NEB Class 11 Language Development

 Language Development

Unit 1-Education and Humanity

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following.

a. a messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission
envoy

b. the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
dignity

c. harm done to someone in response to harm
revenge

d. a person who holds extreme views in political or religious matters
extremist

e. sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others
compassion

f. a person who is believed to speak for God
prophet

g. the study of the nature of knowledge, reality and existence
philosophy

h. the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage or destroy
violence

i. an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things
prejudice

B. Match the words on the left with their opposite meanings on the right.

honour – disgrace
innocent – guilty
brutality – kindness
forgiveness – punishment
illiteracy – literacy

Grammar

Classify the underlined words into different word classes.

a. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.

who – pronoun
wearing – verb
my – determiner

b. I bought a round table in the supermarket.

round – adjective
the – determiner

c. Alas, she is dead.

Alas – interjection

d. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.

hard – adverb
wife – noun
very – adverb

e. I have never been to Japan.

never – adverb

f. Ann drove a car safely.

Ann – Noun
Safely – Adverb

g. Nobody has claimed it.

nobody – pronoun
it – pronoun

h. She cut her hand with a knife.

her – determiner
with – preposition

i. They have postponed the program because of rain.

have – verb
because of – preposition
rain – noun

j. Everybody comes to the party.

everybody – pronoun

k. All such people ought to be avoided.

all – determiner
such – determiner

l. All of the food has gone.

all – pronoun

m. What was that noise?

what – pronoun

n. One must not boast of one’s own success.

one – pronoun

o. Nobody was there to rescue the child.

nobody – pronoun

p. Neither of the accusations is true.

neither – pronoun

q. Neither answer is correct.

neither – determiner

r. Here is the book that you lent me.

here – adverb
that – pronoun

s. Without health there is no happiness.

without – proposition
health – noun
happiness – noun

Unit-2

Communication

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them in the text to solve the puzzle based on the clues given below.

Down
1. to be preoccupied with a single topic or emotion – obsessed
3. to move slowly and quietly in a particular direction – creep
4. orderly, logical and Consistent – coherent

Across
2. to utter rapidly or unintelligibly – babble
5. to insert something between other things – interpose
6. an unreadable handwriting – squiggle

B. Word formation: Adjectives and Adverbs

 

b. Write the following words in the right columns. Change the adjectives into adverbs and nouns into adjectives.

Adjectives	Adverbs
Careful	Carefully
Perfect	Perfectly
Automatic	Automatically
Certain	Certainly
Fair	Fairly
General	Generally
Proud	Proudly
Rapid	Rapidly
Proper	Properly
Final	Finally
Common	Commonly
Beautiful	Beautifully
Frequent	Frequently
Heavy	Heavily
Hungry	Hungrily

 

Nouns	Adjectives
Rain	Rainy
Bush	Bushy
Spice	Spicy
Snow	Snowy
Blood	Bloody
Cloud	Cloudy
Bag	Baggy
Mood	Moody
Air	Airy
Cream	Creamy
Dust	Dusty
Ice	Icy
Fun	Funny
Ease	Easy
Hand	Handy
Oil	Oily
Greed	Greedy
Health	Healthy
Hill	Hilly

c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjective or adverb.

i. Pramila is playing quietly (quiet/quietly).

ii. Hari speaks very loudly (loud/loudly).

iii. Mukesh is a careful (careful/carefully) driver.

iv. The test was easy (easy/easily) and we finished in time.

v. He is fitting the automatic (automatic/automatically) door in my house.

vi. My uncle speaks perfect (perfect/perfectly) Chinese.

vii. It was raining very heavily (heavy/heavily).

viii. She looked very calm (calm/calmly), but I am sure she was feeling very nervous.

Writing

C. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics.

a. My School Library

My School Library is a storehouse of books. It has a lot of different types of books. There are different subjects’ books in my School library. Students can get book issued in their library card. There re also many journals and magazines in my school library. Books are journals are issued for 15 days, then they should renew for next 15 days or I can get other book. There are three big rooms in library building. In one room, there are etxt books of science, commerce, education, humanities, la and information technology faculties. In second room, there are history, literature, journal and other books in different languages. The books are arranged in almarihs and shelves. The third room of the library is the reading room. It is a quiet place. It remains open all working day.

b. Moral Values I Like Most

Moral values are the principles and ethics that help us to live an honest life. It keeps our life on the right path. besides this, honesty and truthfulness are great moral values I like most. When we are honest and live by truth, there is not fear of corruption and violence. In this condition, there will be greater peace all around. We need to be courageous, bold, honest and truthful. It is easy to tell a lie and get benefit but we should try to live by truth. The truth may hurt us or someone but we may have to uphold the reality. We have to accept the truth at all times even the unfavorable time. We shouldn’t be jealous others’ belongings. We should do smart work to earn money without cheating other persons.

Grammar

B. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.

i. I watch television. (often)
I often watch television.

ii. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)
Have you ever been to Janakpur.

iii. They play football on Saturday. (sometimes)
They sometimes play football on Saturday.

iv. The weather is bad in November. (always)
The weather is always bad in November.

v. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)
We seldom have fish for dinner.

vi. Pritam doesn’t get up before seven. (usually)
Pritam usually gets up after seven.

vii. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)
I was very tired and I was also hungry.

viii. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)
Did you both enjoy the flight?

C. Rewrite the following sentences placing the underlined words in the right position.

i. I never have understood her.
I have never understood her.

ii. We are often invited to the parties.
We are often invited to the parties.

iii. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.
We were all tired, so we all fell asleep.

iv. Rajan drives always to work.
Rajan always drives to work.

v. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.
Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he read newspaper a lot.

vi. We enjoyed very much the party.
We enjoyed the party very much.

vii. My brother speaks fluently English.
My brother speaks English fluently.

Unit 3

Media and Society

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

a. a personal or corporate website – blog
b. a job requiring expertise in a particular field – profession
c. a feeling of sadness – disappointment
d. put under custody – detained
e. found guilty – convicted
f. breaking or disregarding rules or system – violating
g. advantages and disadvantages – pros and cons
h. a non-statutory monetary penalty – amercement

Critical thinking

a. Does social media have positive impact in the society? Discuss.

Social media is a tool that is becoming quite popular these days because of its user-friendly features. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more are giving people a chance to connect with each other across distances. There are many positive ways in which social media can help to stay connected and support people’s wellbeing.

When we look at the positive aspect of social media, we find numerous advantages. The most important being a great device for education. All the information one requires is just a click away. Students can educate themselves on various topics using social media.

Furthermore, as more and more people are distancing themselves from newspapers, they are depending on social media for news. You are always updated on the latest happenings of the world through it. A person becomes more socially aware of the issues of the world.

In addition, it strengthens bonds with your loved ones. Distance is not a barrier anymore because of social media. For instance, you can easily communicate with your friends and relatives overseas.

Most importantly, it also provides a great platform for young budding artists to showcase their talent for free. You can get great opportunities for employment through social media too.

b. How do you compare virtual communication and face-to-face communication?

Communication can be done by both face to face and online methods. Face to face communication enhances the quality of a person’s life, whereas virtual communication has a new domain of possibilities for communicating with people.

The difference between face to face communication and virtual communication is that in the face to face communication, you can feel and see the presence of the other party, whereas, in virtual communication, you cannot see the other party to whom you are communicating with.

Face to face communication is a traditional method of communication that allows you of being able to see the opposite party you are talking to. This allows betterment in exchange for communication and information both for a person and to whom he is communicating. Even though the technology today is remarkable many still follow this kind of communication for clarity. Face to face communication is also an informal type of discussion between friends, family, colleagues, etc.

Virtual communication means when a person is communicating with another person via computer using the internet through email, etc. Due to technology development in a remarkable way, technology provides people with a significant way to communicate with other people and carry their business. We can talk and text anyone we want through mail anytime we want without having any boundaries for a person, whether the opposite person is online.

Writing

b. What is cyber bullying? What are its effects? How can it be stopped?

The use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature is known as cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is a common occurrence in which children, teenagers, and even adults are targeted, humiliated, tortured, or threatened online. Rumors, threats, posting sexual comments, sharing the victim’s personal information, and hate speech are all examples of harmful bullying behavior. Bullying is commonly found on social networking sites, SMS, email, and online gaming.

Cyber bullying is a multi-faced issue. Victims of cyber bullying feel unsafe even when they are at home. It is extremely difficult to avoid. It causes mental, emotional, and physical harm to the person because its effects can last for a long time. Low self-esteem, even suicidal tendencies, and a variety of negative emotional reactions may be experienced by the victim.

Cyber bullying prevention is the need of the hour. It needs to be monitored and put an end to. There are various ways to tackle cyber bullying. Awareness is the key to prevent online harassment. We should make the children aware from an early age so they are always cautious. Moreover, parents must monitor their children’s online activities and limit their usage. Most importantly, cyber bullying must be reported instantly without delay. This can prevent further incidents from taking place.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions of direction: to, toward, onto, or into.
a. Prem drove Milan to the airport.
b. The plane landed onto the runway.
c. The kids climbed onto the monkey bars.
d. Manish and Richa moved the table into the dining room.
e. Ganesh almost fell into the river.
f. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading toward the university.

C. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition from the brackets.

a. While we were hiking through the forest, we saw a mountain lion. (across/through/along/under)
b. The leopards walked in a circle round the baby giraffe before they attacked.(into/towards/round/through)
c. Go out of the building and turn left. (into/up/off/out of)
d. She ran away from home when she was eighteen. (towards/away from/down/across)
e. Raindrops ran down the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.(into/up/down/over)
f. Hemanta put the plate onto the table and began to eat his dinner. (onto/into/up/off)
g. The frightened deer disappeared into the forest. (up/onto/into/toward)
h. We were driving towards the City Centre when we had an accident. (up/into/towards/along)
i. The smoke from the fire went up into the sky. (into/up/to/onto)

Unit 4

History and Culture

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Brevity ➜ lasting only for a short time

Conquest ➜ victory over a place or people by use of military force

Resemblance ➜ the state of being alike

Barbarian ➜ a member of an uncivilized group of people of culture

Ally ➜ one state united to another by a treaty or a league for a military purpose

Nobility ➜ state of being noble in character, quality, or rank

Ruthlessness ➜ character of having no pity or compassion

Decimation ➜ the killing or destruction of a large number of a population

Harsh ➜ cruel

Elixir ➜ liquid that is believed to cure all ills

D. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.

