Direct and Indirect Speech [ Reported Speech]
|
Person |
Subject |
Object |
Possessive Adjective (P1) |
Possessive Pronoun (P2) |
Reflexive |
|
1st Person
Singular |
I |
Me |
My |
Mine |
Myself |
|
We |
Us |
Our |
Ours |
Ourselves |
|
|
2nd Person
Singular |
You |
You |
Your |
Yours |
Yourself |
|
You |
You |
Your |
Yours |
Yourselves |
|
|
3rd Person
Singular (Male) |
He |
Him |
His |
His |
Himself |
|
3rd Person
Singular (Female) |
She |
Her |
Her |
Hers |
Herself |
|
3rd Person
Singular (Neutral/Thing) |
It |
It |
Its |
— |
Itself |
|
3rd Person
Plural |
They |
Them |
Their |
Theirs |
Themselves |
1 Assertive (Statements,
Declarations, Opinions, Facts, etc.)
Direct: He
said, "I am very happy today."
Indirect: He said that he was very happy that day.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Said
- Told
- Stated
- Declared
- Mentioned
- Informed
- Added
2. Imperative (Commands, Orders,
Advice, Suggestions, Prohibitions, Warnings)
Direct: The
teacher said, "Sit down and be quiet."
Indirect: The teacher ordered us to sit down and be quiet.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Ordered
- Commanded
- Told
- Requested
- Advised
- Suggested
- Forbade
- Warned
Request (Begging, Pleading,
Asking Politely)
Direct: She
said, "Please help me with my homework."
Indirect: She requested me to help her with her homework.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Requested
- Begged
- Pleaded
- Asked
3. Interrogative (Questions:
Yes/No & Wh-questions)
A. Yes/No Questions
Direct: He
said, "Are you coming to the party?"
Indirect: He asked if I was coming to the party.
B. Wh-Questions
Direct: She
said, "Where do you live?"
Indirect: She inquired where I lived.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Asked
- Inquired
- Wanted to
know
4. Exclamatory (Expressions of
Surprise, Joy, Sorrow, etc.)
Direct: She
said, "Wow! What a beautiful place!"
Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful place.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Exclaimed
with joy/ delighted
- Exclaimed
with sorrow/pain
- Shouted
- Cried out
- Said with
delight
5. Optative (Wishes,
Blessings, Prayers, Curses, etc.)
Direct: He
said, "May God bless you!"
Indirect: He prayed that God might bless me.
Common
Reporting Verbs:
- Prayed
- Wished
- Blessed
- Cursed
|
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
V1/v5 |
V2 |
|
V2 |
Had+v3 |
|
Is/am/are +v4 |
Was/were+v4 |
|
Was/were+v4 |
Had been +v4 |
|
Has/have+v3 |
Had+v3 |
|
Shall/will/can/may+v1 |
Should/would/could/might+v1 |
|
Don’t/doesn’t+v1 |
Didn’t +v1 |
|
Didn’t +v1 |
Hadn’t v3 |
|
Must+v1 |
Had+ to +v1 |
In detail, you should learn it.
Direct
Speech (Original Tense) Indirect
Speech (Changed Tense) Example
(Direct Speech) Example
(Indirect Speech) Simple Present
(v1/v5) → Simple Past (v2) He said,
"I work hard." He said that he worked hard. Present Continuous
(is/am/are+v4) Past Continuous (was/were+v4) She said,
"I am reading a book." She said that she was reading a book. Present Perfect
(has/have+v3) → Past Perfect (had+v3) He said,
"I have finished my work." He said that he had finished his work. Present Perfect Continuous (has been/have been+v4) Past Perfect Continuous (had been+v4) She said,
"I have been waiting for an hour." She said that she had been waiting for an hour. Simple Past
(v2) Past Perfect (had+v3) He said,
"I ate pizza." He said that he had eaten pizza. Past Continuous (was/were+v4) Past Perfect Continuous (had been +v4) She said,
"I was watching TV." She said that she had been watching TV. Past Perfect
(had+v3) No Change (had+v3) He said,
"I had finished my work." He said that he had finished his work. Past Perfect Continuous No Change She said,
"I had been waiting." She said that she had been waiting. Future (will+v1) Would+v1 He said,
"I will help you." He said that he would help me. Future Continuous (will be +v4) Would be+v4 She said,
"I will be traveling." She said that she would be traveling. Future Perfect (will have +v3) Would have +v3 He said,
"I will have completed it." He said that he would have completed it. Future Perfect Continuous (will have been +v4) Would have been+v4 She said,
"I will have been working." She said that she would have been working.
1. If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense:
o She says, "I am
happy." → She says that she is happy.
2. If the statement is a universal truth or fact:
o He said, "The sun
rises in the east." → He said that the sun rises in the east.
1. Request (Begging, Pleading, Asking
Politely)
1. Direct: He said,
"Please help me with my work."
Indirect:
2. Direct: She said,
"Can you lend me your notes?"
Indirect:
3. Direct: They said,
"Kindly allow us to enter the hall."
Indirect:
4. Direct: The beggar said,
"Please give me some food."
Indirect:
5. Direct: The child said,
"Could you buy me a toy?"
Indirect:
2. Imperative (Commands, Orders, Advice,
Suggestions, Prohibitions, Warnings)
1. Direct: The teacher
said, "Stand up and answer the question."
Indirect:
2. Direct: The officer
said, "Move forward immediately!"
Indirect:
3. Direct: The doctor said,
"Drink plenty of water every day."
Indirect:
4. Direct: The manager
said, "You should submit the report before Friday."
