Passage: The Life Cycle of Butterflies
Butterflies
undergo a remarkable transformation during their life cycle, which consists of
four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage has unique
characteristics and behaviors.
Female
butterflies lay eggs on the leaves of host plants. These eggs are usually very
small and vary in shape and color depending on the species. After several days,
the eggs hatch into larvae, commonly known as caterpillars.
Caterpillars
primarily focus on eating and growing. They consume large quantities of leaves
to store energy for the next stage of development. As they grow, they shed
their skin several times, a process known as molting.
Once
the caterpillar reaches full size, it forms a protective casing called a
chrysalis, entering the pupal stage. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar
undergoes metamorphosis, reorganizing its body structure into an adult
butterfly.
Finally,
the fully developed adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis. At this stage,
it focuses on reproduction and feeding on nectar from flowers. Butterflies have
short lifespans, which vary from a few weeks to several months depending on the
species.
Summary
Completion (without options)
Complete the summary using words
from the passage.
Butterflies have a life cycle with
four stages: ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Female butterflies lay ________ on the leaves of host plants, which
hatch into ________. Caterpillars spend their time ________ and ________.
When fully grown, the caterpillar forms a ________ and undergoes ________
inside it. The final stage is the ________, which focuses on ________
and ________.
Answers:
- egg
- larva
- pupa
- adult
- eggs
- caterpillars
- eating
- growing
- chrysalis
- metamorphosis
- adult butterfly
- reproduction
- feeding on nectar
Tips for IELTS Summary Completion:
- Always use words from the passage—no new words.
- Check the context before and after the blank to
find the correct answer.
- Pay attention to verbs, nouns, or adjectives
depending on the blank.
- Read the passage carefully and underline key terms
related to the summary.
Passage: The Process of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green
plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into chemical energy. This
process is essential for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and energy-rich
compounds.
The process takes place mainly in the
chloroplasts of plant cells, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide
and water into glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: the
light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
During the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is captured and
stored in molecules of ATP and NADPH. Water molecules are also split, releasing
oxygen as a by-product.
In the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH
produced in the first stage are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
This glucose can then be used immediately as energy or stored in the form of
starch for later use. Photosynthesis is affected by factors such as light
intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
Summary Completion (without options)
Complete the
summary using words from the passage.
Photosynthesis is
the process by which ________, algae, and some bacteria convert ________
into ________. This process occurs mainly in ________, which
contain ________. Chlorophyll absorbs ________, which is used to
transform ________ and ________ into ________ and ________.
Photosynthesis has two stages: ________ and ________. During the
first stage, sunlight energy is stored in ________ and ________,
and ________ is released. In the second stage, these energy molecules
help convert ________ into ________, which can be used
immediately or stored as ________.
Answers:
1.
green
plants
2.
sunlight
3.
chemical
energy
4.
chloroplasts
5.
chlorophyll
6.
light
energy
7.
carbon
dioxide
8.
water
9.
glucose
10. oxygen
11. light-dependent reactions
12. light-independent reactions (Calvin
cycle)
13. ATP
14. NADPH
15. oxygen
16. carbon dioxide
17. glucose
18. starch
Tips
for Summary Completion Practice:
- Look for keywords
in the passage near the blank.
- Use exact
words from the passage; synonyms are usually not accepted unless the
passage itself uses them.
- Understand
the sequence of events if the summary follows a process (like
photosynthesis).
- Underline
the main nouns, verbs, and technical terms when reading the
passage.
Passage: The Water Cycle
The water cycle, also called the hydrological
cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the
surface of the Earth. It is essential for maintaining life and climate
patterns.
Water evaporates from oceans, rivers, and
lakes due to heat from the Sun. Plants also release water into the atmosphere
through a process called transpiration. The water vapor rises and cools,
forming clouds in a process known as condensation.
When clouds become heavy, water falls back to
the Earth’s surface as precipitation, which can be in the form of rain, snow,
sleet, or hail. Some of this water infiltrates the soil, replenishing
groundwater, while the rest flows over land as surface runoff, eventually
returning to oceans and lakes.
The water cycle is powered by solar energy and
is essential for distributing fresh water, supporting ecosystems, and influencing
weather patterns.
Summary Completion (No More Than 3 Words)
Complete the
summary using words from the passage (maximum 3 words per blank).
The ________,
also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous ________ of
water. Water ________ from oceans, rivers, and lakes, and plants release
water through ________. The water vapor cools to form ________.
Water returns to the Earth’s surface as ________, some infiltrates the ________,
and the rest flows as ________. The water cycle is powered by ________
and is essential for ________ and ________.
Answers:
1.
water
cycle
2.
movement
3.
evaporates
4.
transpiration
5.
clouds
6.
precipitation
7.
soil
8.
surface
runoff
9.
solar
energy
10. distributing fresh water
11. supporting ecosystems
Tips
for “No More Than 3 Words” Summary Completion:
- Use exact
wording from the passage.
- Do not add
extra words; stick to the key terms or phrases.
- Look for signal
words near blanks, e.g., “called,” “forms,” “returns.”
- Check the grammatical
fit in the summary; sometimes the blank is a noun, verb, or phrase.
Passage: The Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process
that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth, some
of it is reflected back into space, while the rest is absorbed and re-radiated
as heat.
Certain gases in the atmosphere, called
greenhouse gases, trap this heat and keep the planet warm enough to support
life. The main greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
and water vapor.
Human activities, such as burning fossil
fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have increased the
concentration of these gases, enhancing the greenhouse effect and leading to
global warming. This causes climate change, rising sea levels, and extreme
weather events.
Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
include using renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and protecting
forests. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to limit
global temperature rise and mitigate the effects of climate change.