Bass – a type of fish/low, deep voice
Bat – a piece of sports equipment/an animal
Evening – smoothing out/after sunset
Bear – to endure/animal
Close – connected/lock
Lean – thin/rest against
Bow – bend forward/front of a ship
Lead – metal/start off in front
Skip – jump/miss out
Fair – appearance/reasonable

Critical thinking

a. The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers. Present your view for or against this statement.

Yes, I believe that the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal were created by autocratic rulers. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the northern empire of China from enemy attacks. There are nineteen walls. The first wall was built in the 7th century BC.

The Great Wall of China cannot be built by individual effort. As punishment, people were forced to undertake such projects by autocratic rulers. The text mentions that people throughout the empire must share responsibility with each other. If a person did not behave according to the rules, others had to contact them. If they did not, they were dismembered or beheaded. Those who made the greatest contribution to the state were highly rewarded, while those whose lives were deemed inconsequential were used as slaves in Shi Huangdi’s construction projects such as the Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal, and the streets that grew up in the simple trade and travel.

Likewise, Taj Mahal is the result of the autocratic ruler of the Mughal Emperor of India, Shah Jahan. It is believed that he built it to immortalize his wife Mumtaz. Shah Jahan is said to have cut off the artists’ hands to prevent them from recreating the same type of structure. Historical facts show that the king was more inconsiderate than romantic. It took 20,000 workers to build the Taj Mahal over 20 years.

Everyone remembers the names of the emperors who built the structures, but no one is eager to explore the reality behind the structures. Therefore, The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal can be considered as the creation of the autocratic rulers.

b. How do you describe the pros and cons of feudalism?

Feudalism is defined as a dominant social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

Pros of feudalism
Feudalism helped protect communities from the violence and warfare that broke out after the fall of Rome and the collapse of strong central government in Western Europe. Feudalism secured Western Europe’s society and kept out powerful invaders. The Lords were the major persons who keep away people’s worries. Feudalism helped people to develop the qualities like loyalty, bravery, generosity, and humility.

Cons of feudalism
The concept of feudalism used to divide poor and rich people into two classes. It created class divisions among people. Common and weak people had to be dependent upon the Lords. Easy environment for powerful people to impose their power over others. Lords could easily do whatever they wanted. Peasants had to survive under the lords and they were not allowed to leave their lords’ land. They were restricted in movement and even daily activities without their lords’ permission.

Writing

a. Write an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.

To: ariana23@gmail.com

From: austinadam56@gmail.com

Subject: Contributions of Prithivi Narayan Shah in the Unification of Nepal

Following the recent discussions on the above subject, here are more clarifications on the immeasurable contributions that Prithivi Narayan Shah brought to ensure that Nepal is what it is today.

Shah ended the divisions and infighting that existed between the four major Nepalese principalities of Gorkha, Malla, Patan, and Bhadgaon. Though the prince was a very ambitious member of the Shah ruling family of Gorkha, his personal involvement brought the wars among Malla, Patan, and Bhadgaon to an end.

He did not stop there. He resolved their long-term differences and consolidated them to become modern-day Nepal. Shah also worked hard to strengthen the unity of Nepal. This unity ended the many years when foreigners could easily invade any of the small states to conquer them.

No doubt, you will appreciate that this was not a mere achievement. While others were dividing nations, he united. While others conquered nations for their selfish interests, he strengthened Nepal for national unity.

From this brief email, you will appreciate that Shah made lasting contributions to the Nepal we can call home today.

From your friend,
Austin

Grammar (Past Tense)

B. Complete the texts below using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket.

a. The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture disappeared (disappear) by the time Europeans first arrived (arrive) in the New World.
b. When I turned (turn) on the radio yesterday, I heard (hear) a song that was popular when I was (be) at the basic level of my study. It took (take) me back to some old memories.
c. I was looking for a job. I applied (apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, I got (get) it and now I am a job holder.

C. Choose the correct words from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.

a. Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.
b. Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.
c. My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs 5000.
d. She got up early in the morning yesterday.
e. When I was small, my father taught me at home.
f. Why did you throw the cap away?

D. Put the verb into the correct form and complete the sentences.

a. I went to see the film, but I did not it. (not/enjoy)
b. I met Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet)
c. It was very warm, so I took off my coat. (take off)
d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well. (not/sleep)
e. I started new job last week. (start)
g. He was too busy in the office yesterday. (be)
h. Nita invited her to the party, but she didn’t come. (invite)

Unit 5

Life and Love

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

a. exhausted – tired
b. apparent – clear
c. vista – vision
d. undulating – wavy
e. destined – predetermined
f. stuffy – suffocating, airless
g. restrain – prevent, hinder

D. Choose the correct word.

a. Sarita was shocking/shocked to hear about earthquake.

b. I think that rainy days in winter are depressing/depressed.

c. The football match was very exciting/excited. I enjoyed it.

d. The meals at Delight Café are satisfying/satisfied.

e. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m boring/bored.

f. Tanka is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very amusing/amused.

g. The teacher’s explanation was confusing/confused. Most of the students didn’t understand it.

h. He is such a boring/bored person. He never wants to go out.

i. I will be surprising/surprised if she does well in her test.

j. Are you interesting/interested in politics?

E. Write the correct form of the adjective in the blanks as in the example.

a. They frustrate me but they don’t bore me. I never get bored when I study grammar.

b. If teachers want to interest the students, they must use interesting materials.

c. Certain stories interest almost everybody. For example, most students are interested in fairy tales.

d. Certain things frighten me, but I never get frightened when I speak English.

e. If I get a good grade, that excites me. And if I get more than ninety percent, I am really excited.

Critical thinking

a. “The looking glass (mirror)” is used as a symbol in the story. What does it symbolize?

In “Looking Glass,” the mirror symbolizes Nellie’s central character traits: her longing to be married and her habit of escaping her dull life into her elaborate fantasies. Protagonist Nellie is introduced dreamily gazing into her handheld mirror before falling asleep and seeing her “destined one” as clearly as if she were awake.

b. Chekhov employs the magic trick in the story, using a very elegant transition from reality to imagination to reality sequence. Discuss its relevance to life of young people.

Anton Chekhov’s short story “The Looking Glass” might be relevant to the life of young people due to its fairy-tale quality. It’s as if Nellie turns herself into a distressed princess; her husband becomes a kind of afflicted prince charming. It’s interesting that her husband doesn’t have a name. The lack of a name connects to other fairy tales for young readers in which the male love interest is never given a clear name. In Cinderella, for instance, the prince has no name.

Apart from a connection to fairy tales intended for young people, it could be argued that Chekov’s short story underscores the ways in which young people tend to dramatize life. It’s not uncommon for books, movies, and TV shows to portray young people as histrionic, overemotional, and hyperbolic. Nellie might represent the ways in which young people tend to glamorize love, suffering, and other things that might not be so enchanting in reality. Since some young people are fortunate enough to have not had to personally experience devastating hardship, they might be more inclined to invent their own. If their imagined scene grows too scary, they can, like Nellie, wake up, and it’ll be done with.

When discussing the relevance of “The Looking to Glass” to young people, it might be insightful to note that all people, whatever their age, tend to be susceptible to fantasy, exaggeration, and flights of fancy. There are probably just as many overdramatic books, movies, and TV shows for adults as there are for young people. Furthermore, the sensational, slanted nature of social media and news outlets suggests that adults travel back and forth between reality and fantasy more often than they might like to admit.

Grammar

B. Match the expressions with their functions.
a.
A: What do you want to take?
B: I’ll have tea, please.
Deciding

b.
A: Are you free this evening?
B: No, I’m going to meet my uncle.
Expressing a prior plan

c. The day will be lovely tomorrow.
Predicting a future action

d. There is no cloud in the sky.
It’s going to be a lovely day.
Predicting with evidence

e. Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone.
Promising

f. I’ll take you to the movies if you like.
Offering

g. I’ll tell your parents what you did.
Threatening

C. Choose the correct answer.

a.
A: Are you busy this evening?
B: Yes, I am going to the movies. (will go/am going to)

b.
A: Where are you going for holiday this summer?
B: Not sure yet. Maybe I will go to Ilam. (will go/am going to)

c. I think you will like this movie. (will /are going to)

d. I can’t join you at the party, I am going to be away for two weeks. (will /am going to)

e. This exercise looks really hard. I will help you. (will/am going to)

f.
A: Hello. Can I speak to Sima, please?
B: Just a minute. I will get her. (will/am going to)

g. Perhaps she will pass the exam. (will/is going to)

h. ‘I haven’t got my phone.’ ‘That’s OK. I will lend you mine.’ (will/am going to)

D. Complete the sentences using will or be going to with the verbs.

a.
Hari: Did you call Bina?
Prem: Oh, I forgot. I will call her now. (call)

b.
Sunita: Have you got a ticket for the play?
Hema: Yes, I am going to watch it on Saturday. (watch)

c. ‘The alarm is ringing. It’s making an awful noise.’ ‘OK, I will switch it off.’ (switch)

d. Do you think they will like the the presents we got for them? (like)

e. ‘Lok is starting university tomorrow.’ ‘What is he going to study?’ (he/study)

f. If I meet him, I will tell him the news. (tell)

g. The phone is ringing. I will answer it. (answer)

h. If you don’t stop bullying her, I will tell the teacher. (tell)

Unit6

Health and Exercise

Ways with words

A. Ten words in the bold face in the text correspond to the definitions below. Match the definitions with the corresponding words.

a. in spite of what has just been said or referred to
nevertheless

b. a strong desire or impulse
urge

c. the ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult
determination

d. to attract attention to or emphasize something important
highlight

e. arguing about things that are not important
bickering

f. not having things or conditions that are usually considered necessary
deprivation

g. continue to exist
persist

h. soft loose flesh on a person’s body
flab

i. to improve or increase something
boost

j. a limiting condition on something
restriction

B. The words ‘restriction’ and ‘awareness’ are nouns with the suffixes ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’. Make a list of as many words as you can which end in ‘-ion’ and ‘-ness’. Make a list of as many words as you can which end in ‘-ion’ and ‘ness.

‘-ion’
pollution, invention, invention, solution, substitution, partition, evolution

-’ness’
politeness, goodness, badness, usefulness, Kindness

Critical thinking

a. What do you do you to keep yourself fit? What food do you avoid and why?

Staying fit is a great way to improve our mood and overall health. Many people struggle with staying fit over time, but the benefits of fitness definitely outweigh the costs. With some commitment and motivation, we can maintain our physical fitness for years to come! I do regular exercising and take balanced diet to keep myself fit.

