PTE
Writing: Summarize Written Text
Complete guide with useful tips, exam strategies, key facts, useful linking words,
and practice
sets with sample answers.
1. Exam Format, Scoring & Key Facts
What is this task?
- You will see a passage of up to 300 words.
- You must write a one-sentence summary
of the passage in 5 to 75 words.
- You will be given 10 minutes per question to
read the passage, plan, and write your summary.
Key Facts
|
Aspect |
Detail |
|
Number of Questions |
You will get 1-2 of these tasks in the
Writing section. |
|
Time |
10 minutes per question. Manage your time
carefully—spend 2-3 minutes reading, 5-6 minutes writing, and 1-2 minutes
reviewing. |
|
Word Limit |
5 to 75 words. If you write less than 5 or more
than 75, your response will be scored as zero. |
|
Scoring |
This task contributes to both your Writing and Reading
scores. It is scored on: Content (0-2 points), Form (0-1 point),
Grammar (0-2 points), Vocabulary (0-2 points). |
|
Skill
Tested |
This task tests your ability to summarize, paraphrase, and identify the main
idea of a text. |
Scoring Breakdown
|
Criteria |
Score |
Description |
|
Content |
0-2 |
Does the summary include the main idea and key supporting
points? |
|
Form |
0-1 |
Is the summary between 5-75 words and written as a single
sentence? |
|
Grammar |
0-2 |
Is the sentence grammatically correct? |
|
Vocabulary |
0-2 |
Are the words used appropriately and accurately? |
2. Effective Strategies for Success
Step-by-Step Approach
|
Step |
Action |
Why? |
|
1 |
Read
the passage carefully (2-3 minutes) |
Understand the main idea and key supporting details.
Identify the topic, purpose, and conclusion. |
|
2 |
Identify
the main idea |
Ask yourself: "What is the author's main argument or
purpose?" Look for the thesis statement or topic sentence. |
|
3 |
Identify
2-3 key supporting points |
These are the most important details that support the main
idea. Ignore examples, anecdotes, and minor details. |
|
4 |
Plan
your sentence structure |
Decide how to organize the main idea and supporting points
into a single coherent sentence. Use a complex sentence structure
with linking words. |
|
5 |
Write
your summary
(5-6 minutes) |
Use your own words to paraphrase the passage. Do not copy
directly from the text. |
|
6 |
Review
and edit (1-2
minutes) |
Check word count (5-75 words). Check grammar, spelling, and
punctuation. Ensure the sentence is complete. |
Common Structures for Summaries
|
Structure |
Example |
|
Cause-Effect |
"The
rise of remote work has led to increased productivity, as employees report
fewer distractions and greater flexibility, which ultimately benefits both
workers and employers." |
|
Problem-Solution |
"Climate
change poses a significant threat to coastal communities, and governments
must invest in flood defense systems to mitigate the risk of rising sea
levels." |
|
Comparison-Contrast |
"While
traditional education models emphasize rote memorization, modern approaches
prioritize critical thinking and problem-solving skills." |
|
Argument-Support |
"Artificial
intelligence is transforming healthcare by enabling earlier diagnosis and
personalized treatment, which can significantly improve patient
outcomes." |
Useful Linking Words
|
Category |
Linking
Words |
|
Cause-Effect |
because, since, as, therefore, consequently, hence, thus,
as a result, leading to, resulting in |
|
Contrast |
although, while, whereas, despite, however, nevertheless,
nonetheless, but, yet |
|
Addition |
additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, also, and |
|
Example |
such as, including, for example, for instance, particularly |
|
Conclusion |
ultimately, in conclusion, therefore, thus, hence |
Common Mistakes to Avoid
|
Mistake |
Why
It's Wrong |
|
Copying
directly from the passage |
This will result in a low vocabulary score. Always
paraphrase. |
|
Writing
multiple sentences |
The task requires a single sentence. Use commas,
semicolons, and conjunctions to combine ideas. |
|
Exceeding
75 words |
Your response will be scored as zero. Count your words
carefully. |
|
Writing
less than 5 words |
Your response will be scored as zero. |
|
Including
minor details |
Focus only on the main idea and 2-3 key supporting points.
