Verb (क्रिया)

 Verb (क्रिया)

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. Every complete sentence in English must have a verb.

Nepali:
क्रिया (Kriyā) त्यो शब्द हो जसले कुनै काम, घटना वा अवस्थालाई जनाउँछ। अंग्रेजीको हरेक पूर्ण वाक्यमा क्रिया अनिवार्य हुन्छ।

Example / उदाहरण:
She runs every morning. (Action – काम) → उनी हरेक बिहान दौडिन्छिन्।
He is a teacher. (State of being – अवस्था) → उनी हुन् एक शिक्षक।

2. Types of Verbs (क्रियाका प्रकार)

Verbs are mainly divided into three main types:

S.No.	English Type	Nepali Type	Description
1	Action Verbs	क्रियात्मक क्रिया	Show physical or mental action
2	Linking Verbs	योजक क्रिया	Connect subject to a description
3	Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs	सहायक क्रिया	Help the main verb express tense, mood, or voice

Each main type has further subtypes, explained below.

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Type 1: Action Verbs (क्रियात्मक क्रिया)

English: Express a physical or mental action.
Nepali: शारीरिक वा मानसिक काम जनाउँछन्।

Subtypes of Action Verbs:

Subtype	English	Nepali	Examples
Transitive Verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया)	Require an object (कर्म चाहिन्छ)	Object लिन्छ	She eats an apple. (के खान्छ? – स्याउ)
Intransitive Verbs (अकर्मक क्रिया)	Do not require an object (कर्म चाहिँदैन)	Object लिँदैन	He sleeps. (के सुत्छ? – कुनै object छैन)

Examples of Action Verbs:

English Verb	Nepali Verb	English Sentence	Nepali Sentence
Run	दौडिनु	He runs fast.	उनी दौडिन्छन् छिटो।
Eat	खानु	I eat rice.	म खान्छु भात।
Think	सोच्नु	She thinks deeply.	उनी सोच्छिन् गहिरो।
Write	लेख्नु	They write a letter.	उनीहरू लेख्छन् पत्र।
Read	पढ्नु	We read books.	हामी पढ्छौं किताबहरू।

Transitive vs. Intransitive Examples (सकर्मक ÷ अकर्मक)

Type	English	Nepali
Transitive	She kicked the ball. (Object: ball)	उनले बल लात हानिन्।
Intransitive	She laughed loudly. (No object)	उनी ठूलो स्वरले हाँसिन्।

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Type 2: Linking Verbs (योजक क्रिया)

English: Connect the subject to a word that describes or identifies it. They do not show action.
Nepali: कर्तालाई वर्णन वा पहिचान दिने शब्दसँग जोड्छन्। यीले काम देखाउँदैनन्।

Common Linking Verbs:

to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Other linking verbs: become, seem, appear, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, remain, grow, stay

English Sentence	Nepali Sentence
1.      She is a doctor.	उनी हुन् एक डाक्टर।
2.      He feels tired.	उनी थकित महसुस गर्छन्।
3.      The food tastes good.	खाना मीठो लाग्छ।
4.      You look beautiful.	तपाईं सुन्दर देखिनुहुन्छ।
5.      They became friends.	उनीहरू साथी भए।

Linking vs. Action Verb (योजक ÷ क्रियात्मक)

Word	As Linking Verb	As Action Verb
Look	She looks happy. (state)	She looks at the sky. (action)
Smell	The flower smells sweet. (state)	She smells the flower. (action)
Taste	The soup tastes salty. (state)	He tastes the soup. (action)

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Type 3: Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs (सहायक क्रिया)

English: Help the main verb express tense, mood, voice, or emphasis. They cannot stand alone as the main verb.
Nepali: मुख्य क्रियालाई काल, मनोवृत्ति, वाच्य वा जोड दिन मद्दत गर्छन्। यी एक्लै मुख्य क्रिया बन्दैनन्।

Subtypes of Helping Verbs:

A. Primary Auxiliaries (मुख्य सहायक क्रिया)

be, have, do

Auxiliary	Uses	Example English	Nepali
be (am/is/are/was/were)	Continuous tense, passive voice	She is running.	उनी दौडिरहेकी छिन्।
have (have/has/had)	Perfect tenses	I have finished.	मैले सकिसकेको छु।
do (do/does/did)	Questions, negatives, emphasis	Do you like it?	के तपाईंलाई मन पर्छ?

