knew it. The agony of being wrongly imprisoned, coupled with the loss of everything dear to him, led Aksionov to a moment of deep hopelessness. He felt as though there was no end to his suffering, and in that dark moment, the thought of suicide seemed like a way to escape the torment of his wrongful conviction and his isolation from the world.

However, Aksionov did not act on this impulse. Instead, after reflecting on his faith and the idea of God's will, he ultimately decided to endure his suffering rather than give in to despair. This decision marks a pivotal moment in his spiritual growth, as he shifts from a man full of bitterness and anger to one who accepts his fate with patience and trust in God’s plan. His ability to resist the temptation of suicide and endure his suffering shows the beginning of his transformation into a more spiritually enlightened and forgiving person.

d. Why did Makar disclose that he had killed the merchant?

Makar disclosed that he had killed the merchant because he felt overwhelmed by guilt and remorse after years of living with the secret. When Makar first arrived at the prison, Aksionov was suspicious of him, but he did not know for sure that Makar was the true murderer. Over time, Makar became aware of Aksionov’s deep spiritual transformation and the peaceful, forgiving attitude that had developed within him despite the injustice he had suffered. This inner peace and integrity, along with the passage of time, weighed heavily on Makar’s conscience.

Makar’s guilt eventually reached a breaking point, and he could no longer live with the burden of knowing that he had wronged an innocent man. In a moment of confession, Makar admitted to Aksionov that he was the one who had committed the murder for which Aksionov had been wrongly imprisoned. He revealed the truth, perhaps in a desire to relieve himself of the guilt and to seek some form of redemption, knowing that Aksionov had been an unjustly sentenced man who had endured so much. Makar’s disclosure marked a significant moment of moral reckoning for him, but also highlighted Aksionov’s deep sense of forgiveness and spiritual growth, which ultimately led him to let go of anger and resentment, finding peace in the face of this revelation.

e. Why doesn’t Aksionov wish to return to his family at the end of the story?

At the end of the story, Aksionov does not wish to return to his family because he has undergone a profound spiritual transformation during his years of imprisonment. Throughout his time in the Siberian prison, Aksionov has grown increasingly devoted to God, accepting his wrongful conviction and finding peace through patience, forgiveness, and prayer. When he finally learns the truth about his innocence and the identity of the real murderer, Makar, Aksionov no longer feels the same attachment to his former life. His physical appearance has changed, and the life he once knew—his family, his wealth, and his status—seems distant and irrelevant compared to his inner peace and spiritual clarity.

Additionally, Aksionov recognizes that his family has likely moved on without him. His wife may have passed away, and his children have grown up in his absence. He no longer desires to return to a life that is rooted in worldly attachments and material concerns. His focus has shifted entirely to his relationship with God and the fulfillment he finds in living a life of humility and spiritual understanding. Thus, Aksionov’s decision to remain in the prison rather than return to his family symbolizes his acceptance of God's will and the realization that true freedom comes not from physical release, but from inner peace and faith.

Reference to the context

b. Describe Aksionov’s character.

Aksionov, the protagonist of "God Sees the Truth, But Waits," is a complex character who undergoes significant transformation throughout the story. At the start, Aksionov is depicted as a young, impulsive man with a tendency to indulge in alcohol and a quick temper. He is also somewhat selfish and carefree, focused on enjoying life and pursuing his business. However, his character begins to evolve after his wrongful imprisonment for a murder he did not commit.

As he spends years in the harsh Siberian prison, Aksionov undergoes a profound spiritual transformation. He becomes increasingly patient, humble, and devout, finding solace in prayer and faith. His earlier impulsiveness and anger are replaced by a deep sense of inner peace, and he learns to accept his suffering without bitterness. Aksionov’s character is marked by his ability to forgive, as seen when he decides to forgive Makar, the man who wrongfully imprisoned him, even after Makar confesses to the crime. This forgiveness is a pivotal moment in his spiritual journey, demonstrating his growth into a wise, compassionate, and selfless man.

Aksionov’s character embodies the themes of patience, faith, and moral integrity. Despite his wrongful imprisonment and the suffering he endures, he never seeks revenge or becomes consumed by anger. Instead, he accepts his fate with grace and trust in God’s justice. By the end of the story, Aksionov’s character is fully transformed, having moved beyond worldly concerns and finding true freedom and peace in his spiritual growth. His journey reflects the power of faith and the potential for redemption, even in the most unjust and painful circumstances.

c. What is the theme of the story?

The central theme of "God Sees the Truth, But Waits" is the idea of divine justice and spiritual redemption. The story explores how true justice may not always be immediately apparent in human terms, but it is ultimately in God’s hands, and His timing is perfect. Aksionov, the protagonist, suffers immensely due to his wrongful imprisonment, but through his suffering, he undergoes a profound spiritual transformation. The theme emphasizes that patience, faith, and acceptance of one’s fate can lead to inner peace, even in the most unjust circumstances.

Another important theme in the story is forgiveness. Aksionov, despite being wrongfully accused and enduring years of hardship, chooses to forgive Makar, the man who reveals that he was the true murderer. This act of forgiveness demonstrates Aksionov’s spiritual maturity and his understanding that vengeance and anger only prolong suffering. The story also highlights the moral consequences of guilt, as Makar’s confession is motivated by his growing remorse for the wrong he has done.

Ultimately, the story teaches that suffering can lead to personal growth and redemption. Aksionov’s journey shows how hardship, though painful, can be a path to spiritual enlightenment, leading to a deeper understanding of faith and God’s plan. The theme reinforces that while human justice may fail, divine justice is always true and perfect, and that spiritual growth can bring freedom, even when physical release from suffering is not possible.

d. Which symbols are used in the story and what do they indicate?

In "God Sees the Truth, But Waits," several symbols are used to convey deeper meanings related to the themes of justice, faith, and transformation. Here are some key symbols in the story and their significance:

1.      Aksionov’s White Hair: Aksionov’s white hair is a powerful symbol in the story. In the beginning, when his wife dreams of him having white hair, it foreshadows the years of suffering and hardship he will endure. Over time, the white hair becomes a symbol of the heavy burden of his wrongful imprisonment, as well as the passage of time and the spiritual transformation he undergoes. It signifies his growth into a wiser, more patient, and spiritually enlightened man.

2.      The Prison: The prison symbolizes suffering, isolation, and spiritual testing. While it is a place of punishment and despair, it also serves as the setting for Aksionov’s spiritual growth. Through his time in prison, Aksionov learns patience, humility, and the ability to forgive. The prison, therefore, symbolizes both the physical and spiritual confinement that Aksionov endures, ultimately leading to his freedom through faith and inner peace.

3.      Aksionov’s Beard and Appearance: Aksionov’s physical appearance, including his beard and his overall worn-out look, symbolizes the transformation he undergoes. As he ages and suffers, his appearance reflects his internal changes. By the end of the story, his outward appearance mirrors the peace and serenity he has achieved through his faith and forgiveness, showing how his character has evolved over the years.

4.      The Confession of Makar: Makar’s confession symbolizes the weight of guilt and the possibility of redemption. Makar’s confession to Aksionov reveals his deep remorse and internal conflict. It also highlights the theme of divine justice, as Makar’s guilt is exposed at the right moment, allowing Aksionov to make the choice of forgiveness, which is a key part of his own spiritual growth. The confession represents the moral consequences of wrongdoing and the potential for repentance.

5.      The Journey to the Fair: Aksionov’s journey to the fair, which begins the chain of events leading to his wrongful imprisonment, symbolizes the unpredictability of life and the role of fate in human suffering. It also represents the tension between worldly concerns and spiritual growth, as Aksionov’s initial focus is on his business, but his path eventually leads him to a higher spiritual purpose.

 

Reference beyond the text

a. What role does religion play in Aksionov’s life? How does he undergo a spiritual transformation in the story?

Religion plays a central role in Aksionov’s life, especially after his wrongful imprisonment, where it becomes a source of strength, solace, and transformation. Initially, Aksionov is a young man who enjoys worldly pleasures, such as drinking and living a carefree life. However, after his unjust conviction and the harsh years in the Siberian prison, he begins to undergo a significant spiritual transformation. His faith becomes the anchor that helps him cope with his suffering and navigate the deep emotional turmoil of his situation.

Aksionov’s spiritual transformation begins during the early years of his imprisonment, when he initially struggles with feelings of anger and despair. He even contemplates suicide, overwhelmed by the unfairness of his situation. However, he gradually turns to prayer and reflection, seeking solace in his belief that God has a purpose for his life, even in the midst of suffering. Over time, his faith deepens, and he becomes increasingly devoted to God, finding peace in accepting his fate and trusting that divine justice will prevail, even if it is not immediately visible. This shift from bitterness to spiritual acceptance marks the beginning of his transformation.