Summary Completion (No More Than 3 Words)
Complete the
summary using words from the passage (maximum 3 words per blank).
The ________
is a natural process that warms the Earth. Some of the Sun’s energy is ________,
while the rest is absorbed and re-radiated as ________. ________
trap this heat and keep the planet warm. Human activities, including ________,
have increased these gases, enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing ________.
To reduce emissions, people use ________ and improve ________,
while international agreements like the ________ aim to limit global
temperature rise.
Answers:
1.
greenhouse
effect
2.
reflected
back
3.
heat
4.
greenhouse
gases
5.
burning
fossil fuels
6.
climate
change
7.
renewable
energy
8.
energy
efficiency
9.
Paris
Agreement
Tips
for “No More Than 3 Words” Summary Completion:
- Always
choose exact wording or short phrases from the passage.
- Pay
attention to key nouns, verbs, and phrases near the blank.
- The blank
may be one word or a short phrase, never add extra words.
- Look for signal
phrases like “include,” “such as,” and “called.”
Passage 1: Volcanoes
Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s surface
through which molten rock, gas, and ash escape. The molten rock is called magma
when beneath the surface and lava when it reaches the surface. Volcanoes
form at tectonic plate boundaries or over hotspots. Eruptions can be explosive
or effusive, depending on the magma’s composition and gas content. Volcanoes
impact the environment by creating new land, affecting climate, and posing
risks to human life. Scientists monitor volcanoes using seismographs, gas
measurements, and satellite imagery to predict eruptions.
Summary Completion:
Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s surface
that release ________. Magma beneath the surface is called ________,
while on the surface it is called ________. Volcanoes form at ________
or over ________. Eruptions can be ________ or ________,
depending on ________ and ________. Scientists monitor volcanoes
using ________, ________, and ________ to predict
eruptions.
Answers:
1.
molten
rock
2.
magma
3.
lava
4.
tectonic
plate boundaries
5.
hotspots
6.
explosive
7.
effusive
8.
magma
composition
9.
gas
content
10. seismographs
11. gas measurements
12. satellite imagery
Passage 2: Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when there is a sudden release
of energy in the Earth’s crust, creating seismic waves. They usually happen
along fault lines where tectonic plates meet. The point inside the Earth where
the earthquake begins is called the focus, and the point on the surface
directly above it is the epicenter. Earthquakes can cause ground
shaking, landslides, tsunamis, and structural damage. Scientists use seismographs
to record earthquakes and the Richter scale to measure their magnitude.
Summary Completion:
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of ________
in the Earth’s crust. They usually occur along ________. The starting
point of an earthquake is the ________, and the point above it is the ________.
Earthquakes can cause ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Scientists record earthquakes using ________ and measure their magnitude
with the ________.
Answers:
1.
energy
2.
fault
lines
3.
focus
4.
epicenter
5.
ground
shaking
6.
landslides
7.
tsunamis
8.
structural
damage
9.
seismographs
10. Richter scale
Passage 3: The Solar System
The Solar System consists of the Sun and all
objects bound to it by gravity, including planets, moons, comets, asteroids,
and meteoroids. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, and Neptune is the
farthest. The four inner planets are rocky, while the outer planets are gas
giants. The asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter. Comets are icy bodies
that develop tails when near the Sun.
Summary Completion:
The Solar System includes the ________
and all objects held by ________. Mercury is the ________ planet,
and Neptune is the ________. The inner planets are ________,
while the outer planets are ________. The ________ lies between
Mars and Jupiter. Comets are ________ that develop ________ near
the Sun.
Answers:
1.
Sun
2.
gravity
3.
closest
4.
farthest
5.
rocky
6.
gas
giants
7.
asteroid
belt
8.
icy
bodies
9.
tails
Passage 4: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green
plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. It takes place in chloroplasts,
which contain chlorophyll. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and water,
producing glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two
stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. Light
energy is captured by chlorophyll, and water is split, releasing oxygen. The
energy stored in ATP and NADPH during the first stage is used to convert carbon
dioxide into glucose in the second stage.
Summary Completion:
Photosynthesis allows ________ to
convert sunlight into ________. It occurs in ________, which
contain ________. Plants absorb ________ and ________ to
produce ________ and ________. The process has two stages: ________
and ________. Light energy is captured, and ________ is released.
ATP and NADPH are used to convert ________ into ________.
Answers:
1.
green
plants
2.
chemical
energy
3.
chloroplasts
4.
chlorophyll
5.
carbon
dioxide
6.
water
7.
glucose
8.
oxygen
9.
light-dependent
reactions
10. Calvin cycle
11. oxygen
12. carbon dioxide
13. glucose
Passage 5: Renewable Energy
Renewable energy comes from natural sources
that are replenished constantly. Examples include solar, wind, hydropower,
geothermal, and biomass. Solar energy is captured using photovoltaic
panels, while wind energy is harnessed by turbines. Hydropower uses the
flow of water to generate electricity. Geothermal energy uses heat from the
Earth’s interior. Renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps
mitigate climate change.
Summary Completion:
Renewable energy is derived from ________
that are replenished naturally. Examples include ________, ________,
________, ________, and ________. Solar energy is captured
with ________, and wind energy is harnessed using ________.
Hydropower uses ________, and geothermal energy uses ________.
Renewable energy helps reduce ________ and mitigate ________.
Answers:
1.
natural
sources
2.
solar
3.
wind
4.
hydropower
5.
geothermal
6.
biomass
7.
photovoltaic
panels
8.
turbines
9.
flow
of water
10. heat from Earth
11. greenhouse gas emissions
12. climate change
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