Ignore examples, anecdotes, and repetition. |
|
Using
incorrect grammar |
Grammatical errors will lower your score. Check
subject-verb agreement, tenses, and punctuation. |
Pro Tips for High Scores
|
Tip |
Explanation |
|
Paraphrase
effectively |
Use synonyms and change the sentence structure. For
example, "The government
introduced a new policy" → "A new policy was introduced by the
government." |
|
Use
a complex sentence |
Combine the main idea and supporting points using linking
words. A complex sentence demonstrates a high level of writing ability. |
|
Be
concise |
Every word should add value. Avoid unnecessary adjectives,
adverbs, and repetition. |
|
Check
word count |
Count your words carefully. Use a tool or count manually to
ensure you are within the 5-75 word limit. |
|
Practice
regularly |
The more you practice, the faster and more accurate you
become. |
3. Practice Sets — 5 Passages with
Sample Answers
Set 1
Passage:
The concept of "emotional intelligence" has
gained significant traction in recent years, particularly in the fields of psychology
and organizational behavior. Unlike traditional measures of cognitive ability,
emotional intelligence refers to an individual's capacity to recognize,
understand, and manage their own emotions, as well as those of others. Research
has consistently shown that individuals with high emotional intelligence are
more likely to succeed in leadership roles, build strong relationships, and
navigate complex social situations effectively. Consequently, many corporations
have begun to incorporate emotional intelligence training into their
professional development programs, recognizing its value in fostering a
positive and productive workplace culture.
Sample Answer:
Emotional
intelligence, which involves recognizing and managing one's own emotions and
those of others, has become increasingly important in the workplace, leading
many companies to incorporate training programs that enhance leadership skills
and foster a positive culture.
Word Count: 27
Why It Works:
- Content:
Includes the main idea (emotional intelligence) and key supporting points
(recognizing emotions, workplace importance, training programs).
- Form: Single
sentence within the word limit.
- Grammar:
Correct subject-verb agreement and punctuation.
- Vocabulary:
Uses paraphrasing (e.g., "involves" instead of "refers
to," "incorporate" instead of "include").
Set 2
Passage:
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has
sparked widespread debate about its potential impact on employment. While some
experts argue that AI will create new job categories and enhance productivity,
others fear that automation will lead to significant job displacement. History
suggests that technological revolutions do not eliminate jobs entirely but
rather transform the nature of work. However, the pace of current change is
unprecedented, and many governments are grappling with the challenge of
ensuring their workforce is adequately prepared for the future through
education and retraining programs.
Sample Answer:
Although
artificial intelligence has sparked debate about job displacement, it is likely
to transform rather than eliminate jobs, and governments must therefore invest
in education and retraining programs to prepare their workforce for the changes
ahead.
Word Count: 30
Why It Works:
- Content:
Includes the main idea (AI's impact on employment) and key supporting
points (debate, transformation, government action).
- Form: Single
sentence within the word limit.
- Grammar:
Correct use of "although" and "therefore."
- Vocabulary:
Uses paraphrasing (e.g., "sparked debate" instead of
"sparked widespread debate," "prepare" instead of
"adequately prepare").
Set 3
Passage:
The preservation of biodiversity is essential for the
stability of ecosystems and the well-being of human societies. Biodiversity
provides critical ecosystem services, including pollination, water
purification, and climate regulation. However, human activities such as
deforestation, pollution, and overfishing are causing species extinction at an
alarming rate. To address this crisis, conservation efforts must be
intensified, and governments must implement stricter environmental regulations.
Additionally, public awareness campaigns can play a vital role in promoting sustainable
practices and encouraging individuals to reduce their ecological footprint.
Sample Answer:
Biodiversity is
essential for ecosystem stability and human well-being, but human activities
are causing rapid species extinction, so governments must implement stricter
regulations and public awareness campaigns to promote sustainable practices and
conservation efforts.
Word Count: 28
Why It Works:
- Content:
Includes the main idea (biodiversity importance) and key supporting points
(human activities causing extinction, need for regulations and awareness).
- Form: Single
sentence within the word limit.
- Grammar:
Correct use of "but" and "so."
- Vocabulary:
Uses paraphrasing (e.g., "essential" instead of
"critical," "implement" instead of
"enforce").
Set 4
Passage:
The phenomenon of "urban heat islands" is a
growing concern for metropolitan planners. This effect describes a situation
where urban areas record significantly higher temperatures than their
surrounding rural counterparts. The primary drivers of this phenomenon include
the widespread use of heat-absorbing materials such as concrete and asphalt, as
well as the concentration of anthropogenic heat sources like vehicle emissions
and industrial processes. To mitigate the effects of urban heat islands, cities
are increasingly investing in green infrastructure, including parks, green
roofs, and reflective building materials. These measures not only reduce
temperatures but also improve air quality and enhance the overall well-being of
residents.
Sample Answer:
The urban heat
island effect, driven by heat-absorbing materials and anthropogenic heat
sources, causes higher temperatures in cities than in rural areas, and cities
are mitigating this through green infrastructure such as parks and green roofs,
which also improve air quality and resident well-being.
Word Count: 38
Why It Works:
- Content:
Includes the main idea (urban heat islands) and key supporting points
(causes, mitigation strategies, benefits).