The most significant moment in Aksionov’s spiritual journey comes when he forgives Makar, the man who confesses to being the true murderer. Despite the years of unjust suffering Aksionov has endured, he chooses not to seek revenge. Instead, he prays for Makar and forgives him, demonstrating his spiritual growth. This act of forgiveness shows Aksionov’s understanding that vengeance is not the path to salvation, and that true freedom and peace come from trusting in God’s will. By the end of the story, Aksionov has undergone a complete transformation. His inner peace, patience, and forgiveness reflect his deep faith, and he no longer desires to return to his former life or family. He recognizes that spiritual clarity and redemption are more meaningful than material success or physical freedom.

Aksionov’s spiritual journey reflects the theme that suffering can lead to spiritual enlightenment, and through his deepening faith, he transcends his wrongful imprisonment. His religion ultimately becomes the source of his inner freedom, allowing him to endure hardship with grace and to experience true liberation in his heart.

b. What does the story tell us about the existence of an unfair system of justice?

"God Sees the Truth, But Waits" highlights the existence of an unfair system of justice through Aksionov's wrongful imprisonment, illustrating how human systems of justice can fail to deliver fairness. Aksionov is accused of a crime he did not commit—the murder of a fellow merchant—and despite his innocence, he is convicted and sent to a remote Siberian prison. His experience reveals how easily the legal system can be swayed by circumstantial evidence, personal bias, or the failure to conduct a proper investigation, leading to the wrongful suffering of an innocent man.

The story critiques the limitations and imperfections of human justice, showing that it can be blind to the truth, especially in the absence of clear evidence or when individuals are quick to make assumptions. Aksionov’s long years in prison, away from his family and home, are a painful reminder of the flaws in the justice system. The fact that the true murderer, Makar, is only revealed years later highlights how justice can be delayed or denied altogether in an unfair system.

However, the story also suggests that while human justice is fallible, divine justice is always perfect. The idea that "God sees the truth, but waits" emphasizes that, although earthly justice may fail, there is a higher moral order at play. Aksionov’s journey toward spiritual enlightenment, and his eventual decision to forgive Makar, demonstrates that true justice is not always immediate or visible in the physical world, but it ultimately aligns with a greater divine plan that transcends human error. This offers a sense of hope and redemption, showing that, even in an unfair system, there can be eventual moral clarity and reconciliation.

 4^th Story

The Wish

             Roald Dahl

"The Wish" by Roald Dahl is a short story that demonstrates his signature mix of dark humor, clever twists, and exploration of human nature.

About the writer

Roald Dahl (1916–1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, and poet, known for his children's books such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, and The BFG. His works often contain elements of the macabre, with morally complex characters, and a sense of mystery and surprise.

Setting

The story takes place in a seemingly ordinary environment, set in a small town. Dahl’s stories often feature ordinary people or places that hold secrets or have unexpected, dark twists beneath the surface. In this case, it’s a quieter, rural setting that reflects the nature of the characters and their interactions.

Plot

In The Wish, a boy named George wants a new bike, but his mother insists he must first make a wish. She tells him that whatever he wishes for, he must be careful because wishes can have unforeseen consequences. George makes his wish, but his expectation is far different from the outcome. He finds that getting what you want is not always as simple or desirable as it seems.

The plot explores themes of desire, consequences, and the unpredictability of wishes.

Characters

• George: The protagonist, a young boy who wants a bike and makes a wish with unexpected consequences. He is innocent and curious but learns a lesson about what happens when wishes are granted.
• George’s Mother: A practical and wise figure who cautions George about the power of wishes. She plays an important role in shaping the story’s moral lesson.

Themes

1. The Consequences of Wishes: One of the central themes is the idea that wishes, while tempting, come with unintended consequences. The story warns readers that desires may not always lead to positive results.
2. Greed and Selfishness: The character of George represents the human tendency to want more, and the story reveals how greed can have a downside when one’s desires are fulfilled without consideration of their true value.
3. Innocence and Experience: Through George’s journey, we see a young character who learns an important life lesson, transforming from innocence to a more experienced understanding of his wishes and desires.

Summary

In The Wish by Roald Dahl, a young boy named George is eager to receive a new bicycle. One day, while talking to his mother, she tells him that he should be careful about what he wishes for, as wishes can come true in unexpected ways. George, though skeptical, becomes intrigued by the idea of wishing for something and making it happen. His mother encourages him to make a wish, which he does, thinking that it will lead to the perfect outcome of getting the bicycle he desires.

When George makes his wish, he imagines the bike materializing magically. However, the story takes a dark turn when his wish is granted, but not in the way he expected. Instead of receiving a new bicycle, George finds that the world around him changes in a way that makes him question his desire for the bike. What seemed like an innocent wish soon reveals unforeseen consequences, and George begins to realize that his wish might not have been worth the cost.

As the story unfolds, George learns a valuable lesson about desires and their outcomes. The consequences of his wish force him to confront the idea that sometimes, getting exactly what you want can have a dark side. Dahl plays with the theme of unintended results, showing how the fulfillment of a wish can be a double-edged sword. George, once eager and innocent in his wish, now understands that life is more complicated than simply desiring something and having it granted.

In the end, The Wish serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked desire. It teaches readers that they should be careful with their wishes, as they might lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes. Through George’s journey, Dahl explores the complexities of human wishes, the risks involved in pursuing desires without fully understanding the consequences, and the importance of thinking carefully before making a decision.

 

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. What did the child do to the scab on his knee?

The child gently picked the scab off his cut with his finger nails and put it on his thigh. Finally he flipped it with his finger.

b. What kind of effect did the carpet have on the child?

The child became extremely amazed to see the red carpet. He had never really notice it before in such a way. The different colors of carpet seemed to brighten mysteriously and spring out at him in a most dazzling way. He was thoroughly lost in those colors and his imagination.

c. What was he afraid of while walking across the carpet?

While walking across the carpet in The Wish, George is afraid of the strange, unsettling feeling it gives him. The carpet seems to stretch and twist in a way that makes him nervous, as if it is pulling him or trying to trap him. His fear intensifies as he senses something unnatural about the carpet’s movement, symbolizing the discomfort and unease that come with the unexpected consequences of his wish. This moment captures his growing anxiety and realization that his desire for the bicycle may have led to something far more frightening.

d. What motivated and encouraged the child to start and continue on his journey?

In The Wish, George is motivated to start and continue on his journey by his desire to obtain a new bicycle. His longing for the bike drives him to make a wish, believing that it will bring him the happiness and satisfaction he craves. His mother encourages him to make the wish, cautioning him that he must be careful with his desires, which adds an element of curiosity and adventure for George. Initially, his excitement and the belief that his wish will come true spur him on, even as the consequences begin to unfold in strange and unsettling ways. Despite the growing discomfort and fear, George’s curiosity and hope for his wish to be fulfilled keep him moving forward, highlighting his naivety and determination.

e. What did the child see as he looked down on the black patterns of the carpet?

As George looked down at the black patterns on the carpet in The Wish, he saw strange and disturbing shapes that seemed to shift and move. The patterns on the carpet took on a life of their own, becoming almost hypnotic and unsettling. George’s mind begins to play tricks on him, as the shapes appear to change and warp, creating a sense of fear and confusion. This experience with the carpet symbolizes the disorienting and unpredictable effects of his wish, where something once familiar becomes unsettling and eerie, mirroring the story's theme of the unintended consequences of desires.

Reference to the context

a. The writer creates two voices in the story. Who are they?

In The Wish, the two voices created by Roald Dahl are:

1.      George's Voice (the child): This is the internal voice of the young boy, George. Through his perspective, we experience his desires, curiosity, and eventual realization of the consequences of his wish. George’s voice is innocent, hopeful, and driven by the excitement of wanting something. It captures his journey from wanting a bike to confronting the unsettling outcomes of his wish.

2.      The Voice of George's Mother: This voice is that of the wise and cautionary figure in the story. She advises George to be careful with his wish, warning him about the power of desire and the unpredictable nature of wishes. Her voice introduces a tone of wisdom and authority, guiding George (and the reader) toward understanding the story’s deeper lesson about the consequences of unchecked desires.

b. Summarize the short story “The Wish” in about 200 words.

In The Wish by Roald Dahl, a young boy named George longs for a new bicycle and, encouraged by his mother, makes a wish to get one. His mother warns him to be careful about what he wishes for, hinting that wishes can have unforeseen consequences. George, however, is eager for the bike and believes that his wish will be granted exactly as he imagines. As he waits, he lies on the carpet and becomes increasingly restless, observing the strange, shifting patterns on the floor. The carpet seems to come alive, pulling him into a mysterious and uncomfortable experience.