B. Modal Auxiliaries (अभिकरण सहायक क्रिया)

can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to

Modal	Meaning	Example English	Nepali
Can	Ability, permission	I can swim.	म पौडी खेल्न सक्छु।
Could	Past ability, polite request	Could you help me?	के तपाईं मलाई मद्दत गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ?
Will	Future, promise	She will come.	उनी आउने छिन्।
Would	Polite request, habit in past	Would you like tea?	के तपाईं चिया मन पराउनुहुन्छ?
Shall	Suggestion (with I/we)	Shall we go?	के हामी जाऔं?
Should	Advice, obligation	You should study.	तपाईंले पढ्नु पर्छ।
May	Permission, possibility	May I come in?	के म भित्र आउन सक्छु?
Might	Less possibility	It might rain.	पानी पर्न सक्छ।
Must	Strong obligation	You must stop.	तपाईंले रोक्नै पर्छ।
Ought to	Moral duty	We ought to help.	हामीले मद्दत गर्नु उचित छ।

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3. Other Important Classifications

A. Regular vs. Irregular Verbs (नियमित ÷ अनियमित क्रिया)

Type	English	Nepali	Rule	Examples
Regular	Past form ends in -ed	अन्त्यमा -ed थपिन्छ	V1 + ed = V2/V3	walk → walked → walked
Irregular	Past form changes	आफैँ परिवर्तन हुन्छ	No fixed rule	go → went → gone

Examples:

Base Form (V1)	Past (V2)	Past Participle (V3)	Nepali
Regular
Work	worked	worked	काम गर्नु
Play	played	played	खेल्नु
Irregular
Go	went	gone	जानु
Eat	ate	eaten	खानु
See	saw	seen	देख्नु
Sing	sang	sung	गाउनु

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B. Finite vs. Non-Finite Verbs (सीमित ÷ असीमित क्रिया)

Type	English	Nepali	Example
Finite	Shows tense, agrees with subject	काल र कर्ता अनुसार परिवर्तन	She sings (singular) / They sing (plural)
Non-Finite	No tense, no subject agreement	काल/कर्ता अनुसार फेरिँदैन	To sing is fun. / Singing is fun.

Non-Finite Verb Subtypes:

Subtype	English	Nepali	Example
Infinitive	to + verb	to + क्रिया	To read is good.
Gerund	verb + ing (acts as noun)	क्रिया + इङ (संज्ञा)	Swimming is healthy.
Participle	verb as adjective	क्रिया विशेषणको रूपमा	The burnt toast / Running water

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4. Uses of Verbs (क्रियाका प्रयोगहरू)

Use (प्रयोग)	English	Nepali
Show action	He runs daily.	उनी दैनिक दौडिन्छन्।
Show state of being	I am happy.	म छु खुसी।
Show tense (time)	She will come tomorrow.	उनी भोलि आउने छिन्।
Show possibility	It might rain.	पानी पर्न सक्छ।
Show obligation	You must go.	तपाईं जानै पर्छ।
Form questions	Do you like coffee?	के तपाईंलाई कफी मन पर्छ?
Form negatives	I do not know.	म जान्दिन।
Form passive voice	The cake was eaten.	केक खाइयो।
Connect subject & description	She is a doctor.	उनी हुन् डाक्टर।

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5. Complete Summary Table (पूर्ण सारांश तालिका)

Type (प्रकार)	Function (काम)	English Example	Nepali Example
1.      Action Verb (क्रियात्मक)	Shows action	She writes a letter.	उनी लेख्छिन् पत्र।
2.      – Transitive (सकर्मक)	Needs object	She kicked the ball.	उनले बल लात हानिन्।
3.      – Intransitive (अकर्मक)	No object	She sleeps.	उनी सुत्छिन्।
4.      Linking Verb (योजक)	Connects subject to description	He is tall.	उनी हुन् अग्लो।
5.      Helping Verb (सहायक)	Helps main verb	She is running.	उनी दौडिरहेकी छिन्।
6.      – Primary (मुख्य सहायक)	be, have, do	I have seen it.	मैले देखिसकेको छु।
7.      – Modal (अभिकरण)	can, will, must, etc.	You must go.	तपाईं जानै पर्छ।
8.      Regular (नियमित)	Ends in -ed in past	walk → walked	हिँड्नु → हिँडे
9.      Irregular (अनियमित)	Changes form	go → went	जानु → गए
10. Finite (सीमित)	Shows tense	She sings / They sing	उनी गाउँछिन् / उनीहरू गाउँछन्
11. Non-Finite (असीमित)	No tense	To sing / Singing	गाउनु / गाउँदै

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6. Example Sentences in Both Languages (दुवै भाषामा उदाहरण वाक्य)

English Sentence	Nepali Sentence
1.      She runs every morning.	उनी हरेक बिहान दौडिन्छिन्।
2.      He is a good student.	उनी हुन् एक राम्रो विद्यार्थी।
3.      They have finished their homework.	उनीहरूले आफ्नो गृहकार्य सकिसकेका छन्।
4.      Can you help me?	के तपाईं मलाई मद्दत गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ?
5.      I will come tomorrow.	म भोलि आउने छु।
6.      The food tastes delicious.	खाना मीठो लाग्छ।
7.      She does not like coffee.	उनलाई कफी मन पर्दैन।
8.      The letter was written by him.	पत्र उसले लेखियो।
9.      To err is human.	गल्ती गर्नु मानवीय हो।
10. Swimming is good exercise.	पौडी खेल्नु राम्रो व्यायाम हो।