I avoid any junk food, foods which are high in sugar like donuts, cakes, cookies and the foods which are high in fat like processed meats, hydrogenated oil and shortening. I do so because it is one of the most important components of a fit lifestyle. Many people ignore it, but if we exercise and eat a lot of unhealthy foods like junk foods we will not get any fitter. This is because the junk food turns to fat almost immediately. Junk foods contain poor nutrition and are high in sodium and sugar. Because of this, our body sugar levels drop after consumption and we end up feeling fatigued with a major lack of energy.

b. Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country. What can a state do to keep her citizen healthy?

The success or failure of any government in the final analysis must be measured by the well-being of its citizens. Nothing can be more important to a state than its public health; the state’s paramount concern should be the health of its people. A state can do the following things to keep her citizens healthy:

1. A state should provide peoples with proper health care facilities.

2. Proper education is also required for maintaining mental and social health, so emphasis on education must be given.

3. People must be made awared of the communicable diseases through advertisements and mass media.

4. Proper vaccination should be done against common communicable diseases.

Writing

a. Yoga can be good to stay physically and mentally healthy. Do you practice any yoga? Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.

Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is an ancient art that connects the mind and body. It is an exercise that we perform by balancing the elements of our bodies. In addition, it helps us meditate and relax.

Yoga has numerous benefits if we look at it closely. You will get relief when you practice it regularly. As it keeps away the ailments from our mind and body. In addition, when we practice several asanas and postures, it strengthens our body and gives us a feeling of well-being and healthiness.

Furthermore, yoga helps in sharpening our mind and improving our intelligence. We can achieve a higher level of concentration through yoga and also learn how to steady our emotions. It connects us to nature like never before and enhances our social well-being.

21st of June is celebrated as International Day of Yoga where people are made aware of the benefits of yoga. Yoga is a great gift to mankind which helps us keep better and maintain our health. You also develop a higher patience level when you practice yoga which also helps in keeping the negative thoughts away. You get great mental clarity and better understanding.

In short, yoga has several benefits. Everyone must practice it to keep their health maintained and also benefit from it. It is the secret to living a healthy and long life without the use of any artificial means like medicines or any other shortcuts of any kind.

b. How can a person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally fresh and healthy.

An important part of keeping fit and healthy is to take care of your own mental health. There are plenty of things you can do to help make sure you keep yourself mentally healthy. Some of the tips to keep the mind healthy are as follows:

Some of the tips to keep the mind healthy are as follows:
1. Get plenty of sleep
2. Eat well
3. Take a break
4. Avoid alcohol, smoking and drugs
5. Get plenty of sunlight
6. Manage stress
7. Activity and exercise
8. Do something you enjoy
9. Connect with others and be sociable
10. Be a tourist in your own town

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.

a. Everyone has (has/have) problems in their life. Countries also have (has/have) problems, and so does (do/does) the world. One of the greatest problems is (is/are) the growing population. The population in some countries is (is/are) huge.

b. A number of my friends love (love/loves) riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns (own/owns) a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father is (is/are) coming to pick me up in a car.

c. The pair of shoes on the floor is (is/are) mine. The shoes were (was/ were) made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was (was/were) worth it.

C. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.

a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.

Everyone of the workers receives the same benefits.

b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.

There are two gerbils in my bathroom.

c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.

Scissors are used to have our hair cut.

e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.

You and your friends are welcome to join us.

f. Are the news on at five or six?

Is the news on at five or six?

g. The man with all his children live in the city.

The man with all his children lives in the city.

h. Mathematics are Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.

Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.

Unit 7

Ecology and Development

Ways with words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Constituency – electoral district

Pursue – to follow in an effort to overtake or capture

Infiltrate – to enter or gain access to (an organization, place, etc.) secretly and gradually

Nomadic – living the life of roaming

Anatomy – art of studying the different parts of any organized body

Subversive – seeking or intended to overthrow an established system or institution

Critical thinking

a. Do you think that the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable to the essay? How?

Yes I think that the essay’s title, “Foresters without Diplomas,” is appropriate.The writer and her team initially summoned the foresters to show how they grow trees to the ladies. Because they possessed degrees, the foresters proved to be very difficult to work with. They developed complicated ways for coping with outwardly basic tasks like as searching for seeds and growing trees. Finally, the writer and her colleagues instructed the ladies on how to do the task using common sense, which they accomplished. They were able to search the area for seeds and learn to identify seedlings as they germinate from seeds that had fallen to the ground. Women did not have the same opportunities as males.

b. Can a person make a difference in a society? Discuss with an example from a person who has made a difference in your society.

It’s easy to feel like one can person can’t make a difference. The world has so many big problems, and they often seem impossible to solve. We know that while many common ways to do well, such as becoming a doctor, have less impact than you might first think; others have allowed certain people to achieve an extraordinary impact. In other words, one person can make a difference, but you might have to do something a little unconventional.

Numerous folks have made outstanding and significant change, not only for our society, but the entirety of all people, the world over. Some of those examples are Dr. Jonas Salk found the vaccine that prevented people from contracting Polio, Thomas Edison discovered the light bulb, a major innovation to society, the world over. So we can see that a person can make a positive difference in the lives of people not in our society but throughout the world.

c. Write an essay on ‘The Community Forest in Nepal’. Describe how these community forests have contributed to maintain ecology in our environment.

The Community Forest in Nepal

The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is a global innovation in participatory environmental governance that encompasses well-defined policies, institutions, and practices. The program addresses the twin goals of forest conservation and poverty reduction. As more than 70 percent of Nepal’s population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, community management of forests has been a critically important intervention.

Through legislative developments and operational innovations over three decades, the program has evolved from a protection-oriented, conservation-focused agenda to a much more broad-based strategy for forest use, enterprise development, and livelihood improvement. By April 2009, one-third of Nepal’s population was participating in the program, directly managing more than one-fourth of Nepal’s forest area.

The immediate livelihood benefits derived by rural households bolster strong collective action wherein local communities actively and sustainably manage forest resources. Community forests also became the source of diversified investment capital and raw material for new market-oriented livelihoods. Community forestry shows traits of political, financial, and ecological sustainability, including emergence of a strong legal and regulatory framework, and robust civil society institutions and networks.

However, a continuing challenge is to ensure equitable distribution of benefits to women and marginalized groups. Lessons for replication emphasize experiential learning, establishment of a strong civil society network, flexible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities, and responsiveness of government and policymakers to a multistakeholder collaborative learning process.

Grammar

c. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.

a. His father looks handsome.
looks = linking verb

b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.
drinks = transitive verb

c. He became a watchman.
became = linking verb

d. This bread smells good.
smells = linking verb

e. The dog barked loudly.
barked = intransitive verb

f. He chased the dog.
chased = transitive verb

g. My sister swims fast.
intransitive verb

h. He painted a picture.
painted = transitive verb

i. Radhika always asks questions.
asks = transitive verb

j. Anjana has a long hair.
has = linking verb

k. Hungry lion roars.
intransitive verb

l. He tried again and again.
tried = intransitive verb

m. The weather is hot.
is = linking verb

n. Owls hide in the daytime.
hide = intransitive verb

Unit 8

Humour and Satire

Ways with words

A. Match the following.

transcendental – spiritual, nonphysical or mystical
deplore – to feel or express strong disapproval of (something)
absolve – set free from blame, guilt, or responsibility; release
juju – a charm or fetish used by some West African people
crude – natural state
chronicle – a written record of historical events

B. Find the contextual meanings of the following words from the text and then use them in sentences of your own.

a. condemn : to express disapproval
Don’t condemn him before you hear the evidence.

b. terror : a feeling of extreme fear
He lived in terror of being caught.

c. unbidden : without being asked, invited or expected
She shook her head to remove the unbidden thoughts.

d. persist : to continue to exist
The reporter persisted with his questioning.

e. devout : having or showing strong religious feeling/ religious
His grandfather is a devout Buddhist.

f. banish : to make somebody/something go away
The good wizard protected the temple with a spell to banish evil spirits.

g. creed : a system of principles or religious beliefs
Other countries have adopted this political creed enthusiastically.

h. hasten : to make something happen more quickly
The edge in his voice made her hasten her step.

i. sober : serious and sensible
He was as sober as a judge.

j. scorn : feel or express contempt or disdain for
He felt scorn for his working-class parents.

k. yearning : a strong and emotional desire
They had a deep yearning for their homeland.

l. aloof : not friendly/ disinterested in other people
His aloof response made her look up.

m. swarthy : having dark skin
My friend is skinny, with a swarthy complexion.

n. humbler : having or showing a modest or low estimate of one’s importance
The leader of a third troop took a humbler tone.

C. Trace the origins of each of the following words finding such explanations in a dictionary or the Internet. Then make sentences by using each word.

Minatory: From Latin minatorius
Meaning = threating
The hate group left a minatory threat in the form of a burning cross on the couple’s lawn.

Placated: From Latin Placast
Meaning = make somebody less angry
She was well placated when he did go on to choose Marley.

Cajoled: From French Cajoler
Meaning = pursuit somebody gently
I managed to cajole her out of leaving too early.

Antedates: From Latin ante
Meaning = predate; put earlier date; occur earlier than something
This event antedates the discovery of America by several centuries.

Proliferated: From Latin prolifer
Meaning = increase greatly; give birth
Bead stores seem to have proliferated the American landscape.

Philter: From Greek philtron
Meaning = magical tonic; love potion
He’s just full of magic philter.

D. List any five words found in an English dictionary beginning with the prefix ‘super-.’ What common meaning do all of these words share? How do the words in your list change meaning if you eliminate the prefix?

a.
Superimpose = lay over; place on the top
Impose = enforce something; insist on something

b.
Superman = exceptional man; man with strength power
Man = adult male human; person

c.
Supernatural = super human; beyond the nature
Natural = related to nature; produced by nature

d.
Supernumerary = extra; exceeding; many of
Numerary = number; of numbers

e.
Superstar = above other artist; more popular artist
Star = mass of gas in space; popular artist

Critical Thinking

a. What is the key takeaway of this essay? Do you think that this essay is satirical? Why?

The essay aims to convey the message that we are following superstition knowingly and unknowingly. Every individual no matter how logical or rational he/she is, carries superstitions. The essayist believes that many superstitions are widespread and too old that must have been risen from a depth of human mind that is indifferent to any race or creed.

The essay is satirical in the sense that it satirizes to those educated and uneducated people who are the victim of it. Throwing salt over the left shoulder after spilling it or avoiding walking under a ladder, resolving a matter related to university affairs by consulting the I Ching, placing jujus, lucky coins and other bringers of luck on the desks of the candidates in an examination hall, etc. are some of the superstitious activities he satires on.

b. Can education bring change in the belief of superstition? Present your arguments to support your answer.