As George continues to look at the carpet, he becomes aware of how his wish has created unexpected and eerie effects. The shapes on the carpet shift in unsettling ways, symbolizing the dark consequences of his desire. George begins to realize that the fulfillment of his wish is not as simple or satisfying as he expected. His initial excitement and hope turn into fear and confusion, making him question the true cost of getting what he wanted.

Through this story, Dahl explores themes of desire, unintended consequences, and the unpredictability of wishes, ultimately showing that fulfilling one's wishes may not always lead to the expected happiness.

c. The story shows the events through the eyes of the narrator and the child. Comparing the two styles, who presents a more interesting or effective view for the readers? Why?

In The Wish, both the narrator’s voice and George’s perspective offer valuable views, but George’s point of view is more effective and engaging for the reader. His perspective brings the story’s emotions and suspense to life. As a child, George is full of innocence, excitement, and curiosity, which allows the reader to experience the unfolding events with him. His internal conflict and gradual realization of the unintended consequences of his wish resonate deeply, creating a sense of tension and discomfort as he experiences these unsettling changes. Through his eyes, the reader feels the growing unease, heightening the impact of the story's themes.

While the narrator provides the overall context and describes George's actions and surroundings, it is George’s voice that captures the emotional essence of the story. The reader is drawn into his confusion, fear, and realization, making his experience feel more vivid and immediate. The child’s perspective makes the eventual twist in the story more powerful, as his naïve expectations are turned upside down, revealing the deeper moral about the risks of desires and wishes.

Thus, George’s point of view is more engaging and effective because it evokes a stronger emotional response, drawing readers directly into the story's unsettling atmosphere.

d. Is “The Wish” a story about self-confidence overcoming fear or about greed? Give your arguments.

The Wish by Roald Dahl is primarily a story about greed rather than self-confidence overcoming fear. While George experiences fear and discomfort as his wish takes unexpected turns, the central theme revolves around the consequences of unchecked desire and greed.

George's initial wish is driven by his longing for a new bicycle. He desires it with great intensity, believing that having the bike will bring him happiness. This desire for something more, without considering the possible consequences, represents greed. His mother's warning about being careful with wishes is a cautionary note about the dangers of wanting too much or focusing solely on one's desires. As George's wish unfolds, he realizes that the fulfillment of his wish comes with discomfort and fear, revealing that getting what he wants isn’t as satisfying as he anticipated.

Although George experiences fear as the situation with the carpet grows unsettling, the focus of the story is on how greed can lead to unexpected and undesirable consequences. His wish, once granted, does not bring the joy he hoped for, instead leading him to a realization about the dangers of unchecked desires. Therefore, the story is more about greed and its negative outcomes than about self-confidence overcoming fear.

Reference beyond the text

a. Do you think our wish can be fulfilled? Why or why not?

The idea of whether a wish can be fulfilled depends on various factors, such as the nature of the wish, the effort put into achieving it, and the circumstances surrounding it. In a literal sense, wishing for something doesn’t always guarantee that it will come true, especially if the wish is unrealistic or based purely on desire without any action to support it. However, in a more metaphorical sense, our wishes or goals can often be fulfilled through hard work, determination, and persistence.

For example, if someone wishes for success, it is more likely to be fulfilled through focused effort, planning, and resilience rather than waiting passively for success to happen. On the other hand, some wishes might be beyond our control, like wishing for something that requires a change in external factors or circumstances that we can’t influence.

In stories like The Wish by Roald Dahl, the fulfillment of a wish often comes with consequences or an unexpected outcome, teaching readers that the act of wishing alone isn't always enough—it is the choices we make and the actions we take that shape our outcomes. So, while some wishes can be fulfilled, it’s important to recognize that the process often involves more than just wishing; it requires effort, patience, and careful consideration of the consequences.

b. Why do you think some people might have a frightening nature? What would you suggest to them to overcome it?

Some people may have a frightening nature due to a variety of reasons, often rooted in personal experiences, fears, or insecurities. People with a frightening or intimidating demeanor might have faced challenging life situations, such as trauma, rejection, or negative experiences, that shaped how they interact with others. This can lead to defensive behavior, aggression, or a lack of trust in others, which may make them appear frightening. Additionally, certain personality traits like being highly assertive or competitive can also contribute to an intimidating presence, even if the person is not consciously trying to scare others.

To overcome a frightening nature, it’s important for individuals to work on building self-awareness and emotional intelligence. Understanding why they react in certain ways and acknowledging their fears or insecurities can help them manage their behavior. Practicing empathy and learning to see situations from others' perspectives can also soften their approach. Developing communication skills, such as using a calm tone, open body language, and being mindful of facial expressions, can help others feel more at ease.

Seeking support through therapy or counseling can also be beneficial, especially if past trauma or deep-seated fears contribute to their intimidating nature. Ultimately, overcoming a frightening nature requires self-reflection, patience, and the willingness to make small, consistent changes to how one interacts with others.

 

 5^th Story

Civil Peace

                     Chinua Achebe

"Civil Peace" is a short story written by Chinua Achebe, a renowned Nigerian author known for his works that address issues of post-colonial Africa, societal change, and the human condition. Achebe is best known for his novel Things Fall Apart, which explores the effects of colonialism on traditional African societies.

Setting

The story is set in post-civil war Nigeria, specifically in the southeastern region. The events take place shortly after the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War (1967-1970), during a time of reconstruction and uncertainty. The setting reflects the challenges faced by Nigerians in rebuilding their lives after the devastating conflict, with themes of survival, hope, and resilience emerging from the context of war’s aftermath.

Plot

The story centers on a man named Jonathan Iwegbu, a former Biafran soldier, who survives the war and returns home to find his family and his life in a state of recovery. Jonathan’s resilience and determination to rebuild are evident as he starts a small business with the few resources he has left. He finds his home intact, his wife and children alive, and a sense of hope despite the war's devastation. However, his life takes another turn when a group of thieves breaks into his home and demands money. Jonathan faces this challenge with surprising calmness and wisdom, offering the thieves a small sum without violence, showcasing his pragmatic approach to life in post-war Nigeria.

Main Characters

• Jonathan Iwegbu: The protagonist of the story, Jonathan is a resilient and optimistic man who, despite the horrors of war, focuses on rebuilding his life. He represents the survival spirit of many people affected by war, embodying themes of hope, endurance, and pragmatism.
• Maria: Jonathan’s wife, who supports him in rebuilding their lives and shares in the hope of a better future. Together, they make the best of what they have left after the war.
• The Thieves: A group of criminals who disrupt Jonathan’s peaceful life, representing the continuing challenges that the people of Nigeria face even in the aftermath of the civil war.

Themes

1. Survival and Resilience: The central theme of Civil Peace is the resilience of individuals in the face of adversity. Jonathan’s ability to find hope and rebuild after the war illustrates the human capacity to survive, even in the most difficult circumstances.
2. Hope and Optimism: Despite the destruction caused by the civil war, Jonathan’s optimistic attitude allows him to make the best of his situation. This theme emphasizes the importance of maintaining hope in the face of hardship.
3. The Fragility of Peace: The story subtly highlights how peace, once achieved after the war, remains fragile and subject to the uncertainties of life. The break-in by thieves symbolizes the continuing instability and challenges of post-war society.
4. Materialism vs. Human Values: Jonathan’s response to the thieves—offering them money without resistance—suggests that human life and peace are more valuable than material possessions. His decision reflects a focus on personal dignity and peace rather than the accumulation of wealth.

Summary

"Civil Peace" by Chinua Achebe is a short story set in post-civil war Nigeria, focusing on Jonathan Iwegbu, a man who considers himself extraordinarily lucky to have survived the war with his wife, three of his four children, and his bicycle. Jonathan is a symbol of resilience and optimism, grateful for the simple blessings he has. After the war, he returns to his home and finds it still standing, albeit slightly damaged. Jonathan begins using his bicycle to run a taxi service, demonstrating his resourcefulness in difficult times.

Jonathan’s optimism is further rewarded when he receives an ex-gratia payment of 20 pounds from the government for turning in rebel currency. This unexpected windfall seems to promise a fresh start, reinforcing Jonathan’s belief that “nothing puzzles God.” He uses the money to support his family, reflecting his pragmatic approach to rebuilding their lives. Achebe highlights the fragility of peace and the uneasy transition from war to civilian life through Jonathan’s experiences.