- Form: Single
sentence within the word limit.
- Grammar:
Correct use of commas and "and."
- Vocabulary:
Uses paraphrasing (e.g., "driven by" instead of
"include," "mitigating" instead of "to
mitigate").
Set 5
Passage:
The rise of remote work has fundamentally transformed
the traditional office culture. Enabled by advancements in digital
communication technologies, remote work offers employees greater flexibility
and autonomy, leading to improved work-life balance. However, this shift has
also introduced challenges, including professional isolation and difficulties
in team collaboration. To address these challenges, many companies are now
adopting hybrid models that allow employees to work both remotely and in the
office. Such models aim to combine the benefits of flexibility with the social
interaction and spontaneous collaboration that physical offices provide.
Sample Answer:
Remote work,
enabled by digital technologies, offers employees flexibility and autonomy,
leading to improved work-life balance, but it also presents challenges like
professional isolation, so many companies are adopting hybrid models to balance
these benefits and drawbacks.
Word Count: 35
Why It Works:
- Content:
Includes the main idea (remote work transformation) and key supporting
points (benefits, challenges, hybrid solutions).
- Form: Single
sentence within the word limit.
- Grammar:
Correct use of "but" and "so."
- Vocabulary:
Uses paraphrasing (e.g., "enabled by" instead of
"advancements in," "presents" instead of
"introduced").
4. Summary Checklist for Exam Day
|
Action |
Time |
|
Read
the passage carefully |
2-3 minutes |
|
Identify
main idea and key points |
1 minute |
|
Plan
your sentence structure |
1 minute |
|
Write
your summary |
3-4 minutes |
|
Review
and edit |
1-2 minutes |
|
Total |
10
minutes per question |
Final Tips:
- If you are unsure, write a simple but correct sentence. A clear, concise summary is better than an
overly complex but incorrect one.
- Paraphrase consistently. Avoid using the same words as the passage.
- Count your words.
Ensure you are within the 5-75 word limit.
- Check your grammar. Read your sentence aloud to ensure it sounds correct.
- Practice regularly. The more you practice, the faster and more
accurate you become.
PTE Writing:
Summarize Written Text
15 More Advanced Practice Sets — Sets 6–20
Set 6
Passage (320 words):
The concept of "sustainable urban
development" has become a central tenet of modern city planning. As the
global population continues to urbanize at an unprecedented rate, cities are
facing mounting pressure to accommodate growth while minimizing environmental
degradation. Sustainable urban development seeks to balance economic growth,
social equity, and environmental protection. This approach emphasizes the
importance of compact, mixed-use neighborhoods that reduce the need for car
travel and promote public transportation, cycling, and walking. Additionally,
sustainable cities prioritize green infrastructure, including parks, green
roofs, and permeable pavements, which help manage stormwater, reduce the urban
heat island effect, and improve air quality. However, the transition to
sustainable urban development is not without challenges. Many cities face
significant financial constraints, and retrofitting existing infrastructure is
often more expensive than building new developments. Furthermore, political
will and public support are crucial for the successful implementation of
sustainable policies. Despite these obstacles, numerous cities around the world
are making significant progress. For example, Copenhagen aims to become carbon
neutral by 2025, while Singapore has integrated green spaces into its high-density
urban fabric. These examples demonstrate that sustainable urban development is
not only desirable but also achievable with the right combination of political
commitment, public engagement, and innovative design.
Sample Answer:
Sustainable urban
development, which balances economic growth, social equity, and environmental
protection through compact neighborhoods and green infrastructure, is
achievable with political commitment and public engagement, as demonstrated by
cities like Copenhagen and Singapore, despite financial and retrofitting
challenges.
Word Count: 34
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Sustainable urban development balances growth, equity, and environment.
- Key Points:
Compact neighborhoods, green infrastructure, examples (Copenhagen,
Singapore), challenges (finances, retrofitting).
- Paraphrasing:
"Central tenet" → "core principle,"
"unprecedented rate" → "rapid pace," "mounting
pressure" → "increasing pressure."
- Linking Words:
"despite" and "as demonstrated by."
Set 7
Passage (330
words):
The phenomenon of "fake news" has emerged as
a significant societal concern in the digital age. The proliferation of social
media platforms has enabled the rapid dissemination of misinformation, often
reaching millions of users within hours. Unlike traditional news media, which
are subject to editorial oversight and fact-checking, social media content is
largely unregulated, making it susceptible to manipulation. The consequences of
fake news are far-reaching. It can influence political elections, incite social
unrest, and erode public trust in institutions. Moreover, the algorithmic
design of social media platforms often prioritizes engagement over accuracy,
creating echo chambers where users are exposed primarily to information that
reinforces their existing beliefs. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the ease
with which fake news can be created and shared, often for financial or
political gain. To combat fake news, governments, technology companies, and
educational institutions must collaborate. Proposed solutions include enhanced
fact-checking mechanisms, algorithmic transparency, and media literacy programs
that teach individuals how to critically evaluate information sources. While
some progress has been made, the scale of the problem necessitates a concerted
and sustained effort from all sectors of society.