Education may or may not bring change in the belief of superstition. Education can make people less superstitious. At least educated people are more likely to send the sick to the hospital, than to call priests to cast out demons in order to cure the sick. Education provides an understanding of the diseases, the cause and the cure of the diseases. Superstitions are due to fear of the unknown. Once the unknown becomes known, there is no longer any superstition. Education has the potential to change superstitious beliefs. It enhances thinking abilities and intellect. People who are educated are less prone to be superstitious, and they may educate others about it too.

Now the question is can education eradicate superstition? It is only possible when human beings gain complete knowledge of everything, then education is able to eradicate superstition. For the present, education does reduce a lot of superstitious beliefs around the world.

Writing

a. Write an essay on superstitions that exists in your community in about 250 words.

Superstitions in My Community

Superstitions are as old as man. The earliest men who had no scientific knowledge fell on easy prey to superstition. Thus, illiteracy and lack of knowledge and capacity to reason out are the hotbeds which generate and perpetuate superstition.

Mahatma Buddha was probably the first great man to expound and explain the value and significance of reason which eliminated superstition altogether. He emphasized that everything should be thoroughly studied, judged and tested before being believed. Later, many other great men like Guru Nanak and Kabir exhorted the people to shun superstitions.

Many people may believe that faith is also a form of superstition. But, as we can see if we think deeply, there is a difference. Faith is a positive factor whereas superstition is a negative factor.

Earlier, superstition was rampant in villages. The belief in ghosts was common. It was believed that these ghosts operated at night and that they were visible to some people and invisible to others. Taking advantage of this many clever men burned into tan tricks and controllers of ghosts. They cheated the gullible villagers. Unfortunately, even at present, such clever men are at work.

There are many kinds of superstitions which are observed by common people. The throbbing of eyes, a cat crossing our way, coming across a Brahmin-all these are believed to be inauspicious. The cawing of a crow indicated the possibility of a guest visiting our house that day. Similarly, if we come across a sweeper early in the morning, it is considered to be auspicious.

We should try to develop a scientific spirit of mind and judge everything on the basis of reason.

b.“Superstition is prevalent in every walk of life.” Argue for or against this statement.

Yes it is true that superstition is prevalent in every walk of life. The man started to believe in superstitions when he got a feeling that humans are at the mercy of natural elements. Similarly, some superstitions were also created because of social values. As a result, people worship forces of nature for a long time.

The Greeks and Pagans used to worship elements of nature in the form of Gods and Goddesses. Same is the case with Nepalese tradition. People continue to worship the sun, moon, stars, planets, plants and more believing these things have the power to influence our lives. You might have heard ‘it is because of the impact of some evil star’ and more when a disease overtakes or disaster strikes. Even the people in the West have been believing in them. You will find instances in Shakespeare’s plays where he includes things like omens, witches and more.

In fact, ever since a long time till date, people still consider the number 13 to be unlucky. Similarly, salt spilling over the dinner table is also an ill-omen. In Nepal, people consider the black cat crossing the way to be unlucky. Similar is the case of an owl hooting or a dog wailing.

If we look at it closely, there is no logic as such behind the beliefs in superstitions. However, they have grown age-old and despite all the scientific advancement, they are not going anywhere soon and hence they are prevalent in every walk of life.

Grammar

B. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or present continuous.

a. Nisha speaks (speak) English very well.

b. Hurry up! We are waiting (wait) for you.

c. Excuse me! Do you speak (you/speak) English?

d. She is having (have) a shower in bathroom.

e. How often do you read (you/read) a newspaper?

f. I’m sorry, I don’t understand (not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?

g. You can turn off the radio. I am not listening (not/listen) to it.

h. I usually get up (get up) at 5 o’clock every morning.

i. Look! The river is flowing (flow) very fast.

j. Amrita does not seem (not/seem) very happy at the moment.

C. Are the underlined verbs in the correct form? Correct them where necessary.

a. Water boils at 100° C.

Water boils at 100° C.

b. The water boils. Can you turn it off?

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?

c. I must go now. It gets late.

I must go now. It is geting late.

d. This sauce’s tasting really good.

This sauce tastes really good.

e. I’m thinking this is your key.

I think this is your key.

f. Are you believing in God?

Do you believe in God?

g. I usually go to school on foot.

I usually go to school on foot.

h. Look! That man tries to open the door of her car.

Look! That man is trying to open the door of her car.

i. The moon is going round the earth.

The moon goes round the earth.

j. I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat.

I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and eat.

Unit 9

Democracy and Human Rights

Ways with words

A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following. The first letters are given.

a. the system that completely separated black people from white people (apartheid)

b. formal objection (protest)

c. an ethnical group of people (tribe)

d. an act undertaken to achieve a set goal (campaign)

e. the formal beginning of any movement (inauguration)

f. a strong feeling of excitement and happiness (exhilaration)

g. being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions (emancipation)

B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used in the text.

a. liberty

the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s way of life, behaviour, or political views.

b. conflict

a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.

c. ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

d. oppression

prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority.

e. privilege

a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.

f. dignity

the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect.

g. surrender

stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority.

h. reconciliation

the restoration of friendly relations.

C. The ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put these verbs in the correct box.

[asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked, smiled, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed, enjoyed]

/t/

asked, missed, washed, watched, picked, fixed, walked, blessed (v), brushed, stopped, reached, laughed

/d/

killed, smiled

/ɪd/

ended, decided, visited, lasted, blessed (adj), wanted, enjoyed

D. Put these nouns into the correct box according to the pronunciation of the plural suffix: s/es.

[cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees, pages, babies, benches, classes]

/s/

cats, books, roofs, shops

/z/

dogs, boys, rooms, girls, trees,

/ɪz/

horses, houses, noises, pages, babies, benches, classes

 

Critical thinking

a. What does Mandela mean when he says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world?

When Mandela says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world he means that South Africans should build a society where both black and white will be able to walk, talk with each other without any fear. We know that rainbow is the combination of seven different colors. So by saying a rainbow nation he is trying to convey us a message that whenever all the peoples unite as like the colors in the rainbow then only there will be peace.

In South Africans cultures, the rainbow symbolizes hope and bright future. South Africa is referred to a Rainbow Nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups in the country. During the segregation period, peoples were divided on the basis of skin color. Mandela wants them to live and work together in unity like the colors in a rainbow. He wished they could forget the ferocious and brutal past and put their hand in hand with each other and maintain a peaceful nation.

b. Mandela should have avenged those who imprisoned him for such a long period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he did so?

If Mandela has avenged those ho had prisoned him then he won’t be able to reach his destination. Mandela led his country wisely and promoted national reconciliation. He was a man of true words. He fought for his own people for a long period and was also imprisoned when he raised his voice against the authorities. However, after coming out of jail he did not avenge those who had put him in trouble. Because he believed that avenge and enmity cause disorder among people and by doing so he would lose the support of the majority.

c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.

Segregation is the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse or separate educational facilities or by other discriminatory means. Many people of the world are struggling with social separation problem in the world.Racial segregation is one of many types of segregation, which can range from deliberate and systematic persecution through more subtle types of discrimination to self-imposed separation. Cast segregation is one of the most common forms of segregation in the Hindu culture. Any types of segregation can lead to chaos and voilence.

Yes I have found the evidneces of segregation in my society. Although, the Nepalese Constitution Law doesn’t allow any segregation in terms of religion, caste and ethnicity but still it is prevalent in our society. However, since the unification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal’s various non-Hindu ethnic nationalities and tribes, previously called “Matwalis” (alcohol-drinkers) and now termed as “Adivasi/Janajati” (indigenous/nationalities), have been incorporated within the caste hierarchy to varying degrees of success. Despite the forceful integration by the state into the pan-Hindu social structure, the traditionally non-Hindu groups and tribes do not necessarily adhere to the customs and practices of the caste segregation.

Writing

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.

Ganesh Man Singh

Ganesh Man Singh was born on November 9, 1915 and was commander of the popular 1990 Janaandolan. Singh was also one of the main leaders of the Nepali Congress movement of 1951, which overthrew the Rana regime. More than anything else, Ganesh Man was a rebel and a freedom fighter. He was a popular hero and his exploits are legendary. He was a man of small proportions but charismatic, fearless, and physically very strong. He was never afraid of taking risks in his political career. He was a straightforward and frank leader in dealing with all.

Ganesh Man was a rare breed amongst Nepali politicians—a man of integrity. He demonstrated his greatness through his leadership, rising above petty personal interests. Recognising his outstanding contribution to the field of democracy and human rights, Ganesh Man was honored by the United Nations with the ‘Human Rights Award’ in 1993. He was the first statesman from South Asia to receive this prestigious award. He also received the ‘United States Peace Run Prize’ in 1990 for his contribution to peace in Nepal and the world. He was also decorated with the ‘U Thant Peace Award’. He has become immortalised as a great leader that the nation and its citizens, without any political barriers, feel proud of. No other national leader has been able to fill the political vacuum after his death.

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t. Use one of these verbs.

[drink, visit, leave, roam, quit]

a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t leave it.

b. That’s a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.

c. I’m going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?

d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It’s not very healthy.

e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.

b. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.

c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I’ll be late.

d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.

e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.

f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.

g. I should get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.

Unit 10

Home Life and Family Relationship

Ways with words

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word.

a. All my efforts to convince her for the tour were futile.
b. The lost traveller huddled up under a shelter made of branches and leaves.
c. Her rude behaviour was the main cause of irritation for him.
d. She moved awkwardly in the room, thinking that I was watching.
e. She is mumbling something, but I can’t hear her.
f. When I met my sister after a long time, she talked to me in a feeble voice.

B. Tick (√) the correct words that are similar in meaning to the underlined words.

 

a. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father’s pressure.

ii. unwillingly

b. She moved her fingers exasperatedly through her hair.

iv. annoyingly

c. My grandmother is over eighty. She lifted her hands feebly.

iii. weakly

d. She is wearing a tattered shawl.

ii. torn

e. I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet in this expensive city.

iv. earn just enough money

D. Syllable

 

c. Consult an English dictionary and find the number of syllables in the following words.

bury : bur-y
2 syllables

development : de-vel-op-ment
4 syllables

syllabic : syl-lab-ic
3 syllables

Vowel : vow-el
2 syllables

education : ed-u-ca-tion
4 syllables

discipline : dis-ci-pline
3 syllables

examination : ex-am-i-na-tion
5 syllables

children : chil-dren
2 syllables

separately : sep-a-rate-ly
4 syllables

pronunciation : pro-nun-cia-tion
5 syllables

Critical thinking

a. What can be the expectations of the parents from their offspring at the old age?

Every human is different. Often times what one desires the other does not even see fit. Our parents are also one among the same crowd, like us. There must be some expectations they have from their children, our work is to understand and fulfill them.