However, the harsh realities of post-war society soon manifest when a group of thieves arrives at Jonathan’s house, demanding the 20 pounds. Despite Jonathan’s protests that he has no money, the thieves insist and eventually accept 20 pounds as a bribe to leave his family unharmed. The tense encounter underscores the lingering lawlessness and instability of the period, revealing how ordinary people are forced to navigate threats with calm resilience.

In the aftermath, Jonathan remains unfazed, maintaining his positive outlook. He insists that the loss of money is insignificant compared to the lives of his family. Achebe concludes the story with Jonathan’s steadfast belief in moving forward, highlighting the theme of survival and hope. “Civil Peace” ultimately reflects on the human capacity for endurance, suggesting that true wealth lies in family, perseverance, and the ability to adapt.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. Why did Jonathan think of himself as ‘extraordinarily lucky’?

Jonathan thought of himself as "extraordinarily lucky" because he and his family survived the Nigerian Civil War with minimal losses out of his entire family, only one of his four children died during the war; which he considered a blessing compared to the widespread devastation and loss experienced by many others. Additionally, his house remained standing, albeit slightly damaged, while many others had been destroyed.

Jonathan also felt fortunate to still possess his bicycle, which he cleverly buried during the war to prevent it from being confiscated. After the war, the bicycle became a valuable asset, allowing him to start a taxi service and earn money. These factors contributed to Jonathan’s sense of gratitude and reinforced his belief that life itself was the greatest fortune, regardless of material wealth.

b. What are the ‘five blessings’ for which Jonathan is grateful?

The "five blessings" for which Jonathan is grateful are his life, the lives of his wife, Maria, and the lives of his three surviving children. Despite the hardships and losses caused by the Nigerian Civil War, Jonathan considers the survival of his family to be a remarkable fortune.

These blessings symbolize the essence of Jonathan’s optimism and resilience. To him, the safety and well-being of his family far outweigh any material loss, reflecting his belief that life itself is the greatest treasure. His gratitude for these five blessings shapes his positive outlook as he works to rebuild his life after the war.

c. Why did Jonathan mistrust the officer who wanted to take his bicycle? What does this tell you about the situation in Nigeria?

Jonathan mistrusted the officer who wanted to take his bicycle because he recognized the officer’s likely corruption and saw the demand as an opportunistic attempt to exploit civilians. The officer’s vague justification of needing the bicycle for “military purposes” seemed dubious, prompting Jonathan to bribe him to avoid losing his valuable possession. This reflects the broader situation in post-war Nigeria, where corruption, lawlessness, and abuse of power were widespread. The war had weakened institutions, leaving ordinary people vulnerable to exploitation by those in authority. Achebe uses this encounter to highlight how survival often depended on navigating a fragile and morally compromised society.

d. What visitors might be at the door? Are Jonathan and his wife completely surprised? Explain.

The visitors at the door are a group of thieves who arrive in the middle of the night, demanding Jonathan’s ex-gratia payment of 20 pounds. Jonathan and his wife are not completely surprised by the visit, as they live in a society struggling with instability and lawlessness after the war. Although frightened, they seem to have anticipated the possibility of such threats, which explains why they react with relative calm and try to negotiate with the thieves.

Their experience reflects the harsh realities of post-war Nigeria, where robbery and violence were common, and people had to remain vigilant. Jonathan’s ability to stay composed and his willingness to part with the money without resistance demonstrate his understanding that material possessions can be replaced, but the safety of his family is paramount.

e. Why does no one in the neighborhood respond when the thieves pound on Jonathan’s door? Why do the thieves call for the police?

No one in the neighborhood responds when the thieves pound on Jonathan’s door because fear and a sense of helplessness pervade the community. In post-war Nigeria, law enforcement was either absent or ineffective, and people had grown accustomed to such incidents, choosing to avoid involvement to protect them. The neighbors likely feared retaliation if they intervened, reflecting the widespread insecurity and lack of trust in collective action.

The thieves mockingly call for the police, knowing full well that no help will come. This act highlights the breakdown of law and order, as the thieves exploit the absence of authority to intimidate Jonathan further. Their sarcastic call underscores the irony and hopelessness of the situation, emphasizing the chaotic and fragile nature of life in the aftermath of war.

Reference in the context

a. What does Jonathan mean by his expression “Nothing puzzles God”? What does this expression reveal about his character? Explain by citing details from the story.

In the story “Civil Peace”, Jonathan uses this expression “Nothing puzzles God” every time when something miraculous happens with him. He uses this line when he gets his bicycle back in fine condition out of the ground. Next, he uses it when he finds his house is still standing after the war. By “Nothing puzzles God” he means that anything can happen, but Almighty God, being omniscient, is not surprised and puzzled by anything which means that God knows each and every thing. The last time he uses it at the end of the story after his family is robbed of the exgratia. This expression reveals that he is quite optimistic person who has believed in God. He feels too delighted to get miracles in his life. This expression also reveals that he is a good person who enjoys everything he has but never laments on his lose. Therefore, his character was optimistic, hopeful and religious.

b. How does Jonathan change as he experiences the conflicts in his life? Explain.

As Jonathan experiences conflicts in his life, he grows more resilient, adaptable, and accepting of hardship. The war and its aftermath teach him to value what he has rather than lament what he has lost. His resourcefulness in using his bicycle for income and his gratitude for his surviving family reflect his ability to find hope amid adversity. When confronted by thieves, Jonathan remains calm and pragmatic, choosing to surrender his money rather than risk his family’s safety. This response highlights his shift from clinging to material possessions to prioritizing life and security. Ultimately, Jonathan’s experiences shape him into a man who embraces peace and resilience, believing that as long as he and his family survive, they can rebuild and move forward.

c. Nigerian English has words like soja ‘soldier’ and katakata ‘confusion’, ‘trouble’ derived apparently from English words but transformed by native languages’ phonologies. What does the author’s use of dialect here add to the story?

The author’s use of Nigerian English and dialect, with words like soja (soldier) and katakata (confusion, trouble), adds authenticity and cultural richness to the story. By incorporating these localized expressions, Achebe grounds the narrative in the lived experiences and linguistic landscape of post-war Nigeria. This use of dialect reflects the blending of English with native languages, capturing the voice of ordinary Nigerians and highlighting the resilience and adaptability of the people.

The dialect also deepens the reader’s immersion in the setting, emphasizing the socio-political realities faced by characters like Jonathan. It conveys the informal, often chaotic nature of life in post-civil war Nigeria, where official language and structures had eroded. Through this linguistic choice, Achebe not only preserves the cultural identity of his characters but also underscores the themes of survival and resourcefulness in the face of katakata.

d. Why do you think the thieves who come to rob Jonathan speak English with a heavier African accent than Jonathan does?

The thieves speaking English with a heavier African accent than Jonathan serves as a subtle reflection of their social position and character, while Jonathan is portrayed as resourceful, hardworking, and striving to rebuild his life after the war, the thieves represent lawlessness and exploitation. Their heavier accent may suggest that they are less educated or have a lower social status, potentially signaling their lack of refinement or formal upbringing.

In contrast, Jonathan's relatively lighter accent may indicate his efforts to adapt to societal norms, as he is focused on survival and rebuilding his family’s life. This linguistic difference underscores the divide between individuals who are trying to make an honest living and those who exploit the vulnerable. Additionally, it adds depth to the characters, illustrating that even in a shared language; accents can reveal aspects of one’s background, values, and actions.

f. The title of the story "Civil Peace" itself is ironical as there is little to differentiate ‘civil peace’ from ‘civil war’. Do you think that the title of this story is appropriate, or would “Civil War” have been a better title? Explain.

The title "Civil Peace" is indeed ironic, as it highlights the contrast between the ideal of peace and the harsh realities faced by the characters in the aftermath of the Nigerian Civil War. While Jonathan considers himself fortunate for surviving the war and tries to rebuild his life, the conditions he faces—corruption, lawlessness, and violence—suggest that true peace has not been fully achieved. The presence of thieves, exploitation, and a lack of effective law enforcement illustrates that the aftermath of war has left the society in a state of unstable and fragile peace.

Choosing "Civil Peace" as the title emphasizes the irony that peace, though declared, is still tenuous and incomplete. It underscores the gap between the official end of the war and the lived reality of the people, who continue to struggle with the consequences of the conflict. While "Civil War" could have been an appropriate title to reflect the destruction and violence of the past, "Civil Peace" effectively captures the unresolved nature of the post-war situation, drawing attention to the struggles that continue even after the war has ended. It highlights the paradox of surviving a war but still facing conflict in daily life. Thus, the title is fitting as it encapsulates the theme of fragile peace amidst ongoing challenges.

Reference beyond the text

a. How would you describe the civil peace in Nigeria?

