PTE Reading & Writing
10
complete PTE-style Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks practice sets, modeled on the latest exam trends. Each set focuses on collocations,
tense agreement, and context clues—just like the real PTE.
Set1
Germline
gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, __________ (1)
unprecedented capabilities to modify human embryos with heritable consequences.
While therapeutic applications __________ (2) immense potential for eliminating
devastating genetic disorders, critics __________ (3) profound ethical concerns
regarding unintended off-target effects and eugenic implications. Regulatory
frameworks __________ (4) significantly across jurisdictions, creating a
fragmented governance landscape. The international scientific community
__________ (5) for a moratorium on clinical germline editing until robust safety
and ethical standards are established. Whether such voluntary restraint
__________ (6) effective in the absence of binding international treaties
remains highly contentious.
Options:
1.
A) offer / B) offered / C) have offered
/ D) are offering
2.
A) hold / B) held / C) have held /
D) are holding
3.
A) raise / B) raised / C) have
raised / D) are raising
4.
A) diverge / B) diverged / C) have
diverged / D) are diverging
5.
A) advocates / B) advocated / C) has
advocated / D) is advocating
6.
A) proves / B) proved / C) will
prove / D) would prove
Answers & Explanations:
|
Blank |
Answer |
Tense |
Rationale |
|
1 |
C) have
offered |
Present Perfect |
Past technological development
with ongoing present relevance |
|
2 |
A) hold |
Simple Present |
General factual statement about
therapeutic potential |
|
3 |
C) have
raised |
Present Perfect |
Past ethical concerns that
continue to be relevant now |
|
4 |
A)
diverge |
Simple Present |
General factual observation about
regulatory differences |
|
5 |
A)
advocates |
Simple Present |
Current position/advocacy of the
scientific community |
|
6 |
C) will
prove |
Simple Future |
Future assessment
("Whether...will prove effective") |
Set 2: Remote Work Policies
Passage:
Many corporations __________ (1) their remote work policies in response to
employee feedback. A recent survey __________ (2) that 78% of staff prefer
hybrid models. However, managers __________ (3) concerns about team cohesion
and productivity. Over the next year, companies __________ (4) more resources
into virtual collaboration tools. Since the pandemic, workforce expectations
__________ (5) dramatically.
Options:
1.
A) adjust / B) are adjusting / C)
have adjusted / D) will adjust
2.
A) indicates / B) indicated / C) has
indicated / D) was indicating
3.
A) express / B) expressed / C) have
expressed / D) were expressing
4.
A) invest / B) invested / C) will
invest / D) have invested
5.
A) shift / B) shifted / C) have
shifted / D) were shifting
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
B) are
adjusting – Present Continuous
(ongoing action happening now)
2.
A)
indicates – Simple Present (general
fact from the survey)
3.
C) have
expressed – Present Perfect (past
action with present relevance)
4.
C) will
invest – Simple Future (future plan
with "over the next year")
5.
C) have
shifted – Present Perfect (change
from past until now)
Set 3: Urban Transportation
Passage:
City officials __________ (1) a new bike-lane network to reduce traffic
congestion. The project __________ (2) construction next month and __________
(3) by 2027. So far, public feedback __________ (4) overwhelmingly positive.
Many residents __________ (5) cycling to work regularly now.
Options:
1.
A) approve / B) approved / C) have
approved / D) will approve
2.
A) begins / B) began / C) has begun
/ D) will begin
3.
A) completes / B) completed / C)
will be completed / D) has completed
4.
A) is / B) was / C) has been / D)
will be
5.
A) take / B) took / C) have taken /
D) are taking
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
C) have
approved – Present Perfect (recent
past with current result)
2.
D) will
begin – Simple Future (future
schedule)
3.
C) will be
completed – Future Passive (passive
voice + future time)
4.
C) has
been – Present Perfect (up to
now)
5.
D) are
taking – Present Continuous
(current habit/trend)
Set 4: Healthcare Funding
Passage:
The government __________ (1) additional funds for public hospitals annually.
Last year, it __________ (2) the budget by 12%. However, experts __________ (3)
that more investment is still needed. By 2030, the system __________ (4) over 2
million additional patients. For decades, funding gaps __________ (5) a major
challenge.
Options:
1.
A) allocates / B) allocated / C) has
allocated / D) will allocate
2.
A) increases / B) increased / C) has
increased / D) was increasing
3.
A) argue / B) argued / C) have
argued / D) were arguing
4.
A) serves / B) served / C) will
serve / D) has served
5.