When people get old, they get sensitive and even the slightest of things hurt them. Same goes for the elderly parent. They have lived a full life, worked, earned respect, and fulfilled their responsibilities. So when they are old, they want us not to forget this and treat them with dignity and respect.

After retirement the elderly people do not find purpose and meaning in their day, most of the time they do not have routine. So most of them stay usually alone at home. Often times we hear them complain that no one spends time with them, they miss company, they have nothing to do, no one to talk to, etc.

Your father was the one taking care of everything before he retired, your mother was so busy all her life looking after her family and now because they are old they have near to nothing to do during their day. They want their children to involve them in conversations, decisions or any other big and small thing.

These were just some common things that the elderly parents miss and want from you or want their children to know. But again every person and their wants are different, so we do the things according to our parent’s desire.

b. Some children who live in a distance tend to be indifferent to the feelings of their parents. Why do you think they are like that? Discuss.

There are various reasons for children to live in a distance from their parents. The reason may be study, job, business and so on. For achieving their goal and fulfilling their self desires, they have to invest more time and efforts and hence their realtion with parents becomes weaker due to of their busy schedule. When children live in a distance, they gradually keep away relation from their parents. Finally, it creates a gap or distance between parents and their children. In todays world childrens think that money and success are more important than the parents’ feelings. They do hard work for earning and saving but not making the parents happy.

Some children begin a new life with their family far from their parents. Their wife and children become more important than their old-age parents. That is why they have no time to call them and visit their parents. This indifference not only degrades the relationship between the parents and their children but also makes the parents live a lonely and miserable life.

c. A mother’s love is everlasting and indispensable. Justify.

There is nothing that can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Women are inherently good mothers. Till birth women carry their young and then continue their love & affection throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Every Mother always makes sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their childhood. It is the love for their child that a mother feels that drives these feelings.

After birth, a child finds his mom as the first friend who plays with him along with extra care and nourishment. Without any expectation, a mother keeps on working for the betterment of her child. She plays all roles including mom like a mentor, a teacher, a friend, a caretaker. When a child born; it is the mother who easily understands the feelings or requirements of her child. She spends every second around her child for fulfilling his all needs. Since childhood, our mother keeps telling us what is wrong and what is right in a manner to build us as a good human being and also encourage us to do good things in life.

We as a child always take our mother for granted but without her our life becomes worthless. Mother is a precious gift by God which we need to keep with love and care. She does her job of motherhood with a pure heart and complete devotion. The first teacher is a mother for any child and if he keeps learning life’s lessons under her guidance nothing can stop him in achieving the heights of success.

Grammar

B. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.

a. In spite of, the fact that he is an octogenarian; he still leads an active life.

b. I still enjoyed the week although, the weather was bad.

c. He has passed MA. However, he hasn’t got a job.

d. Although, I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.

e. Ramila didn’t get the job, in spite of, the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.

f. In spite of, the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.

g. We can go to the park for lunch although, the weather report says it’s going to rain.

h. However, I speak English well, my first language is actually Maithili.

C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

a. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. (although)

Although he was annoyed, he didn’t say anything.

b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)

Playing the stock market is exciting, however, it can be risky.

c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)

Even though he works slowly, he never makes a mistake.

d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)

In spite of rain, we still went to the park.

e. Hark bought the watch. It was expensive. (despite)

Despite being expensive, Hark bought the watch.

f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)

He is very poor but wears expensive clothes.

D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.

a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.

– Although he had very little time, he offered to help us.
– In spite of having very little time, he offered to help us.

b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.

– Although she is very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.
– In spite of being very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

c. He’s a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.

– Although he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
– In spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.

– Although they have a lot of money, they are still not happy.
– In spite of having a lot of money, they are still not happy.

e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.

– Although the traffic was heavy, we got there in time.
– In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there in time.

Unit 11

Arts and Creations

Ways with words

 

A. Circle the correct meanings of the underlined words.

a. Martin Luther started a revolt against the conventions of the Roman Catholic Church.
creations

b. It blended classical styles with new ideas.
mixed together

c. The dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.
serves as a sign of

d. The arts flourished during the Renaissance.
grew and improved

e. The new passion for learning also led to amazing discoveries in science.
enthusiasm

C. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences.

a. a hot potato : a controversial situation
The racial discrimination issue is a political hot potato.

b. once in a blue moon : not very often or rarely
Dad is working in Japan and he visits home once in a blue moon.

c. a bed of roses : easy or comfortable situation or activity
It’s to be remembered that life is not a bed of roses.

d. when pigs fly : used to say that something will never happen
He plans to clean his house every week, but he will probably do it only when pigs fly.

e. miss the boat : miss an opportunity
If you don’t buy now, you may find that you’ve missed the boat.

f. zip your lip : shut up
She zipped her lip at the meeting yesterday, as it was pointless saying anything.

g. fight tooth and nail : to fight with great ferocity
I want this job so I’m going to fight tooth and nail for it.

h. when life gives you lemon, make lemonade : change something negative into a positive
My grandfather lost his job due to the coronavirus, but he decided to keep busy and active. He says, “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”

i. goose egg : a score of zero
We had a good game, but the score was goose egg.

D. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings.

a. break down : to stop functioning

b. check out : to leave a hotel

c. fed up : tired of something or someone

d. fill out : to complete a form

e. get away : to escape

f. give away : to give something to someone for free

g. give up : to quit a habit

h. look forward to : to wait anxiously for something or an event

i. make up : to invent a story or lie

j. pass away : to die

k. put out : to extinguish

l. take off : to remove clothes or shoes from the body, to depart as in airplane

Critical Thinking

a. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government? Explain.

Yes I agree with Machiavelli’s view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government. Machiavelli was a politician and writer. Machiavelli reveals several facts that how a good leader can turn into immoral and evil. He says that in order to maintain power and protect nation or territory, a leader makes a number of mistakes.

It’s the duty of a leader to protect his government. So he can go beyond the rules and perform dishonest things to preserve his power. But the leaders whose goal is the pursuit of power, unlimited wealth, or the fame that accompanies success often appear self-centered. This desire is so strong that the leaders violate the moral standards that once governed their conduct. Many leaders reach the top by imposing their will on others, or even destroying those who stand in their way. When they reach the top, they may suspect that others are trying to knock them off their base and hence perform some out of the rules things to protect their leadership.

b. Do you think that art and literature are important assets of a country? Give reasons.

Art and literature are the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text.

Art and literature serves the people, and help them in their struggle for a better life, by arousing the people’s emotions against oppression and injustice and increasing their sensitivity regarding the people’s sufferings. Our country is facing the tremendous challenge of abolishing poverty, unemployment, inflation, ignorance, casteism, communalism, and other social evils, and hence artists and writers must join the ranks of those who are struggling for a better Nepal, they must inspire the people by their writings, and write against oppression and injustice. Thus we can say that art and literature are important assets of a country.

Writing

a. Write an essay on “Literature is the reflection of society.”

Literature is the Reflection of Society

Since the dawn of man, the art of storytelling was utilized to pass on critically deemed information about society, life, and everything. During the early days, much of our history was transposed orally through song and spoken word. Literature, like many art forms, is expressionism. It’s taking a thought and converting it into a tangible object that can be interpreted by others.

Many authors have been represented social, political, ecological, historical, scientific phenomenon in their works. All our glorious past has secured in the literary pages so that today’s generation gain knowledge about the myth of The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Old Testament and The Bible, etc. it is only possible by the literary sources that present generation know who were our forefathers and how human came into existence.

Thus, society creates literature because all traditions, customs, religious stories reflect through the literary works, but the excellence and natural surroundings of the reflection hinge on a writer’s approach of mind, whether he is enlightened in his outlook or conservative. That’s why literature is the mirror of society because it stuffed with all human emotions and activities including good and bad and social and political happenings.

b. It is said that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Yes, I agree with the statement that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Undoubtedly, reading is essential for all-round development of the personality. Reading is an essential basic skills building activity. One’s language fluency is determined by the quality of reading. Besides, vocabulary enrichment, ideas collection, familiarization with different types of writing formats, speaking fluency, etc, all depend upon reading.

It is true a person who has the reading habit, never feels lonely and bored. The books open up a magical world for him or her and he lives among angels in the pages of the books. Books never let go the readers astray. They make them wise and pragmatic. We must endeavour to develop this fabulous habit of reading.

Thus, one thing is absolutely clear, if we want to become great leaders in future, we must be great readers in the present.

c. Write a short biography of a national literary, artistic or historical figure you appreciate most.

Bhanubhakta Acharya

The first Nepali poet who also translated the great epic ‘Ramayana’ from Sanskrit to Nepali, Bhanubhakta Acharya was born on 29 Ashar, 1814 in Tanahu district of Nepal. Acharya was born to a Brahmin family and received excellent education with a strong leaning towards religion from his grandfather at home. He is honored with the title Adikabi for the contributions he has made in the field of poetry and Nepali literature and every year, his birthday is celebrated as a festival of Bhanujayanti (13 July) by conducting various programs, usually academics and poem recitation.

He wrote two masterpieces in his life among which, one is the Bhanubhaktey Ramayan and the other is a letter he wrote in verse form to the Prime Minister while he was in prison. He was made a scapegoat and sent to prison due to some misunderstanding in signing the papers. His letter became one of his great works. He not only won his freedom with his poem but was also given a bag of money. When he died in 1868, he did not know he would one day be one of the most revered poets of Nepal. His creation, however, was not published and he died without receiving credit for his contribution. His works were published by Motiram Bhatta in 1887. Although he is one of the most celebrated and revered poets of Nepal, his works are not as famous as other poets in the history of Nepali literature.

Grammar

 

B. Complete the following sentences with correct relative pronouns and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

a. That’s the house where I was born.

b. My aunt Nita, whoa journalist, is coming to visit next week.

c. People wholike outdoor activities will love our holidays.

d. The early 1960s, when the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in pop culture.

e. My essay on Shakespeare, which I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end.

f. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.

g. That’s the girl whose brother is in your class.

h. The snake that was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbor.

C. Join the following pairs of sentences with an appropriate relative clauses.

a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.

He is a musician whose albums have sold millions.

b. Amelia speaks English and Chines fluently. She is from Shanghai.

Amelia who is from Shanghai speaks English and Chines fluently.

c. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.

That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays there.

d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.

Dublin is my favourite city which is the capital of Ireland.

e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.

The person to whom they spoke was really helpful.

f. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.

This smartphone takes great photos whioch I bought it last week.