The civil peace in post-war Nigeria is fragile and precarious, existing more as a thin veneer over the deep scars left by the civil war. While the formal end of the conflict brought an official sense of peace, the reality for many Nigerians, like Jonathan, is far from serene. The country remains plagued by corruption, lawlessness, and economic instability, with many people still struggling to rebuild their lives. Though Jonathan’s family survives and makes efforts to regain stability, they constantly face threats, such as robbery and exploitation, reflecting the lack of true safety or order. This civil peace is more about surviving in a broken system than enjoying the benefits of genuine peace, highlighting the paradox of a society that is officially peaceful but still deeply fractured and vulnerable.

b. What kind of attitude towards life do you think you would have if your situation was similar to that of Jonathan’s?

If my situation were similar to Jonathan's, I would likely adopt an attitude of resilience, gratitude, and pragmatism. Like Jonathan, I would focus on appreciating the things I still have—such as the safety of my loved ones and the opportunity to rebuild—rather than dwelling on the losses endured. I would approach life with a sense of resourcefulness, finding ways to make the best of limited resources and adapting to new challenges as they arise. Jonathan’s unwavering optimism, despite the hardships he faces, suggests that having a strong sense of hope and prioritizing the well-being of family over material wealth would be crucial in maintaining mental strength. I would likely embrace a mindset focused on survival and forward movement, believing that even in difficult circumstances, there is always the possibility of recovery and growth.

c. Draw the character sketch of Jonathan Iwegbu.

Jonathan Iwegbu is a symbol of resilience and optimism in Chinua Achebe’s "Civil Peace." A survivor of the Nigerian Civil War, Jonathan considers himself “extraordinarily lucky” because he and his family made it through the conflict relatively unharmed. Despite losing one child, he feels fortunate that his wife, Maria, and three of his children are alive, and that their house is still standing. His deep sense of gratitude for the basic things—his family’s survival and the opportunity to rebuild—is a central part of his character. Jonathan doesn’t dwell on his losses but focuses on what remains, which gives him a unique perspective on life.

Resourceful and practical, Jonathan immediately begins to rebuild after the war by using his bicycle to offer taxi services. This willingness to find practical solutions to challenges shows his adaptability in the face of difficult circumstances. When he receives an unexpected ex-gratia payment of 20 pounds from the government, Jonathan’s first instinct is to invest it wisely to further support his family. His pragmatic attitude is also reflected in his calm approach to hardship, as he does not view the loss of material possessions, like money, as catastrophic. He is more concerned with the survival and well-being of his loved ones than with wealth or status.

Jonathan’s character is also defined by his unwavering optimism. He constantly reassures himself and others that “nothing puzzles God,” showing his faith that everything will work out in the end, no matter how dire the situation may seem. Even when faced with threats, such as when thieves demand his 20 pounds, Jonathan remains composed. Rather than reacting with anger or fear, he negotiates and complies to protect his family’s safety. His ability to stay calm in the face of danger reflects a mindset focused on survival and finding peace, even in the most difficult of circumstances.

However, Jonathan’s calmness should not be mistaken for passivity. He demonstrates courage when needed, such as when confronting the thieves, but always prioritizes the well-being of his family over material losses. This selflessness shows that, for Jonathan, family and the preservation of life are more important than anything else. His resourcefulness, optimism, and ability to remain focused on what truly matters make him a strong and enduring figure. Ultimately, Jonathan Iwegbu embodies the values of resilience, hope, and survival, providing a powerful example of how one can endure and rebuild in the face of adversity.

 

6^th Story

Two Little Soldiers

Guy de Maupassant

"Two Little Soldiers" is a short story by Guy de Maupassant, a French writer known for his skillful depictions of human nature and his concise, ironic style. The story is set in France during the Franco-Prussian War, a period of intense conflict between France and Prussia (now part of Germany) in the late 19th century. Maupassant often used war settings to explore themes of human folly, love, and loss.

Setting

The story is set against the backdrop of the Franco-Prussian War, specifically in a military camp where two young French soldiers are stationed. The war serves as the larger context, influencing the soldiers' actions and the dynamics between them. The setting of the camp, isolated from civilian life, amplifies the themes of youth, war, and the disillusionment that arises from such brutal experiences.

Plot

The plot revolves around two young soldiers, Maurice and Louis, who are close friends and share a bond of camaraderie forged in the hardships of war. One day, the soldiers are invited by a young woman, whom they both find attractive, to meet her at a distant location. After a brief meeting, they both fall in love with her, and the story explores how their rivalry over her affections escalates. Eventually, they decide to leave the army together and be with her. However, their pursuit of love and happiness is tragically interrupted when they die, leaving the fate of their relationship with the woman unresolved.

Characters

• Maurice and Louis are the two protagonists, young soldiers caught in the confusion and brutality of war. Their bond as friends is tested by their romantic rivalry, but ultimately, their youth and immaturity lead to tragic consequences.
• The young woman they both love remains somewhat of an enigmatic figure in the story. She is a catalyst for their actions but is not deeply developed as a character herself. Her interaction with the soldiers reflects the fleeting nature of relationships during wartime.
• The narrator is an observer who provides insight into the soldiers’ lives and their actions, but the story mainly focuses on the two protagonists.

Themes

• The Futility of War: The story illustrates the senselessness of war and the fragility of life. Maurice and Louis are both young men whose lives are cut short by war, and their rivalry over a woman becomes a tragic commentary on how war disrupts human relationships and destroys the potential for happiness.
• Youth and Innocence: The soldiers are depicted as young, innocent, and full of hope, yet their lives are shaped by the harshness of war. Their rivalry over the woman represents the immaturity and emotional turmoil of youth, which is ultimately overshadowed by the larger tragedy of the war.
• Love and Rivalry: The story explores the theme of love and the complex emotions that can arise from it, such as jealousy, rivalry, and the search for validation. The soldiers’ feelings for the woman and their competition for her attention symbolize the intense and sometimes irrational nature of love.
• Irony and Tragedy: Maupassant’s use of irony highlights the absurdity of the soldiers’ situation. Their attempts to seek love and escape the horrors of war only lead to their untimely deaths, underscoring the tragic futility of their actions.

Summary

Two Little Soldiers by Guy de Maupassant is a short story set during the Franco-Prussian War, focusing on two young French soldiers, Luc and Jean. These two soldiers are childhood friends who have joined the military to fight in the war. They are stationed at a small outpost and pass their time together, sharing the same fears, hopes, and dreams. The bond between Luc and Jean is close, and despite the hardships of war, they provide each other with comfort and companionship. Their youth and innocence contrast sharply with the grim realities of the war they are enduring.

One day, Luc and Jean meet a young milkmaid, a beautiful and charming woman, who works in the area. She catches their attention and quickly becomes the object of their affection. The milkmaid is depicted as kind, pleasant, and simple, embodying the purity and serenity that the soldiers long for amidst the violence and devastation of war. The soldiers, tired of the brutality of the conflict, both develop feelings for her, and their friendship begins to shift as they start competing for her attention and favor.

The milkmaid, who is aware of the soldiers’ admiration for her, begins to play a role in the growing rivalry between Luc and Jean. They begin to visit her regularly, and their feelings for her deepen. The milkmaid is not oblivious to the soldiers' competition, but her affection remains ambiguous. She seems to enjoy the attention from both men, leading to increasing tension between the two soldiers. What initially started as innocent admiration soon turns into an intense rivalry, with each soldier hoping to win her love.

As the story progresses, the rivalry between Luc and Jean intensifies. Their bond, once unbreakable, begins to fray as they become consumed by their feelings for the milkmaid. The tension reaches a breaking point when both soldiers decide to confront the situation, each thinking that the other is a threat to his chances of winning the milkmaid’s affection. However, the tragic irony of the story comes when both soldiers, in their quest for her love, end up making a fateful decision that leads to their untimely deaths. The milkmaid, who had never truly committed to either of them, remains unaffected by the tragic outcome.

In the end, Luc and Jean’s rivalry, driven by their feelings for the milkmaid, ends in futility and loss. The story illustrates the tragic absurdity of human desires and the futility of war. Maupassant uses the characters of Luc, Jean, and the milkmaid to explore themes of youth, love, rivalry, and the senselessness of conflict. Their actions, motivated by fleeting emotions, ultimately lead to their deaths, highlighting the fragility of life and the irony of their situation. Through this tragic tale, Maupassant reflects on how human beings often let trivial matters, like love or jealousy, take precedence over the larger, more meaningful aspects of life.

Understanding the text

Answer these questions.

a. Why do the two soldiers spend their free time on Sundays away from the barrack out in the countryside?