Sample Answer:
The rapid spread
of fake news on social media, driven by unregulated content and algorithmic
echo chambers, poses serious threats to political and social stability, but
this can be mitigated through collaboration between governments, tech
companies, and educators to implement fact-checking and media literacy
programs.
Word Count: 39
Why It Works:
- Main Idea: Fake
news is a significant societal concern.
- Key Points:
Causes (unregulated social media, algorithms), consequences (political
influence, social unrest), solutions (collaboration, fact-checking, media
literacy).
- Paraphrasing:
"Proliferation" → "rapid spread,"
"dissemination" → "spread," "erode public
trust" → "poses serious threats."
- Linking Words:
"driven by," "but," "through."
Set 8
Passage (310
words):
The importance of early childhood education cannot be
overstated. Research has consistently demonstrated that the first five years of
a child's life are critical for cognitive, social, and emotional development.
During this period, the brain undergoes rapid growth, forming neural
connections that lay the foundation for future learning and behavior.
High-quality early childhood education programs provide children with
structured opportunities to develop essential skills, including language,
literacy, numeracy, and social interaction. Moreover, such programs have been
shown to narrow achievement gaps between children from different socio-economic
backgrounds. Children who participate in quality early education are more
likely to succeed academically, graduate from high school, and pursue higher
education. They also tend to have better health outcomes and lower rates of
criminal behavior. Despite the clear benefits, access to quality early
childhood education remains uneven. Many families, particularly those in
low-income communities, struggle to afford these programs. Furthermore, the
quality of early education varies significantly, depending on factors such as
teacher qualifications, curriculum design, and funding. To address these
disparities, governments must invest in early childhood education, ensuring
that all children have access to high-quality programs regardless of their
family's income.
Sample Answer:
Early childhood
education is critical for cognitive and social development, as it builds neural
foundations and narrows achievement gaps, but access remains unequal, so
governments must invest in quality programs to ensure all children benefit.
Word Count: 30
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Early childhood education is critical for development.
- Key Points:
Benefits (neural connections, narrowing gaps, better outcomes), challenges
(unequal access, varying quality), solution (government investment).
- Paraphrasing:
"Cannot be overstated" → "is critical,"
"high-quality" → "quality," "substantial
investment" → "invest."
- Linking Words:
"as," "but," "so."
Set 9
Passage (340
words):
The global transition to renewable energy is essential
for mitigating climate change and ensuring long-term energy security. Fossil
fuels, which currently dominate the global energy mix, are finite resources
that contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast,
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are
abundant, clean, and sustainable. However, the transition to renewable energy
is not without challenges. The intermittency of solar and wind power requires
substantial investment in energy storage and grid modernization. Additionally,
the upfront costs of renewable energy infrastructure can be prohibitive for
developing nations. Despite these challenges, the cost of renewable energy has
been declining rapidly, making it increasingly competitive with fossil fuels.
Many countries are now setting ambitious renewable energy targets. For example,
the European Union aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, while China has
committed to reaching peak emissions by 2030. To accelerate the transition,
governments must implement supportive policies, including subsidies, tax
incentives, and research funding. International cooperation is also crucial, as
climate change is a global problem that requires collective action. By investing
in renewable energy and phasing out fossil fuels, nations can create a
sustainable and prosperous future for generations to come.
Sample Answer:
Although the
transition to renewable energy faces challenges such as intermittency and high
upfront costs, declining costs and ambitious targets set by countries like the
EU and China indicate that supportive policies and international cooperation
can accelerate this essential shift away from fossil fuels.
Word Count: 36
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Transition to renewable energy is essential.
- Key Points:
Challenges (intermittency, costs), benefits (declining costs,
sustainability), solutions (supportive policies, cooperation), examples
(EU, China).
- Paraphrasing: "Mitigating"
→ "address," "finite resources" → "limited
resources," "abundant" → "plentiful."
- Linking Words:
"although," "such as," "and."
Set 10
Passage (320
words):
The concept of "cultural intelligence" has
gained increasing recognition in the field of international business. Cultural
intelligence, or CQ, refers to an individual's ability to function effectively
in culturally diverse settings. It encompasses four key components: cognitive
CQ (knowledge of cultural norms), metacognitive CQ (awareness of cultural
assumptions), motivational CQ (interest in cultural interactions), and
behavioral CQ (ability to adapt behavior). In today's globalized economy,
organizations are operating across borders, and employees are increasingly
working in multicultural teams. High CQ is associated with improved
communication, better negotiation outcomes, and more effective leadership.