 

Unit 12

Fantasy

Ways with words

 

A. Find the meanings of the following words and phrases from a dictionary and make sentences by using them.

a. peep into : to get a quick look into something
He peeped into the box and saw that his wife had gotten him a new watch.

b. pop down : to go somewhere quickly
I’ll try to pop down tomorrow evening after dinner.

c. remarkable : unusual, surprising, excellent or worthy of notice
She has made remarkable progress.

d. hedge : a row of bushes or small trees planted close together along the edge of a garden, field or road
Buying a house is the best hedge against inflation.

e. wonder : desire to know something
I wonder what the world is doing now.

f. tumble : to fall quickly without control
He took a tumble in the hay with the farmers’ daughter.

g. doze off : to sleep, especially during the day
He was just beginning to doze off when the telephone rang.

h. earnestly : seriously
Even when I studied most earnestly it seemed more like play than work.

i. tiny : very small
He made a tiny hole in the paper.

j. creep : to move slowly, quietly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed
She crept toward the edge of the roof and looked over.

B. Match the words below with their opposites.

a. beginning = ending
b. stupid = clever
c. natural = artificial
d. disappointment = happiness
e. ignorant = educated
f. anxiously = calmly

Critical thinking

a. “Down the rabbit hole” is a sort of writing called fantasy on the basis of your reading of the story point out some special elements of this kind of writing.

The word fantasy refers to an illusion or an imaginative idea. The fantastic, a related word, also describes something that is imaginary and unrealistic. As its name suggests, the literary genre of fantasy refers to stories filled with imaginary and unrealistic elements.

Events in a fantasy operate outside the laws of the real universe and typically involve supernatural elements, like magic or magical creatures. Unlike science fiction, which is generally set in the future, fantasy is commonly set in the past. Fantasy stories often contain elements of medieval life, such as castles, knights, kings, magical swords, and references to ancient spells. Characters in fantasy stories often live in a pre-industrial setting with limited technology, other than the advantages of magical power.

The basic elements of fantasy have existed for centuries, and fantasy has roots in ancient myths, legends, and fairy tales. The course toward modern fantasy, however, began in the Victorian era when writers began developing their own distinct fantastical worlds, rather than building on established cultural tradition.

b. Is it good to imagine of things which are not possible to achieve in reality? Explain.

Imagination is the ability to form mental images of things, ideas or stimulation with no input from the five senses. It’s your imagination that allows you to fantasize or dream of something you want that is not in your reality yet.

Most people use their imagination to build pictures of a better lifestyle or what they want to hace in life and to predict something positive or negative that may happen. As we practice deliberately using our imagination, it will enhance our creative abilities, which means we will have better thoughts about our life. It helps to develop visions of what is possible, which means it will give clearer picture of our needs and the life we want to live. It will build up more self-confidence and improve our health and wellness by reducing stress. It helps to cut through mental clutter and noise.

Using imagination makes it possible to experience reality in a world inside our mind. A well-developed imagination will make us a powerful creator and allow us to shape the future that we want. Hence it is good to imagine of things which are not possible to achieve in reality.

c. Do you talk to yourself when you are in a trouble? If yes, how does it help you?

Yes I talk to myself when I am in a trouble. I talk to myself everyday! I don’t know exactly since how long I have been doing that but all past years that I recall I admit I have done it. And guess what! I love to.

It helps me in many ways. I have so much to tell myself and maybe things that I wouldn’t say to anyone. Nobody understands me better than myself. I can just say anything and everything and not be judged! I think self-talk is good as it doesn’t require any effort unlike maintaining diaries etc. Self-talk happens mostly when I’m thinking through ideas, when debating decisions, or when I need of a pep talk. I feel better doing self-talk as it gives me feel of presence of someone around me. It helps me to make decisions more easily and motivate me to do things I may be putting off. To sum up, I do self-talk to work through extreme emotions – including anger, sadness, confusion and stress – and to sort out personal conundrums.

Writing

b. Describe a strange dream that you have seen recently.

I was 10 when this happened. One night, when I had gone to bed, I saw a dream. In a dream I woke up to hear a noise and looked to my open bedroom door, where I saw a dark figure staring at me with red eyes. Thinking that it was my mother, I had called out to her multiple times, each time getting louder and louder. By the third time I called out to her, her red eyes did not move and I was getting frantic, screaming out to my mom and hiding beneath my covers.

Come to find out my mother was in the living room fast asleep and had woken up from my calls, running into my room. When I looked at her, the black figure had gone and I have not seen it since. But I guess I had always been afraid after that of what might be watching me or threatening to harm me at any given moment. I know that was a demon it was too dark and felt too evil.

Grammar

B. Express your wishes in the following situations in three different ways. Use I wish/If only…….

a. You don’t have a mobile phone (You need one).

– I wish I talked to my father about it.
– I wish I could buy one myself.
– I wish somebody would gift me one.

b. You don’t know the answer of a question from the lesson.

– I wish my frend told me the answer.
– I wish my teacher would help me.
– I wish I could read the lesson properly.

c. You can’t play the guitar.

– I wish I brought a guitar lesson book.
– I wish someone would teach me guitar chords.
– I wish I could go to the guitar expert’s.

d. It’s cold.

– I wish I drank hot water.
– I wish my mother would burn some firewood.
– I wish I could stay inside the house.

e. You are feeling sick.

– I wish I were healthy.
– I wish somebody would call a doctor.
– I wish I could go to hospital.

f. You live in a crowded city.

– I wish I lived in the country.
– I wish the city would be peaceful.
– I wish I could spend a couple of weeks far from the city.

g. You feel lonely.

– I wish I listened to my favourite music.
– I wish my friend would phone me.
– I wish I could do the household works.

C. Rewrite the following sentences making correction if necessary.

a. I wish my father bought me a bike.

I wish my father bought me a bike.

b. I wish I would write poems.

I wish I could write poems.

c. I wish I could remember her name.

I wish I could remember her name.

d. I wish I had a god job.

I wish I had a god job.

e. I wish I would be rich.

I wish I were rich.

 

Unit 13

Career and Entrepreneurship

Ways with words

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following. The first letter has been given.

a. making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc. (comfortable)
b. having a degree from the university (graduated)
c. without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other (independently)
d. the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something (innovation)
e. familiar with something, having read, seen or experienced it (acquainted)
f. a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks (entrepreneur)
g. an opportunity or a place for somebody to express their opinions publicly or make progress in a particular area (platform)
h. to use something, especially for a practical purpose (utilize)

B. Write the plural forms of the following nouns.

a. calf : calves
b. basis : bases
c. sheaf : sheaves
d. cactus : cacti / cactuses
e. louse : lice
f. crisis : crises
g. person : people / persons
h. formula : formulas
i. ox: oxen
j. fungus : fungi
k. goose : geese
l. oasis : oases
m. analysis : analyses
n. curriculum : curricula
o. appendix : appendixes
p. fungus : fungi

Critical thinking

 

a. Pun says, “We do not have culture of innovation that encourages young people to be innovative and creative”. Do you agree with him? Explain.

An innovation culture is part of the corporate culture and determines how much innovation is supported and promoted by management and employees. The culture of innovation is therefore the framework for every innovation activity. If the culture is not positive, it can hinder innovation, even if the idea and the innovation team are still perfect. It is thus a decisive factor in the success of innovation.

Our country Nepal is said to be a developing country but development process is very slow here. Our education system is still based on paper and classrooms, and it hasn’t changed much over the years. There is no opportunities for young people who are likely to do something new since we do not have culture of encouraging them. Innovative and creative thinking are not encouraged in our educational system. Every year, thousands of students leave the country in pursuit of a higher education because of this. A research-based education is usually given the highest emphasis in industrialised nations. To do this, they invest a great deal of money and effort. Our culture discourages young people from taking risks, therefore there are no possibilities for them in Nepal.

b. What qualities does an individual need to become an entrepreneur?

Entrepreneurs are innovative pioneers who venture opportunities and create new market at home and aboard. Becoming an entrepreneur requires more than just a creative idea. All entrepreneurs share commonalities in their attributes, abilities and qualities that empower them to beat the chances and pursue their objectives.

Successful entrepreneurs need to see success. Many of the top businessmen around have seen a product and the associated success that could possibly come with it. If he/she don’t plan extensively about their new idea or concept, without thinking ahead, they might encounter unforeseen difficulties with management or cashflow. Perseverance is a key in becoming a full-time entrepreneur. A true entrepreneur will be able to prevent the feeling of being burnt out, if they know what their goals are, and if they love the task of always having to meet deadlines. Discipline is also the key in this field, as an entrepreneur must work hard in order to achieve.

Entrepreneurs also need to manage their time properly. There’s no point in spending a whole day over a task, when in reality it will be cheaper and more effective to hire someone to help you with a certain task, thus enabling you to produce more profit. A successful entrepreneur must have an air or a grace about him that will demand respect from other individuals.

Successful entrepreneurs are never secure in their field, although this may be the same with other bog-standard jobs, however the rewards that can be obtained from having the mentioned attributes can be really substantial. By working hard and never giving up, an individual is bound to become a successful entrepreneur.

Grammar

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

a. I don’t know where Muna is. Have you seen (you/see) her?
b. Janak wasn’t (not/be) very well last week.
c. Last night I lost (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.
d. I have lost (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them?
e. I have known (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.
f. She lived (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.

g.
A: What’s wrong?
B: I have broken (break) a glass.

h.
A: When did you arrive (you/arrive)?
B: At 10 pm last night.

i. How long have you known (you/know) Sarmila for?

j. This is the first time I have driven (drive) a car.

F. Use been or gone.

a. I’ve never been to Japan.

b. Kalpana has gone to Korea. She may come back next year.

c.
A: Where’s Rachana?
B: She has gone to the shops.

d. Harina was here earlier but I think she has gone now.

e. Have you ever been to London?

Unit 14

Power and Politics

Ways with words

 

A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.

a. Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat.
sketch

b. Napoleon won one victory after another, defeating the Austrians in eighteen battles.
beating

c. Portrait painters thought this pose made men look more dignified.
good-looking

d. They announced France a republic.
officially declared

e. Napoleon conquered Austria in 1805.
triumphed over

f. There was no place to house his soldiers in the bitter Russian winter.
Cold

g. Napoleon was humiliated when he was defeated.
shamed

B. Guess the meanings to these words from the text and make sentences of your own.

1. violent : causing hurt
The love that is too violent will not last long.

2. execute : kill somebody as a legal punishment
He was captured and executed for murder.

3. ancient : very old
The pyramids were built in ancient times.

4. alliance : a union between people, groups, countries, etc.
The two parties were still too much apart to form an alliance.

5. brilliant : very intelligent or skillful
Brilliant students are favourite of teachers.