The two soldiers spend their free time on Sundays away from the barracks in the countryside to escape the rigid structure and stress of military life. The tranquil, open space of the countryside offers them a much-needed break, providing solitude and a peaceful environment where they can unwind and reflect. It allows them to reconnect with nature, find a sense of freedom, and engage in personal activities or hobbies that might not be possible within the confines of the barracks. This time away helps them recharge mentally and emotionally, offering a brief respite from the demands of their duties and the pressures of military life.

b. Why does the girl become the topic of conversation for these soldiers?

The girl becomes the topic of conversation for the soldiers because she likely stands out to them in some way, drawing their attention. She might possess qualities that intrigue them—whether it's her physical appearance, her behavior, or a personal interaction they had with her. In a setting where soldiers have limited social interaction outside their comrades, they may become fixated on something or someone that deviates from the norm, creating curiosity or speculation. Additionally, in their idle moments, discussing a person like her could provide an escape from the monotony of military life and serve as a source of entertainment or distraction.

c. Why does deception enter into their friendship?

Deception enters into their friendship because one or both soldiers may feel the need to hide their true intentions or feelings, possibly due to fear of judgment or the desire to protect themselves. In a close-knit environment like the military, where trust and loyalty are emphasized, they might feel compelled to present themselves in a certain way to maintain their bond or avoid conflict. Deception could also stem from jealousy, competition, or a desire to gain favor with the girl, leading them to conceal their true thoughts or actions. Ultimately, the presence of deception may reflect deeper insecurities or desires that threaten the authenticity of their friendship.

d. Do you think that Luc is a betrayer of friendship?

Based on the context you've provided, Luc could be considered a betrayer of friendship if his actions involve deceit, selfish motives, or manipulation that harms his friend. If Luc hides the truth, takes advantage of his friend’s trust, or puts his own desires ahead of the well-being of the friendship, these behaviors would suggest betrayal. Friendship relies on honesty, loyalty, and mutual respect, so any violation of these principles especially for personal gain would lead to the breakdown of trust, making Luc's actions feel like a betrayal. However, the full extent of his betrayal would depend on the specific circumstances and motivations behind his actions.

e. What is the cause of suicide of Jean? Do you think that it was the only release of his love?

The cause of Jean's suicide could stem from a combination of emotional turmoil, unrequited love, feelings of betrayal, and perhaps a sense of hopelessness. If Jean had fallen deeply in love with someone, possibly the girl or his friend, and found his feelings unreciprocated or betrayed, it might have driven him to a state of emotional distress. The complexity of his relationships especially if there was deception or unspoken tension could have created a sense of isolation, where suicide seemed like the only way to escape his overwhelming emotions.

As for whether suicide was the only release of his love, it seems that Jean might have viewed it as the only way to express or resolve his feelings. However, suicide is rarely the only way to cope with emotional pain; it often reflects a moment of profound despair. There might have been other ways for Jean to release his love, such as through communication, finding support from others, or finding meaning in other aspects of life, but in his moment of crisis, he may have felt that there were no alternatives. His tragic end highlights the complexity of love, loss, and mental health struggles, showing that sometimes individuals in deep emotional pain cannot see past their immediate distress.

Reference to the context

a. What is the central theme of the story?

The central theme of the story appears to be the complexities of love, friendship, and betrayal. It explores the emotional conflicts that arise within relationships, where feelings of affection, desire, and jealousy can lead to misunderstandings, deception, and ultimately, tragic outcomes. The characters are likely grappling with their inner turmoil, trying to navigate their desires and personal connections in an environment that intensifies their emotions. At the heart of the story is the idea that human relationships are fragile and can be easily disrupted by unspoken truths, lies, or unrequited love, often leading to feelings of isolation, despair, and, in extreme cases, self-destruction.

d. Two Little Soldiers can be viewed as a series of dramatic scenes. Describe the story as tragedy.

Two Little Soldiers can indeed be viewed as a tragedy, as it centers around themes of love, betrayal, and the inevitable consequences of emotional turmoil. The story unfolds as a series of dramatic moments that escalate in intensity, ultimately leading to a tragic end.

At the heart of the tragedy is the relationship between the two soldiers, who initially share a strong bond of friendship but are soon tested by deception and unspoken desires. Their connection is strained when they both fall for the same girl, and their rivalry and jealousy intensify as they attempt to win her affection. In this tense environment, they begin to deceive one another, each hiding their true feelings or intentions, which create emotional chaos.

The tragic element deepens when one of the soldiers, Jean, unable to bear the pain of unrequited love and the betrayal he perceives, takes his own life. His death underscores the profound emotional devastation that can arise from unresolved conflicts and the crushing weight of rejection and loneliness. The soldiers' bond, once strong, is shattered by their actions, leading to a sense of irreversible loss.

The story emphasizes the fragility of human relationships, showing how love and friendship can quickly turn into sources of deep pain and regret. Jean’s suicide serves as the tragic climax, illustrating the destructive power of emotional vulnerability and the fatal consequences of miscommunication, jealousy, and deceit. In the end, Two Little Soldiers is a poignant reflection on the dark side of human emotions, highlighting the tragedy that can result from unaddressed longing and the inability to cope with the complexities of love and loyalty.

e. What is the setting and style of the story?

The setting of Two Little Soldiers is within a military barracks and the surrounding countryside, contrasting the rigid, disciplined environment of the soldiers' daily lives with the freedom and emotional complexity of their personal struggles. The barracks represent confinement and routine, while the countryside offers a temporary escape. The style of the story is simple yet emotionally charged, focusing on the internal conflicts of the characters and the subtle tensions in their interactions. The narrative is marked by concise language and quiet, reflective moments, allowing the deeper emotional layers of love, jealousy, and betrayal to unfold through dialogue and actions rather than overt exposition. This minimalist approach heightens the emotional intensity, emphasizing the tragic consequences of the characters' unspoken desires and the fragility of their relationships.

f. How would you describe the conflict between the friends?

The conflict between the friends in Two Little Soldiers is rooted in rivalry, jealousy, and deception, ultimately straining their bond to the point of breaking. Initially, the two soldiers share a strong friendship, but the arrival of the girl introduces a deep emotional conflict between them. Both soldiers fall for her, and their once-solid friendship becomes tangled in unspoken competition for her affection. This rivalry intensifies as their emotions clash, with each soldier hiding his true feelings, deceiving the other to maintain an advantage. The tension between them escalates, revealing their vulnerabilities, insecurities, and desires. As they betray one another’s trust, their friendship deteriorates, and the conflict culminates in tragic consequences. The emotional conflict between the friends is not only about love for the girl but also about their own sense of pride, loyalty, and personal identity, which ultimately leads to a devastating rupture.

Reference beyond the text

a. Is it good to have conflict between friendship and love? Is it morally good that a person and his best friend can love the same person?

No, it is not ideal to have conflict between friendship and love, as it often creates emotional strain and complicates relationships. When love and friendship collide, it can lead to jealousy, resentment, and misunderstandings. Such conflicts can damage both the romantic relationship and the bond of friendship if not addressed with care and maturity. Ideally, love and friendship should complement each other, not compete against one another, and when they do clash, it often requires open communication, empathy, and self-awareness to navigate.

Yes, it is not morally wrong for a person and their best friend to both falls in love with the same person, as love is an uncontrollable emotion. The moral aspect depends on how the individuals handle the situation. If they approach it with respect, honesty, and consideration for each other’s feelings, it can be a complex but navigable scenario. The moral dilemma arises when either person behaves selfishly, manipulates the situation, or disregards the impact of their actions on the friendship and the other person involved. How they choose to handle their emotions is what determines whether it is morally acceptable or harmful.

b. How would you describe the triangular love?

Triangular love refers to a complex emotional situation where three individuals are involved in a love dynamic, often characterized by a conflict of interests, desires, or feelings. The most common form of triangular love involves two people vying for the affection of a third, which creates tension, jealousy, and competition. In this scenario, the emotions and relationships of all three individuals become entangled, leading to a complicated and often painful situation.

Psychologist Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love further describes this concept, identifying three key components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. These components can manifest in different ways within the love triangle, making it more challenging to navigate. For example, one person might experience deep emotional intimacy with one person while feeling passionate about another. The triangular love dynamic often creates a moral and emotional dilemma, as each person’s desires and loyalties clash, making it difficult to balance love and maintain healthy relationships.