Conversely, low CQ can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and missed
business opportunities. To develop CQ, individuals can engage in cross-cultural
training, immersive experiences, and reflective practices. Organizations can
also foster CQ by promoting diversity, encouraging open dialogue, and providing
ongoing learning opportunities. Moreover, research suggests that CQ can be
cultivated over time through deliberate effort and practice. As the world
becomes increasingly interconnected, CQ is likely to become a critical
competency for professionals across all industries.
Sample Answer:
Cultural
intelligence, which includes cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and
behavioral components, is essential for effective communication and leadership
in multicultural workplaces, and it can be developed through training,
reflection, and organizational support.
Word Count: 27
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Cultural intelligence is important for international business.
- Key Points:
Components (cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, behavioral), benefits
(better communication, leadership), development (training, reflection).
- Paraphrasing:
"Gained increasing recognition" → "has become increasingly
recognized," "encompasses" → "includes,"
"high CQ" → "high CQ is associated with."
- Linking Words:
"which includes," "and."
Set 11
Passage (330
words):
The impact of social media on mental health has become
a subject of intense debate among psychologists and public health officials. On
one hand, social media platforms offer numerous benefits, including social
connection, community support, and access to information. They can be
particularly valuable for individuals who are geographically isolated or belong
to marginalized groups. On the other hand, excessive use of social media has
been linked to negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and low
self-esteem. These effects are often attributed to the phenomenon of
"social comparison," where individuals compare their lives to the
curated highlight reels of others. Additionally, the constant notification-driven
engagement can lead to sleep disruption and reduced face-to-face interaction.
Research indicates that the relationship between social media and mental health
is complex and influenced by factors such as usage patterns, individual resilience,
and the nature of online interactions. For instance, passive consumption of
content tends to be more harmful than active engagement with others. To promote
mental well-being, experts recommend setting boundaries, taking digital
detoxes, and cultivating meaningful offline relationships. Ultimately, the key
lies in mindful and intentional use of social media.
Sample Answer:
While social
media offers benefits like social connection and community support, excessive
use is linked to anxiety and depression due to social comparison and sleep
disruption, so experts recommend mindful use, boundaries, and offline
relationships to promote well-being.
Word Count: 32
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Social media's impact on mental health is complex.
- Key Points: Benefits
(connection, support), negative effects (anxiety, depression, sleep
disruption), cause (social comparison), solutions (mindful use,
boundaries, offline relationships).
- Paraphrasing:
"Intense debate" → "subject of much debate,"
"attribute to" → "due to," "cultivating" →
"promoting."
- Linking Words:
"while," "so," "like."
Set 12
Passage (340
words):
The rise of the gig economy has fundamentally altered
the traditional employment landscape. Characterized by short-term contracts,
freelance work, and on-demand services, the gig economy offers workers
flexibility and autonomy over their schedules. For many, this represents an
attractive alternative to the rigidity of permanent employment. However, this
flexibility often comes at the cost of job security and benefits traditionally
associated with employment, such as health insurance, paid leave, and
retirement plans. The classification of gig workers as "independent
contractors" has become a contentious issue, as it allows companies to
evade responsibilities such as minimum wage laws and unemployment insurance.
Critics argue that this represents an exploitation of the labor market,
shifting risks from businesses to individual workers. In response, some
governments have begun to introduce legislation aimed at extending worker
protections to gig workers. For example, California's AB5 law seeks to
reclassify many gig workers as employees. However, the debate is far from
settled, with both sides presenting compelling arguments about the future of
work. As the gig economy continues to grow, finding a balance between
flexibility and security will be essential for policymakers and businesses
alike.
Sample Answer:
The gig economy
offers workers flexibility and autonomy but often lacks job security and
benefits, leading to debates over worker classification, with some governments
introducing laws like California's AB5 to extend protections, though the
balance between flexibility and security remains unresolved.
Word Count: 34
Why It Works:
- Main Idea: The
gig economy is reshaping employment.
- Key Points:
Benefits (flexibility, autonomy), drawbacks (lack of security, benefits),
controversy (classification), response (new laws), conclusion (balance
needed).
- Paraphrasing:
"Fundamentally altered" → "reshaped,"
"contentious" → "debated," "extend worker
protections" → "extend protections."
- Linking Words:
"but," "leading to," "though."