6. genius : very great and rare natural ability or skill
You don’t have to be a genius to see that this plan will never work.

7. consul : an official chosen by a government to live in a foreign city
The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.

8. invading : to enter a place in order to take control by military force
During the Second World War the island was invaded by the Axis powers.

Critical thinking

 

a. What can be the qualities of a great leader? Can a great leader remain in power for long in a country? Discuss.

Leadership refers to the quality of leading people. Probably, it is one of the most important aspects of life. Above all, Leadership by a good leader has led to the progress of human civilization. Without a good leader, no organization or group can succeed. Furthermore, not everyone has this quality. This is because effective Leadership requires certain important characteristics.

First of all, confidence is the most quality. A leader must have strong self-confidence. A person lacking in confidence can never be a good leader. A person must be confident enough to ensure others follow him. A good leader must certainly inspire others. A leader must be a role model for his followers. Furthermore, he must motivate them whenever possible. Also, in difficult situations, a leader must not lose hope. Honesty is another notable quality of a leader. Honesty and Integrity are important to earn the love of followers. Probably, every Leadership which loses trust is bound to fail. People will not work with full effort due to an immoral leader. Another important quality is good communication and decision making. Above all, if a leader makes poor communications and poor decisions then other qualities will not matter. Furthermore, good decision making ensures the success of the entire group. If the leader makes poor decisions, then the efforts of followers won’t matter.

In conclusion, a good leader must be an excellent innovator. He must display a creative attitude in his work. Most noteworthy, innovation is a guarantee of survival of a group or innovation. Without creative thinking, progress is not possible.

If a leader is good, capable and have all the above traits then he/she can easily remain in power for long in a country.

b. The 16th president of the USA, Abraham Lincoln said democracy is government of the people for the people and by the people. Do you think it is perfectly applicable in the present context of Nepal? Explain.

The literal meaning of `democracy’ is `rule by the people’, or, in other words, a political system in which ultimate authority is shared equally by all members of the community. In Nepal as elsewhere such a system is widely endorsed as a desirable state of affairs but there is no precise, shared understanding of what it implies in practice. In Nepal, even more than in most other places, there is also a sense of deep disillusionment with what a system describing itself as democratic has actually achieved.

The political system presented by Abraham Lincoln does not apply to Nepal, as corruption had paralyzed constitutional and government agencies. The Constitution guarantees the idea of ​​collective decision-making that includes all people equally, but it does not actually apply. Democratic norms and values ​​depend on the proper functioning of constitutional and state institutions. But it has been crippled by a group of certain people. The role of bureaucrats is important to keep the administration running smoothly so that development strategies can be easily implemented. However, corrupt bureaucracy does not do its job without bribes and is endorsed by political leaders. Nepalese people have never experienced a responsible, accountable government. State institutions are victims of nepotism and discrimination. Thus, in a country like Nepal, institutionalizing democracy is more difficult. To strengthen the principles of democracy, all constitutional agencies, government agencies and citizens must be responsible.

Writing

a. Write an essay on Power and Politics in about 500 words.

Power and Politics

Power is usually defined as the ability to influence people’s behavior by getting people to do what the person wants. Politically, having the ability to influence people is a huge responsibility. Being a leader means having the abilities to not only convince people, but also to inspire them and influence their decision by making them see the sense that the person with power is acting in their best interest. Therefore, political power is about not only persuasion, but also manipulation. Politics is the act of persuasion, acquisition, and exercise of political power.

Political power shapes and control people’s attitude towards the leader and the governing system. The leader guides the behavior of his followers in a direction he desires to achieve the common political objectives. Occupying a political position means having the power and the ability to effect the desired change of behavior of other people involved through persuasion or manipulation. For example, if an individual has the political power over the other person, the degree in which a leader can motivate, incite, inspire, stimulate, and makes other people modify their political behavior. This process is termed as having the political power.

Illegitimate political power implies exercising powers that violate the existing rules; these may include sabotage, protests, and whistle blowing. Extreme illegitimate forms of political power pose a risk of loss of membership. Since most political organization is made up of individuals with different values and interest, this presents the potential for conflict over resources. A leader in power uses his position to attain group goals. However, power is applied in different forms. Coercive power is based on fear. Coercive power includes sanctions, restrictions, and control by force.

Power plays an important role in politics because its consequences can yield positive or negative results. Power in politics is a two-way relationship depending on how people interact based on the resources or values they hold or are in control of. Conflict arises due to pressure to achieve specific goals that might not be realistic. That is why leaders manipulate his followers to serve their needs at the expense of others. In a democratic system, use of power should not involve force; instead of obtaining power should be more of influence that is known as soft power.

b. Write a couple of paragraphs about a national hero who fought bravely in the Anglo-Nepal War.

Balbhadra Kunwar Chhetri

Balbhadra Kunwar Chhetri (30 January 1789 – 13 March 1823) was a Nepalese military commander and administrator in the Kingdom of Nepal. He is one of the National heroes of Nepal. He was highly praised for his military skill for the defence of the Nalapani fort in the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816). He was Captain in the Nepalese military and was tasked as commander to protect the forts of Dehradun.

As commander of the Gorkhali forces in Dheradun, Capt. Balbhadra Kunwar was handed the responsibility of defending the area. The expanding Nepali/Gorkhali State had since the mid-late 18th century expanded the nation’s border on all sides, which eventually led to conflict with the British East India Company and a war followed. Realizing he could not defend the town of Dehradun, Capt. Balbhadra Kunwar withdrew to the strategic hill fort of Khalanga with an army strength of 600 including women and children against the British East India Company British stronghold of 3000–3500 troops. He turned down an incentive proposal of the British who would make him Governor of the Western Garhwal should he surrender or leave Nepal.

Grammar

B. Fill in the blanks with may, must or can’t.

a. Matthew must be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.

b. They may be coming tomorrow.

c. She can’t speak French very well. She’s only lived in Paris for two weeks.

d. My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it must be in the drawer.

e. I saw him yesterday. He can’t be abroad.

f. You got the job? That’s great. You must be very delighted.

g. I may finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I’m not sure.

h. Somebody is knocking on the door. It must be Sabina – she promised to come today.

C. Rewrite the following sentences using may/might, must or can’t.

a. I’m sure he’s not going to the cinema today.

Ans: He can’t be going to the cinema today.

b. Perhaps she knows the answer.

Ans: She may know the answer.

c. I’m sure he has a car.

Ans: He must have a car.

d. I doubt if it rains later on.

Ans: It may rain later on.

e. Perhaps she wants to be alone.

Ans: She may want to be alone.

f. I’m sure Harina is in her office.

Ans: Harina must be in her office.

Unit 15

War and Peace

Ways with words

 

A. Match the words on the left side with their meanings on the right.

a. proclaim – declare
b. unswerving – steady or constant
c. magnanimous – generous or forgiving
d. trample – crush
e. tremendous – huge
f. inevitable – unavoidable
g. dire – dreadful
h. anguish – distress
i. impending – upcoming
j. ruthless – pitiless

B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list given.

[appalling, sanguine, slaughter, absurdity, futility, reluctance, bestir]

a. The soldiers suffer appalling injuries during the attack.

b. She is sanguine about prospects for the economic development of the country.

c. Innocent people get unexpected slaughter in the war.

d. The crowd laughed at the absurdity of the singer’s behaviour.

e. The intellectuals should be worried about the horror and futility of war.

f. He sensed her reluctance to continue the work.

g. They bestir themselves at the first light of morning.

Critical thinking

 

a. Are warmongers the greatest enemies for peace? What do you want to suggest to them?

A warmonger is someone who instigates war, or advocates war over peaceful solutions. Yes, warmongers are the greatest enemies for peace because they are constantly promoting war. They are very agile and uproarious. They generally need to attack or assault another country.

Warmongers are someone who create the war. So, they are regarded as greatest enemies for peace. However, not all conflicts are conceived with nefarious motives. Some of the battles that have occurred throughout history have been fought for the restoration of peace and security, as well as the elimination of violence. As a result, blaming warmongers of being the biggest opponents of peace will be illogical. Those whose only goal is to do damage to the general population and create an imbalance are, without a question, an obstacle to the preservation of peace.

I want to suggest them that they should be aware of what they are doing. From my perspective, the only thing they should do is to think about humanity and put an end to conflicts that cost the lives of so many innocent people.

b. The Nobel Prize winner American novelist John steinbeck 1920 1968 on said “all war is a symptom of man’s failure as a thinking animal.” Do you agree with the novelist? Why?

It is absolutely true all war is a symptom of man’s failure as a thinking animal. War is the worst thing in the world; it gives benefits to none; it causes immense loss of human life and resources to all. Both the winning countries as well as the losing country incur heavy casualties and losses.

Wars can never end conflicts, they complicate them further. World War 1 and World War 2 are the two ugliest scars on the face of mankind. They wreaked so much havoc that its precedent is impossible to find since the beginning of evolution. Wars are futile and outcome of man’s ignorance and anger. The people of the world must learn a lesson from these two holocausts.

All the wars that were fought in the history of mankind taught man the horrible lessons of its futility. The most heinous and horrible war in the entire history of mankind is the Second World War. The dates August 6, 1945, and August 9, 1945 are written indelibly on the pages of history with blood of thousands of people who died a painful death in the nuclear bomb attacks in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Hiroshima bomb killed approximately 1,40,000 people instantaneously; Nagasaki underwent almost the same nightmare.

Seeing the enormity of death and destruction, the entire world condemned the use of nuclear bombs. Even those who were in favour of its use in war, felt remorseful. The most frightening aspect related to nuclear bombs is, the world is full of them. Bombs many times more potent than the ones used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are lying ready in the arsenals of many country. The world is in a precarious position. When will man become wiser? May be soon!

In conclusion it can be said that wars are symbolic of savage backwardness. Civilized people resolve their conflicts through peaceful dialogue at the discussion table. So, if a war happens, it means human thinking has failed.

c. Does any war end all wars and bring lasting peace to the world? Discuss.

War is a state of conflict between different societies or countries. The general cause of war is the difference in opinions. Although in some cases, a war to end wars might help attain the peace that peace comes at a price, which is a loss of life and property. The World War 1 and 2 have already caused huge irrecoverable damage.

War is not the only way to bring peace. There are many alternative ways such as negotiating to terms which are reasonable for both the countries and hence resolving the problem. There shall always be a win-win situation. Some terms shall be accepted by one party and some by the others.

We might be divided by religion, sex, color and the boundaries between our countries but we all belong to the human race. One should treat the other like a brother and help each other out. There will be differences for sure, which should be sorted out in a peaceful manner.