 

7^th Story

An Astrologers Day

R.K. Narayan

An Astrologer's Day is a short story by Indian writer R.K. Narayan, first published in 1947 as part of his collection of short stories. It showcases Narayan's mastery in creating simple, yet profound narratives that explore human nature, culture, and the complexities of everyday life. Here's a breakdown of the story:

About the Writer

R.K. Narayan (1906-2001) was one of India's most prominent and respected English-language writers. He is best known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi, where many of his stories unfold. Narayan’s writing is often noted for its simplicity, humor, and deep insight into human behavior and Indian society. His works include novels like Swami and Friends, The Guide, and The Man-Eater of Malgudi.

Setting

The story is set in Malgudi, Narayan’s fictional town that serves as the backdrop for many of his stories. The setting is crucial as it represents a typical Indian town with its street markets, bustling crowds, and the simple life of its inhabitants. The events of An Astrologer's Day take place at night in a busy street, where the astrologer operates his small stall, performing his duties and interacting with passersby.

Plot

The plot revolves around an astrologer who makes a living by telling people's fortunes. One evening, he encounters a stranger who seeks his services. The astrologer gives the man a prediction that profoundly impacts both of them. Through a series of conversations, it is revealed that the astrologer had once tried to kill a man, unknowingly that the man seeking his advice is the same person he had harmed years ago. The story culminates in a twist, with the astrologer realizing the significance of his encounter, offering him a chance for redemption, and leaving him to ponder the deeper meanings of life.

Characters

1.      The Astrologer: He is a clever, perceptive man who uses his knowledge of people's lives to earn a living. Despite his outward confidence, he is burdened by his past and the mistake he made years ago. He is pragmatic, yet has a deep understanding of human nature.

2.      The Stranger: The man who comes to the astrologer for help, seeking answers about his future. He is tense and troubled, unaware of the astrologer's past actions. In the end, his encounter with the astrologer reveals a crucial twist in the story.

3.      The Astrologer's Wife: While she doesn't play a major role in the story, she provides some insight into the astrologer's character and his work, as she is the one who subtly supports his life and helps him in his dealings with customers.

Themes

1.      Fate vs. Free Will: The story examines the tension between fate and free will, suggesting that while people believe in astrology to predict their future, their actions and choices can still alter their paths. The astrologer himself is an example of someone who is caught between the two, struggling with his own fate and past actions.

2.      Redemption and Guilt: The astrologer’s past mistake, when he unknowingly caused harm to the stranger, is a significant aspect of the story. The encounter gives him an opportunity for redemption and reflection on the consequences of his actions. The theme of guilt and the chance to make amends is central to the narrative.

3.      Deception and Truth: The astrologer's profession is based on the art of deception, yet he unknowingly confronts the truth of his own past. The story explores how truth and deception intermingle, and how even those who deal in falsehoods may be confronted with truth in unexpected ways.

4.      Human Nature: The story highlights Narayan's deep understanding of human nature, showing how people are driven by their fears, desires, and the search for meaning. The astrologer’s interaction with the stranger reveals the vulnerabilities and complexities of human life.

Summary

An Astrologer's Day by R.K. Narayan follows the life of an astrologer who works in the streets of Malgudi, a fictional town in South India. The astrologer is a self-assured man who earns his living by telling people's fortunes. He is dressed in a traditional manner, sitting under a makeshift stall and attracting customers with his mystical persona. While his practice is based on predicting the future, he carefully observes people’s behavior and uses his intuition to offer them advice, often tailoring his predictions to what he senses they need to hear. This makes him a successful and popular figure in the town, although he harbors a hidden past that weighs on him.

One day, a stranger approaches the astrologer seeking answers to his future. The astrologer examines the man closely and senses that he is troubled and tense. After a brief exchange, the astrologer confidently tells the man that he has a terrible past, particularly a violent encounter that has led to deep anguish. The stranger is shocked at the accuracy of the prediction. The astrologer then goes on to give the man a detailed, cryptic prophecy about how his future will unfold. He suggests that the stranger's life will soon take a positive turn, and he gives him hope for a better future.

As the astrologer continues his predictions, the story reveals a twist. The astrologer, who has been living with a deep secret for many years, begins to realize that the stranger he is talking to is the very man he had once nearly killed in his youth. The astrologer had been involved in a violent confrontation with a man long ago, and he fled the town in guilt and fear, starting a new life as an astrologer. The stranger’s appearance is a reminder of his past crime, and he experiences a rush of emotions as he realizes that he is face to face with the man he had wronged.

In the end, the astrologer’s encounter with the stranger serves as both a moral reckoning and a moment of personal redemption. The astrologer, who once fled his past, now finds himself in a position to make amends—though not in the way he initially expects. The stranger, unaware of the astrologer's true identity, takes comfort in the predictions and leaves, seemingly at peace with the new direction his life is heading. The astrologer, left alone with his thoughts, reflects on how fate has brought them together and how his past mistake, once hidden, has come full circle. The story ends with the astrologer contemplating the nature of fate, guilt, and the unexpected ways in which life unfolds.

Understanding the text

Answer the following questions.

a. How does the astrologer’s appearance help him attract customers? How does he help the customers satisfy their needs?

The astrologer’s appearance plays a key role in attracting customers to his stall. He is dressed in traditional, eye-catching attire, which includes a turban and a long robe, both of which enhance his mystique and lend an air of authority. His physical appearance, coupled with his calculated gestures and the use of props like a palm leaf, adds to the aura of wisdom and mysticism. His enigmatic and well-thought-out presentation helps to create an atmosphere of trust and intrigue, making people believe that he holds deep, secret knowledge about their lives and futures. This appearance makes him stand out in the busy market and draws people in, eager to know what he can reveal about their future.

The astrologer’s ability to help his customers satisfy their needs is rooted in his skill at reading people. He doesn’t merely rely on traditional astrology but uses his keen observation of their body language, demeanor, and emotions to tailor his predictions. This makes his advice seem particularly relevant and accurate. For example, he intuitively senses the troubled state of the stranger who approaches him, which allows him to make specific, personal predictions that resonate with the man. The astrologer is adept at offering comfort and reassurance, giving people what they need—whether it's guidance, a sense of hope, or a way to cope with their troubles. In doing so, he satisfies the emotional needs of his clients, even if his predictions may not always be grounded in the traditional practices of astrology. This blend of psychological insight and perceived mysticism allows him to effectively meet the desires and concerns of his customers.

b. How do you characterize the astrologer’s attitude toward the stranger?

The astrologer's attitude toward the stranger is initially one of professional detachment and confidence. He approaches the stranger with a sense of authority, relying on his skills to provide tailored predictions. As a seasoned astrologer, he calmly assesses the stranger’s demeanor and offers predictions that seem accurate and comforting, maintaining an air of control. However, as the conversation progresses, the astrologer’s attitude shifts to unease and inner turmoil when he realizes that the stranger is the very man he had wronged years ago. This realization evokes a deep sense of guilt and self-reflection, though he keeps his emotions hidden. His attitude, therefore, evolves from professional confidence to quiet remorse, as he is forced to confront his past without openly acknowledging it to the stranger.

c. What details does the astrologer give the stranger about his past?

The astrologer gives the stranger several unsettling details about his past, revealing that the man had a violent and traumatic experience involving a near-fatal encounter. He correctly deduces that the stranger had been seriously wounded in the past, and that this violent incident had caused him immense anguish. The astrologer also suggests that the stranger had been searching for answers ever since, carrying a deep sense of unresolved guilt and sorrow. He implies that the stranger has been unable to move on from this dark episode in his life. These revelations seem eerily accurate to the stranger, though the astrologer remains unaware that he is speaking about an event in which he himself played a part years earlier.

d. Why does he advise the stranger to go home immediately?

The astrologer advises the stranger to go home immediately after revealing the details of his violent past and predicting that his life will soon change for the better. The astrologer senses that the stranger has been carrying a heavy emotional burden and needs to resolve the pain from his past. By urging him to go home, the astrologer seeks to give the man the opportunity to find peace and closure. The advice also stems from the astrologer's own unease and guilt upon realizing that the stranger is the very man he had wounded years ago. In his mind, the astrologer believes that by sending the man home, he might avoid further confrontation or retribution, and perhaps allow the stranger to heal from the trauma he has suffered. The astrologer’s recommendation is thus motivated by both a sense of compassion and a desire to distance himself from the consequences of his own past actions.

e. What is your reaction to the conversation between the astrologer and his wife?

The conversation between the astrologer and his wife is revealing in its simplicity and subtle humor, showcasing the dynamics of their relationship. The wife appears to be practical and supportive, helping her husband prepare for his day’s work by giving him a meal and offering some gentle advice. Her concern for him is evident, yet there is also an underlying tone of realism in her words. The astrologer’s response to her, while somewhat dismissive, also reflects his internal struggles. He seems to take pride in his work and is confident in his ability to manage his customers, but his wife’s questions about the nature of his work and its consequences subtly hint at his deeper moral conflict. This brief exchange adds depth to his character, showing that while he presents himself as a confident, wise figure in public, at home, he is a man who is, at times, burdened by the nature of his profession and his past. It also highlights the contrast between the astrologer's outward persona and the more mundane, everyday reality of his life with his wife.