Set 13
Passage (310
words):
The field of behavioral economics has challenged the
traditional economic assumption that human beings are rational actors. Contrary
to classical theories, which posit that individuals make decisions to maximize
utility, behavioral economists argue that human judgment is systematically
flawed by cognitive biases. One of the most pervasive biases is "loss
aversion," the tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring
equivalent gains. This bias explains why people often stick with familiar
choices, even when objectively better alternatives exist. Another common bias
is the "status quo bias," which describes a preference for the
current state of affairs. These biases have significant implications for public
policy. For example, policymakers can design "nudges" that guide individuals
toward better decisions without restricting their freedom of choice. By
understanding how people actually behave, governments can design more effective
policies for health, savings, and environmental conservation. The application
of behavioral insights has led to notable successes, such as increased
participation in pension plans and higher rates of organ donation. However,
critics caution that nudges can be manipulative and that the ethical
implications of such interventions must be carefully considered.
Sample Answer:
Behavioral
economics challenges the assumption of human rationality, highlighting biases
like loss aversion and status quo bias, which have practical applications in
public policy through nudges, though ethical concerns about manipulation
remain.
Word Count: 28
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Behavioral economics challenges rationality.
- Key Points:
Biases (loss aversion, status quo), applications (nudges, policy), success
(pension plans), concerns (ethics).
- Paraphrasing: "Challenged"
→ "challenges," "pervasive" → "common,"
"notable successes" → "successes."
- Linking Words:
"highlighting," "though."
Set 14
Passage (330
words):
The concept of "circular economy" has
emerged as a promising alternative to the traditional linear
"take-make-dispose" model of production and consumption. In a
circular economy, resources are kept in use for as long as possible, extracting
the maximum value from them while in use, and then recovering and regenerating
products and materials at the end of their life. This approach aims to
eliminate waste, reduce pollution, and conserve natural resources. Key
principles of the circular economy include designing for longevity,
repairability, and recyclability, as well as promoting sharing, leasing, and
reuse models. Numerous companies have already begun to embrace circular
practices. For example, furniture companies now offer leasing options and
take-back schemes, while electronics manufacturers are designing products that
are easier to repair. The benefits of the circular economy are substantial. It
can reduce environmental impact, create new economic opportunities, and enhance
resource security. However, transitioning to a circular economy requires
significant changes in behavior, business models, and regulatory frameworks.
Governments can support this transition by implementing policies that
incentivize sustainable practices, such as tax breaks for eco-friendly products
and penalties for waste generation. Ultimately, the circular economy represents
a fundamental shift in how we think about resources and value.
Sample Answer:
The circular
economy offers an alternative to the linear "take-make-dispose" model
by keeping resources in use and regenerating products, which reduces waste and
conserves resources, but its success depends on changes in behavior, business
models, and government policies like tax breaks and penalties for waste.
Word Count: 40
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Circular economy is an alternative to linear production.
- Key Points:
Principles (longevity, recyclability, reuse), examples (leasing, repairs),
benefits (reduce waste, create opportunities), challenges (behavior,
policy).
- Paraphrasing:
"Promising alternative" → "offers an alternative,"
"extracting the maximum value" → "keeping resources in
use," "substantial" → "significant."
- Linking Words:
"by," "which," "but."
Set 15
Passage (320
words):
The phenomenon of "burnout" has become
increasingly prevalent in modern workplaces. Burnout is a state of emotional,
physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress. It is characterized
by three key dimensions: exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy.
The causes of burnout are multifaceted and often include excessive workload,
lack of control, insufficient reward, and a lack of social support.
Additionally, the blurring of boundaries between work and personal life,
particularly in the era of remote work, has exacerbated the problem. The
consequences of burnout are severe, not only for individuals but also for
organizations. Burnout is associated with decreased productivity, increased
absenteeism, and higher employee turnover. To prevent burnout, organizations
must adopt proactive strategies. These include promoting work-life balance,
providing adequate resources and support, and fostering a positive workplace
culture. Individuals can also take steps to manage stress, such as setting
boundaries, practicing mindfulness, and seeking social support. Furthermore,
leadership plays a critical role in mitigating burnout. Leaders who model
healthy behaviors, communicate openly, and show empathy can create an
environment where employees feel valued and supported.
Sample Answer:
Burnout, caused
by prolonged stress, excessive workload, and blurred work-life boundaries,
leads to exhaustion and decreased productivity, so organizations must promote
work-life balance and supportive cultures, while individuals can manage stress
through boundaries and mindfulness.
Word Count: 31
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Burnout is increasingly prevalent in workplaces.
- Key Points: Causes
(stress, workload, boundaries), consequences (exhaustion, reduced
productivity), solutions (work-life balance, supportive culture,
individual strategies).