Indirect:
5. Direct: The policeman
said, "Do not enter the restricted area."
Indirect:
3. Interrogative (Yes/No & Wh-questions)
1. Direct: He said,
"Are you going to the party?"
Indirect:
2. Direct: She said,
"Where do you live?"
Indirect:
3. Direct: The teacher
said, "Did you complete your assignment?"
Indirect:
4. Direct: He said,
"Why are you crying?"
Indirect:
5. Direct: She said,
"What is your favorite color?"
Indirect:
4. Exclamatory (Expressions of Surprise, Joy,
Sorrow, etc.)
1. Direct: She said,
"Wow! This place is amazing!"
Indirect:
2. Direct: He said, "Alas!
We lost the match."
Indirect:
3. Direct: The boy said,
"Hurray! We won the game!"
Indirect:
4. Direct: She said,
"Oh no! I left my phone at home."
Indirect:
5. Direct: He said,
"What a wonderful idea!"
Indirect:
5. Assertive (Statements, Declarations, Opinions,
Facts, etc.)
1. Direct: He said, "I
am very happy today."
Indirect:
2. Direct: She said,
"The sun sets in the west."
Indirect:
3. Direct: The scientist
said, "Water freezes at 0°C."
Indirect:
4. Direct: He said, "I
have completed my studies."
Indirect:
5. Direct: The teacher
said, "Hard work leads to success."
Indirect:
6. Optative (Wishes, Blessings, Prayers,
Curses, etc.)
1. Direct: He said,
"May you have a happy life!"
Indirect:
2. Direct: The old man
said, "May God bless you!"
Indirect:
3. Direct: She said,
"I wish you all the best for your exam."
Indirect:
4. Direct: He said,
"May misfortune befall my enemies!"
Indirect:
5. Direct: The monk said,
"May peace prevail in the world."
Indirect:
1. Request (Begging, Pleading, Asking
Politely)
1.
Direct: He said, "Please help me with my
work."
Indirect: He requested me to help him with his work.
2.
Direct: She said, "Can you lend me your
notes?"
Indirect: She asked me to lend her my notes.
3.
Direct: They said, "Kindly allow us to
enter the hall."
Indirect: They requested to be allowed to enter the hall.
4.
Direct: The beggar said, "Please give me
some food."
Indirect: The beggar begged for some food.
5.
Direct: The child said, "Could you buy
me a toy?"
Indirect: The child asked me to buy him a toy.
2. Imperative (Commands, Orders,
Advice, Suggestions, Prohibitions, Warnings)
1.
Direct: The teacher said, "Stand up and
answer the question."
Indirect: The teacher ordered me to stand up and answer the question.
2.
Direct: The officer said, "Move forward
immediately!"
Indirect: The officer commanded them to move forward immediately.
3.
Direct: The doctor said, "Drink plenty
of water every day."
Indirect: The doctor advised me to drink plenty of water every day.
4.
Direct: The manager said, "You should
submit the report before Friday."
Indirect: The manager suggested that I submit the report before Friday.
5.
Direct: The policeman said, "Do not
enter the restricted area."
Indirect: The policeman warned me not to enter the restricted area.
3. Interrogative (Yes/No &
Wh-questions)
1.
Direct: He said, "Are you going to the
party?"
Indirect: He asked if I was going to the party.
2.
Direct: She said, "Where do you
live?"
Indirect: She inquired where I lived.
3.
Direct: The teacher said, "Did you
complete your assignment?"
Indirect: The teacher asked if I had completed my assignment.
4.
Direct: He said, "Why are you
crying?"
Indirect: He wanted to know why I was crying.
5.
Direct: She said, "What is your favorite
color?"
Indirect: She asked what my favorite color was.
4. Exclamatory (Expressions of
Surprise, Joy, Sorrow, etc.)
1.
Direct: She said, "Wow! This place is
amazing!"
Indirect: She exclaimed that the place was amazing.
2.
Direct: He said, "Alas! We lost the
match."
Indirect: He cried out in sorrow that they had lost the match.
3.
Direct: The boy said, "Hurray! We won
the game!"
Indirect: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
4.
Direct: She said, "Oh no! I left my
phone at home."
Indirect: She exclaimed in disappointment that she had left her phone at
home.
5.
Direct: He said, "What a wonderful
idea!"
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a wonderful idea.
5. Assertive (Statements,
Declarations, Opinions, Facts, etc.)
1.
Direct: He said, "I am very happy
today."
Indirect: He said that he was very happy that day.
2.
Direct: She said, "The sun sets in the
west."
Indirect: She stated that the sun sets in the west.
3.
Direct: The scientist said, "Water
freezes at 0°C."
Indirect: The scientist declared that water freezes at 0°C.
4.
Direct: He said, "I have completed my
studies."
Indirect: He mentioned that he had completed his studies.
5.
Direct: The teacher said, "Hard work
leads to success."
Indirect: The teacher said that hard work leads to success.
6. Optative (Wishes, Blessings,
Prayers, Curses, etc.)
1.
Direct: He said, "May you have a happy
life!"
Indirect: He wished that I might have a happy life.
2.
Direct: The old man said, "May God bless
you!"
Indirect: The old man prayed that God might bless me.
3.
Direct: She said, "I wish you all the
best for your exam."
Indirect: She wished me all the best for my exam.
4.
Direct: He said, "May misfortune befall
my enemies!"
Indirect: He cursed that misfortune might befall his enemies.
5.
Direct: The monk said, "May peace
prevail in the world."
Indirect: The monk prayed that peace might prevail in the world.
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