Take a look at our two World Wars. They have proved that wars cause major suffering and in fact, the only reason that World War I ended was that most of the countries involved were exhausted and fed up, and begged their leaders for a ceasefire to be called. Wars would be endless if it was not for humanity’s own limits.

In my opinion, war will never be able to bring true, long-lasting peace. Nations will be hit emotionally and economically. So saying that any war end all wars is not the way to create peace. War is neither a solution or option to bring peace.

d. Why do you think countries go to war?

A war is typically fought by a country or group of countries against an opposing country or group with the aim of achieving an objective through the use of force. There is rarely one single, clear cause of conflict and, ultimately, war. The causes of a war are usually numerous and can often be intertwined in a complicated way. Some of the major causes of war are as follows:

1. Economic Gain
Often wars are caused by one country’s wish to take control of another country’s wealth. Whatever the other reasons for a war may be, there is almost always an economic motive underlying most conflicts, even if the stated aim of the war is presented to the public as something more noble.

2. Territorial Gain
A country might decide that it needs more land, either for living space, agricultural use, or other purposes. These are conflicts that are fought indirectly between opposing powers in a third country. Each power supports the side which best suits their logistical, military, and economic interests.

3. Religion
Religious conflicts often have very deep roots. They can lie dormant for decades, only to re-emerge in a flash at a later date. Religious wars can often be tied to other reasons for conflict, such as nationalism or revenge for a perceived historical slight in the past.

4. Nationalism
Nationalism in this context essentially means attempting to prove that your country is superior to another by violent subjugation. This often takes the form of an invasion.

5. Revenge
Seeking to punish, redress a grievance, or simply strike back for a perceived slight can often be a factor in the waging of war. Revenge also relates to nationalism, as the people of a country which has been wronged are motivated to fight back by pride and spirit.

Writing

Write essays in about 500 words on the following topics.

 

a. War and peace

War and Peace

There is a typical saying that war is never ever good, peace is never ever bad. However, if we recall right into the background of the human race, it will be transparent that there have been war since prehistoric times. Although attempts have actually been made to eliminate it, success has not been achieved up until now. Hence, infinite peace seems to be beyond our reach.

Some people neglect that war always brings damage on a mass scale. They forget Mahatma Gandhi’s teaching of non-violence, adhering to which he freed his motherland from the shackles of enslavement. They forget that if Gandhi might oust the effective Britishers by dint of non-violence, why not others adhere to the exact same footprint.

War are essential evils as well as their scaries are a lot of and of such magnitude that they can not be explained in words. We have to not neglect the horrors of both world war. In the war, there was mass-killing and destruction of building. Thousands were made orphans and widows. War brings disgust and also spreads out fallacy. People become ruthless as well as egocentric. As result humanity as well as principles experience.

War are not the option to the problems. Instead, they create troubles and produce disgust amongst nations. war can decide one problem yet gives birth to way too many. Hiroshima as well as Nagasaki are the best terrible faces of the effect of war. Also after 60 years, individuals are dealing with the anguishes of war. Whatever be the reason for war, it always causes the damage of life and building at large.

On the whole, the war has always been the greatest blot on mankind. It was developed by the man himself today it is past the control of all human pressures. Now it calls for retrospection for the entire mankind to study it for the sake of mankind, or else, absolutely nothing will remain neither war nor humanity.

b. Responsive youths for peace and prosperity

Responsive Youths for Peace and Prosperity

Youth plays vital role in everything, everywhere. Diversity exists everywhere in this world and it should be accepted to create a balanced and peaceful society. Thus, for each and every country, youth is very important factor in creating a harmony. Youth contributes innovative ideas and they are fresh and young blood who can accomplish entire plan with their passion and hard work.

Youth must play an active role in creating and promoting peace, tolerance, co-existence, and non-extremist environment. They must address all types of conflicts and issues in a constructive way that encourages reconciliation and conflict resolution. The youth can be the agent of a change by changing their attitude and perspective towards the world. At the national level, the youth can be the community leaders of their respective communities and can initiate various projects to educate the people of rural areas. They can join various non-government organisations working for peace, tolerance, and harmony. In this way, youth ambassadors of all the communities may form link with one another and this will enhance the acceptability and adaptability level among them.

Youth need to educate the western world about Islam and Muslim world about western world. In this way, rigidity, extremism, fanaticism, sectarianism and all such factors, differences and misconceptions hampering the way of peace will be removed. At the national level, youth must understand their socio-economic problems and they must know how to tackle them peacefully. Likewise, on the international level, our youth must be trained to cope with evils like racism, terrorism, prejudice and ethnocentrism. In this way, youth can be responsible for balanced, prosperous and peaceful society.

Grammar

B. Divide the following sentences into different parts.

a. The children are playing now.

subject + verb + adverbial (adjunct)

b. Srijana will be reading a story.

subject + verb + object

c. Bimala is a very beautiful girl.

subject + verb (be) + complement

d. She usually wears glasses.

subject + adverbial + verb + object

e. They elected him President.

subject + verb + object + complement

f. Rabin is laughing.

subject + verb (be)

g. He has a big house in Butwal.

subject + complement + adverbial

h. The man who lives next door is a professor.

subject + complement

i. Her uncle has been living in Kathmandu for fifteen years.

subject + verb + adverbial + adverbial

j. The girl with long hair asked me a question last week.

subject + verb + object (indirect) + object(direct) + adverbial

 

Unit 16

Critical Thinking

Ways with words

A. The words in the crossword puzzle are from the text. Find them from the text to solve the puzzle based on the meaning clues given below.

1. unquestionable, impossible to doubt

indubitable

2. never done or known before

unprecedented

3. emergence or origination

emanation

4. obviously or clearly

evidently

5. impossible to achieve or overcome

insuperable

6. moved with a violent, irregular action

agitated

7. appropriate or suitable

apt

8. force back

repel

9. conservative

orthodox

10. up to now

hitherto

B. Find the words from the text that mean the following.

a. misleading or illusionary (deceptive)

b. in a natural state; not yet processed or refined (crude)

c. a mystical horse like animal with a single straight horn projecting from its forehead (unicorn)

d. never dying or decaying (immortal)

e. come to an end; stop (cease)

f. to activate or put into motion (actuate)

Critical Thinking

a. Do you believe that soul really exists? Write your arguments in support of your answer.

I believe that souls do exist.

Have you ever imagined about your own death? Have you ever thought that what happens after the incident that the world calls death? Could you ever convince yourself that your existence on this planet earth would be finished once you die?

I couldn’t ever convince myself with the fact that I’ll be finished once I die. Death would cause the degradation of my physical body but it’s just unimaginable that I will too get over once the death occurs. This “I” is nothing but the soul.

I know that the science that we’re familiar with hasn’t proved the existence of souls yet. But we shouldn’t be hopeless. The boundary of science is expanding day by day. Even the fans and lights that we use everyday were once unimaginable but we know that today they exist. There are new fields added to science everyday. Some of the fields that have tried to progress in this topic are metaphysics, para psychology etc.

As far as the ancient science is concerned, it had proved the existence of soul long ago. It also developed methods by which one can experience one’s soul. But anyways, I hope that there would be a day when the modern science will too prove the existence of soul.

b. If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind. Discuss.

I support the statement that “If you want to change your body, you first have to change your mind.” Psychologists say our “self talk” or “internal dialogue” can make or break a fitness routine.

The problem is that many people simply aren’t aware of how destructive their thoughts are. The thing that precedes our behavior is a thought, and we sometimes aren’t good at getting in touch with our thoughts. Let me take my fitness example. The first step in charting the right course to fitness is to recognize how my thoughts are undermining my exercise plans. The second step is to challenge the negative thinking – and there’s certainly no shortage of that when it comes to exercise.

It can be tough for beginners to master the skills necessary to adhere to an exercise plan, but give it time. If I could stick it out for six months, it starts to become a part of who I am versus what I do. Plus, I’ll probably see some positive results that can motivate me to keep at it. Among them: better muscle tone, feeling stronger and more fit, weight loss, improved mood and better sleep.

Writing

 

Write critically on the given topics.

a. The existence of God

The existence of God is foundational to the study of theology. The Bible does not seek to prove God’s existence, but rather takes it for granted. Scripture expresses a strong doctrine of natural revelation: the existence and attributes of God are evident from the creation itself, even though sinful human beings suppress and distort their natural knowledge of God. The dominant question in the Old and New Testaments is not whether God is, but rather who God is. Philosophers both Christian and non-Christian have offered a wide range of arguments for God’s existence, and the discipline of natural theology (what can be known or proven about God from nature alone) is flourishing today.

Some philosophers, however, have proposed that belief in God is rationally justified even without theistic arguments or evidences. Meanwhile, professing atheists have offered arguments against God’s existence; the most popular is the argument from evil, which contends that the existence and extent of evil in the world gives us good reason not to believe in God. In response, Christian thinkers have developed various theodicies, which seek to explain why God is morally justified in permitting the evils we observe.

If theology is the study of God and his works, then the existence of God is as foundational to theology as the existence of rocks is to geology. Two basic questions have been raised regarding belief in God’s existence: (1) Is it true? (2) Is it rationally justified (and if so, on what grounds)? The second is distinct from the first because a belief can be true without being rationally justified (e.g., someone might irrationally believe that he’ll die on a Thursday, a belief that turns out by chance to be true). Philosophers have grappled with both questions for millennia. In this essay, we will consider what the Bible says in answer to these questions, before sampling the answers of some influential Christian thinkers.

Grammar

A. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘used to’. You can make an affirmative/ negative statement or a question.

a. I/live in a flat when I was a child.

I used to live in a flat when I was a child.

b. She/love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

She used to love eating chocolate but now she hates it.

c. He/go to fishing in the summer?

Did he use to go fishing in the summer?

d. My sister/play tennis when she was at school.

My sister used to play tennis when she was at school.

e. He/play football every weekend?

Did he use to play football every weekend?

f. My grandfather/speak five languages.

My grandfather used to speak five languages.

g. I/not hate school from the beginning.

I did not use to hate school from the beginning.

h. You/live in Kathmandu?

Did you use to live in Kathmandu?

i. He/play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

He used to play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.

j. She/wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

She used to wear a frock when she was small but nowadays she wears jeans.

B. Write a short paragraph describing your past habits.

For five years, I lived with my uncle. I used to begin my regular tasks in the mornings at my uncle’s home. Despite having a full-time job at home, I used to strive for first place in my class. My instructors utilised locally accessible materials to make their lessons successful, despite the fact that my school lacked enough resources. They’d cheer us up in class by being nice. Project work was assigned by our English instructor. It proved to be very beneficial to our academic endeavours.