- Paraphrasing:
"State of... exhaustion" → "leads to exhaustion,"
"multifaceted" → "complex," "proactive
strategies" → "must promote."
- Linking Words:
"caused by," "so," "while."
Set 16
Passage (340
words):
The importance of financial literacy has gained
recognition as a critical life skill. Financial literacy refers to the ability
to understand and effectively manage financial matters, including budgeting,
saving, investing, and debt management. In an increasingly complex financial
landscape, individuals are required to make decisions about mortgages, student loans,
retirement plans, and credit cards. Unfortunately, many people lack the
necessary knowledge to make informed financial decisions. This deficiency is
associated with a range of negative outcomes, including high levels of debt,
insufficient savings, and financial stress. Moreover, the consequences of
financial illiteracy extend beyond individuals to have broader societal
implications, such as increased reliance on social welfare programs and
economic instability. To address this issue, governments and educational
institutions are increasingly incorporating financial education into school
curricula. These programs aim to equip young people with the skills and
knowledge they need to navigate the financial challenges of adulthood.
Additionally, employers are offering financial wellness programs to support
their employees. Research suggests that financial education can be effective,
particularly when it is practical and tailored to learners' needs. However, the
impact of financial education depends on factors such as program design,
delivery, and follow-up support.
Sample Answer:
Financial
literacy is essential for managing personal finances, yet many people lack this
knowledge, leading to debt and financial stress, so governments and educators
are incorporating financial education into curricula and workplaces to equip
individuals with practical skills.
Word Count: 30
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Financial literacy is a critical life skill.
- Key Points:
Importance (budgeting, saving), consequences of illiteracy (debt, stress),
solutions (education in schools, workplace programs).
- Paraphrasing:
"Gained recognition" → "is essential," "complex
financial landscape" → "complex financial world,"
"effective" → "can be effective."
- Linking Words:
"yet," "leading to," "so."
Set 17
Passage (310
words):
The development of smart cities represents a
significant shift in urban planning and governance. Smart cities leverage
technology, data, and artificial intelligence to enhance the quality of life
for residents, improve efficiency, and promote sustainability. Key features of
smart cities include intelligent transportation systems, smart grids, and
digital public services. These technologies can reduce traffic congestion,
lower energy consumption, and streamline administrative processes. For example,
smart traffic lights can adjust in real-time to optimize traffic flow, while
smart meters can help households monitor and reduce their energy usage.
However, the implementation of smart city technologies raises important
concerns about privacy and security. The collection of vast amounts of personal
data creates risks of surveillance and data breaches. Additionally, there is a
risk of creating a "digital divide," where certain groups are excluded
from the benefits of smart city innovations due to lack of access or digital
literacy. To address these challenges, policymakers must ensure that smart city
developments are inclusive, transparent, and accountable. This requires robust
regulatory frameworks, public engagement, and measures to bridge the digital
divide. Ultimately, the success of smart cities depends on striking a balance
between innovation and the protection of citizens' rights.
Sample Answer:
Smart cities use
technology and data to improve efficiency and sustainability through
intelligent systems, but they raise concerns about privacy, security, and
digital exclusion, so policymakers must ensure these developments are inclusive
and accountable.
Word Count: 27
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Smart cities are transforming urban planning.
- Key Points:
Benefits (efficiency, sustainability), examples (traffic lights, smart
meters), concerns (privacy, digital divide), solutions (regulations,
inclusivity).
- Paraphrasing: "Significant
shift" → "transform," "leverage" →
"use," "streamline" → "improve."
- Linking Words:
"but," "so."
Set 18
Passage (330
words):
The concept of "food security" has evolved
to encompass not only the availability of sufficient food but also access,
utilization, and stability. Globally, millions of people experience food
insecurity, which is defined as a lack of consistent access to enough food for
an active, healthy life. The causes of food insecurity are complex and include
poverty, climate change, conflict, and systemic inequality. Climate change
poses a particular threat, as extreme weather events can devastate crops and
disrupt supply chains. Additionally, food waste and loss exacerbate the
problem, with approximately one-third of all food produced for human
consumption being wasted each year. Addressing food insecurity requires a
multi-faceted approach. Strategies include improving agricultural productivity,
strengthening supply chains, reducing food waste, and enhancing social safety
nets. Furthermore, promoting sustainable farming practices and investing in
agricultural research can help build resilience to climate change.
International cooperation is also essential, as food insecurity is a global
challenge that transcends borders. Organizations such as the World Food
Programme play a vital role in providing emergency food assistance and
supporting long-term development initiatives. Ultimately, achieving food
security requires collective action and a commitment to addressing the root
causes of hunger and malnutrition.