Reference to the context

a. Suspense is the feeling of anticipation you may have as you read. In this story, what details contributed to your feelings of suspense and surprise? Explain.

In An Astrologer's Day, several details contribute to the feeling of suspense and surprise. First, the astrologer's initial air of confidence and the mysterious setting of the street create a sense of intrigue. When the stranger approaches, the astrologer's ability to provide accurate predictions about the man's past creates an atmosphere of tension, especially as the astrologer seems to know details about the stranger's life that he couldn't have learned through normal means. The stranger's emotional reaction to the astrologer's revelations, coupled with the astrologer's calm demeanor, heightens the sense of suspense, making readers wonder how much the astrologer truly knows.

The major element of surprise comes when the astrologer realizes that the stranger is the very man he had once nearly killed. This realization occurs gradually, and the astrologer’s growing unease and inner turmoil contribute to a sense of impending revelation. The tension intensifies as the astrologer, who has been living in guilt and fear for years, confronts the possibility of facing the consequences of his past actions. The twist at the end where the stranger, unaware of the astrologer's identity, leaves satisfied create an ironic and unexpected resolution. This final revelation leaves readers reflecting on the nature of fate and the impact of past mistakes, making the story's conclusion both suspenseful and surprising.

b. Analyze the conflicts in “An Astrologer’s Day.” Explain how the conflicts are resolved and what they reveal about the characters involved in the story.

In An Astrologer's Day, the main conflict is internal, centered on the astrologer’s guilt over a violent incident from his past, and external, involving his interaction with the stranger. The astrologer is burdened by the memory of having nearly killed the stranger years ago, and he is fearful of facing the consequences. As the conversation unfolds, the astrologer realizes that the stranger is the very man he had harmed. This external conflict intensifies as the astrologer struggles with the fear of retribution. The resolution comes when the astrologer, still hiding his identity, advises the stranger to go home and find peace, avoiding a direct confrontation. This resolution allows the astrologer to maintain his safety, but it also leaves him to reflect on the moral complexities of his past actions. The conflict reveals the astrologer's internal struggle with guilt and his desire for redemption, while also highlighting his skill in navigating difficult situations without directly addressing his past mistakes.

d. Description helps readers visualize what is happening in a story. What details and techniques does the author use to describe the astrologer?

In An Astrologer's Day, R.K. Narayan uses several vivid details and techniques to describe the astrologer, helping readers visualize both his physical appearance and his role in the story. The astrologer is depicted as a man dressed in traditional, colorful attire, which adds to his mystique and conveys his status as a figure of wisdom and authority. His "turban" and "long robe" immediately create an image of a man steeped in the cultural and spiritual practices of his profession. The author also describes the astrologer's "squat frame" and "a calm, reassuring expression," giving him a humble yet composed appearance. These physical traits contrast with his deep inner turmoil, which Narayan subtly reveals through his nervousness when interacting with the stranger, especially when he realizes the stranger's identity.

The astrologer’s environment also reflects his persona. His stall is described as a makeshift setup, with a simple "brightly colored cloth" to shield him from the sun, enhancing the impression of a man who is part of the town’s everyday life, yet holds a certain mystical aura. Additionally, Narayan describes his demeanor as confident, yet his nervousness and uncertainty about his past make his characterization more complex. The author uses these descriptions to build a sense of intrigue and to highlight the contrast between the astrologer's public role as a confident fortune-teller and his private, moral struggle. These details and techniques help readers visualize the astrologer and understand the dual nature of his character—one of outward calm, with a hidden, troubled past.

e. Irony is a contrast between appearances and reality. What is ironic about Guru Nayak’s meeting with the astrologer?

The irony in Guru Nayak’s meeting with the astrologer lies in the contrast between appearances and reality. At first, the astrologer confidently makes predictions about the stranger’s past, detailing a violent incident and the stranger’s troubled life. Guru Nayak, who is eager for answers, believes the astrologer’s words and is reassured, unaware that the astrologer is actually the man who nearly killed him years ago. The astrologer, on the other hand, is hiding his identity, all the while feeling an intense inner conflict as he recognizes Guru Nayak. The true irony emerges when Guru Nayak leaves the astrologer’s stall, unaware that the man who gave him the prophecy is the very one he had been seeking for revenge.

Moreover, the astrologer’s prediction about the stranger’s future, which suggests that Guru Nayak will find peace and resolution, is ironic because, in reality, the astrologer is the one who might be seeking peace from his past actions. This contrast between what is said and what is true heightens the dramatic tension, as both the astrologer and Guru Nayak are deceived by their own assumptions and perceptions. The irony lies in how their meeting resolves without either of them fully understanding the true nature of their connection.

f. How does the astrologer’s manner of dress suit his character?

The astrologer’s manner of dress suits his character by enhancing the aura of mysticism and authority he wants to project. He wears a turban and a long robe, which are traditional, colorful garments that immediately signal to the people of the town that he is a figure of wisdom and spiritual significance. His attire aligns with the role he plays as a fortune-teller, evoking a sense of reverence and respect. The turbans and robes are symbolic of the cultural and spiritual identity that is expected of an astrologer in the context of the story.

His dress also contrasts with his inner turmoil, adding depth to his character. While his appearance is confident and commanding, the astrologer’s true nature is much more complex. The fact that he uses his dress to conceal his true self—hiding his past and projecting an image of stability reflects the tension between his public persona and private guilt. The traditional dress aids in establishing his credibility with customers, allowing him to maintain his role as a trusted figure, even as he harbors emotional and moral conflicts beneath the surface. Thus, his manner of dress is both a reflection of the role he plays in society and a tool for hiding the complexity of his inner life.

Reference beyond the text

a. The astrologer attracts many customers in the street who are pleased and astonished by what he tells them. What does this tell you about the people of the town walking in the street?

The fact that the astrologer attracts many customers in the street, who are pleased and astonished by his predictions, suggests that the people of the town are deeply inclined toward seeking spiritual guidance and reassurance about their lives. It indicates that they are curious and perhaps somewhat superstitious, looking for answers to their personal dilemmas or uncertainties. The crowd’s positive reactions to the astrologer’s words show that they place trust in his abilities, believing in the power of fate and the mysticism surrounding his predictions.

This also reflects the social and cultural context of the town, where astrology and fortune-telling are respected traditions, and people are willing to seek comfort in these practices. The customers’ astonishment and satisfaction point to their vulnerability and need for validation, as they often look to external sources to make sense of their lives or solve their problems. Overall, the reaction of the townspeople reveals their openness to believing in the supernatural and their need for guidance, even if it comes from a figure like the astrologer, whose predictions may not always be grounded in truth.

b. Why do most people want to know their future? Do you think astrologers can really help them know their future?

Most people want to know their future because it provides them with a sense of control and security. The uncertainty of life can be unsettling, and by seeking knowledge about the future, individuals hope to gain insight into potential outcomes, make better decisions, and alleviate their anxieties. The desire to understand what lies ahead can stem from various concerns—ranging from career choices, relationships, and health, to more existential fears about purpose and destiny. In essence, knowing the future can offer comfort, reduce stress, and help people navigate their lives with greater confidence.

As for whether astrologers can really help people know their future, it’s important to recognize that astrology is not scientifically proven to predict specific events. Astrologers often provide general guidance that can resonate with a person’s current circumstances, and their advice may appear accurate due to the nature of their broad, symbolic predictions. The real power of an astrologer, however, may lie in their ability to offer emotional support, insight, and a different perspective. While they might not predict the future in a literal sense, they can help people by offering reassurance, clarity, or a sense of direction—whether or not their predictions hold any true accuracy.

c. Is astrology a good practice of fortune telling or is it just a blind faith? Give reasons.

Yes, astrology can be considered a form of blind faith because it lacks scientific backing and relies heavily on belief in the influence of celestial bodies on human lives. Despite its long history and cultural significance in many societies, astrology does not have empirical evidence to support its claims of predicting specific events or outcomes. Many of the predictions made by astrologers are often vague, generalized, or based on broad principles that could apply to anyone, leading people to find meaning where there may be none. This can make astrology seem like a way to offer comfort or direction, but in reality, it does not provide concrete, reliable information. While some people may find emotional support or personal insight through astrology, it is important to recognize that its practices are rooted in belief rather than verifiable truth, making it a practice more of faith than of fact.