Sample Answer:
Food security,
which encompasses access, utilization, and stability, is threatened by climate
change, poverty, and waste, so addressing it requires improving agricultural
productivity, reducing waste, and international cooperation through
organizations like the World Food Programme.
Word Count: 30
Why It Works:
- Main Idea: Food
security is a complex issue.
- Key Points: Definition
(access, utilization, stability), threats (climate change, poverty,
waste), solutions (productivity, waste reduction, cooperation).
- Paraphrasing:
"Evolved to encompass" → "encompasses,"
"multi-faceted" → "complex," "vital role" →
"important role."
- Linking Words:
"which," "so."
Set 19
Passage (340
words):
The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare has
expanded rapidly in recent years. AI-powered tools are now being used for a
variety of applications, including diagnostic imaging, drug discovery, and
personalized treatment planning. These tools have the potential to improve
patient outcomes by enabling earlier detection of diseases, more accurate
diagnoses, and more targeted therapies. For example, AI algorithms can analyze
medical images with a level of accuracy that rivals or surpasses human experts.
Similarly, AI can process vast amounts of genomic data to identify mutations
that may be driving a patient's cancer. Despite these promising developments, the
integration of AI into healthcare presents significant challenges. Issues
related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and regulatory oversight must be
addressed to ensure that AI is used ethically and equitably. Additionally,
there is a need for collaboration between AI developers and healthcare
professionals to ensure that tools are user-friendly and clinically relevant.
Medical training is also evolving to incorporate AI literacy, equipping future
physicians with the skills to use these tools effectively. Ultimately, the
success of AI in healthcare will depend on a careful and balanced approach that
maximizes benefits while minimizing risks.
Sample Answer:
AI in healthcare
enables earlier disease detection, accurate diagnoses, and targeted treatments,
but challenges like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and regulatory oversight
require ethical integration, collaboration, and AI literacy in medical
training.
Word Count: 26
Why It Works:
- Main Idea: AI is expanding rapidly in healthcare.
- Key Points: Benefits (earlier detection, accuracy), examples
(diagnostic imaging, genomic data), challenges (privacy, bias,
regulation), solutions (collaboration, training).
- Paraphrasing: "Expanded rapidly" → "is
expanding rapidly," "promising" → "positive,"
"significant challenges" → "challenges."
- Linking Words: "but."
Set 20
Passage (320
words):
The phenomenon of "overtourism" has become a
growing concern in popular tourist destinations around the world. Overtourism
refers to the excessive influx of visitors that overwhelms local
infrastructure, degrades natural and cultural environments, and diminishes the
quality of life for residents. Cities like Venice, Barcelona, and Amsterdam
have experienced severe pressure from tourism. Iconic landmarks are
overcrowded, public spaces are congested, and housing prices are inflated due
to the proliferation of short-term rentals. The environmental impact is also
significant, with increased waste, water consumption, and carbon emissions. To
address over tourism, governments and tourism authorities are implementing
various measures. These include limiting visitor numbers, introducing tourist
taxes, promoting off-season travel, and diversifying tourist attractions.
Additionally, campaigns are being launched to encourage responsible tourism
behavior, such as respecting local cultures and minimizing environmental
footprints. Some cities are also investing in infrastructure improvements to
better manage visitor flows. While these measures can mitigate the negative
effects of overtourism, sustainable solutions require a fundamental shift in
how tourism is planned and managed. This includes balancing the economic
benefits of tourism with the needs of local communities and the environment.
Sample Answer:
Overtourism,
caused by excessive visitor numbers, degrades environments and diminishes
residents' quality of life, so governments are implementing measures like
limiting visitors, introducing taxes, and promoting responsible tourism to
balance economic benefits with local needs.
Word Count: 30
Why It Works:
- Main Idea:
Overtourism is a growing concern.
- Key Points:
Definition (overwhelming infrastructure, degrading environments), effects
(congestion, inflated housing, environmental impact), solutions (limiting
visitors, taxes, responsible tourism).
- Paraphrasing:
"Growing concern" → "increasing concern,"
"excessive influx" → "excessive number,"
"proliferation" → "growth."
- Linking Words:
"caused by," "so."
Summary Checklist for Exam Day
|
Action |
Time |
|
Read
the passage carefully |
2–3 minutes |
|
Identify
main idea and key points |
1 minute |
|
Plan
your sentence structure |
1 minute |
|
Write
your summary |
3–4 minutes |
|
Review
and edit |
1–2 minutes |
|
Total |
10
minutes per question |
Final Tips:
- Paraphrase consistently. Avoid copying directly from the passage.
- Use linking words
to connect ideas and create a complex sentence.
- Check your word count (5–75 words).
- Check grammar —
read your sentence aloud to ensure it sounds correct.
- Stay
within the time limit.
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