A) remain / B) remained / C) have
remained / D) will remain
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
A)
allocates – Simple Present (regular
annual action)
2.
B)
increased – Simple Past ("last
year" = finished time)
3.
A) argue – Simple Present (current expert opinion)
4.
C) will
serve – Simple Future ("by
2030" = future point)
5.
C) have
remained – Present Perfect (ongoing
issue from past to now)
Set 5: Education Technology
Passage:
Schools worldwide __________ (1) digital tools into classrooms at an accelerating
pace. Currently, teachers __________ (2) new software platforms to enhance
student engagement. The shift __________ (3) significant training investments
over the past five years. By 2028, most institutions __________ (4) fully
integrated systems. Many educators __________ (5) positive outcomes already.
Options:
1.
A) integrate / B) integrated / C)
have integrated / D) are integrating
2.
A) adopt / B) adopted / C) have
adopted / D) are adopting
3.
A) requires / B) required / C) has
required / D) will require
4.
A) have / B) had / C) will have / D)
are having
5.
A) report / B) reported / C) have
reported / D) will report
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) are
integrating – Present Continuous
(current trend/process)
2.
D) are
adopting – Present Continuous (action
happening now)
3.
C) has
required – Present Perfect
("over the past five years")
4.
C) will
have – Simple Future ("by
2028")
5.
C) have
reported – Present Perfect
("already" = past action with present result)
Set 6: Climate Policy
Passage:
International leaders __________ (1) new emissions targets at the upcoming
summit. Many nations __________ (2) their commitments since the Paris
Agreement. However, some countries still __________ (3) to meet their
obligations. Scientists __________ (4) that urgent action is critical. By 2050,
global temperatures __________ (5) by 1.5°C unless drastic measures are taken.
Options:
1.
A) announce / B) announced / C) have
announced / D) will announce
2.
A) strengthen / B) strengthened / C)
have strengthened / D) were strengthening
3.
A) struggle / B) struggled / C) have
struggled / D) are struggling
4.
A) warn / B) warned / C) have warned
/ D) will warn
5.
A) rise / B) rose / C) will rise /
D) have risen
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) will
announce – Simple Future
("upcoming" = future event)
2.
C) have
strengthened – Present Perfect (since a
past point until now)
3.
A)
struggle – Simple Present (current
ongoing reality)
4.
A) warn – Simple Present (general scientific warning)
5.
C) will
rise – Simple Future ("by
2050" = future prediction)
Set 7: E-Commerce Growth
Passage:
Online retail sales __________ (1) steadily over the last decade. Many
traditional stores __________ (2) their business models to compete. Currently,
major retailers __________ (3) heavily in AI-driven logistics. Analysts predict
that e-commerce __________ (4) 30% of total retail by 2030. Consumer habits
__________ (5) permanently since the pandemic.
Options:
1.
A) grow / B) grew / C) have grown /
D) are growing
2.
A) adapt / B) adapted / C) have
adapted / D) are adapting
3.
A) invest / B) invested / C) have
invested / D) are investing
4.
A) accounts for / B) accounted for /
C) will account for / D) has accounted for
5.
A) change / B) changed / C) have
changed / D) are changing
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
C) have
grown – Present Perfect
("over the last decade")
2.
C) have
adapted – Present Perfect (past
change with present relevance)
3.
D) are
investing – Present Continuous
("currently" = now)
4.
C) will
account for – Simple Future ("by
2030" = future)
5.
C) have
changed – Present Perfect
("since the pandemic" = from past to now)
Set 8: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Passage:
AI systems __________ (1) doctors in diagnosing diseases more accurately.
Recent trials __________ (2) that AI can detect early-stage cancer with 95%
accuracy. However, ethical concerns __________ (3) the adoption of these
technologies. Over the next decade, AI __________ (4) a standard tool in most
hospitals. Medical schools __________ (5) AI training into their curricula
already.
Options:
1.
A) assist / B) assisted / C) have
assisted / D) are assisting
2.
A) show / B) showed / C) have shown
/ D) will show
3.
A) slow / B) slowed / C) have slowed
/ D) are slowing
4.
A) becomes / B) became / C) will
become / D) has become
5.
A) integrate / B) integrated / C)
have integrated / D) are integrating
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) are
assisting – Present Continuous
(current ongoing assistance)
2.
C) have
shown – Present Perfect
("recent" = past with present relevance)
3.
C) have
slowed – Present Perfect (ongoing
effect up to now)
4.
C) will
become – Simple Future ("over
the next decade")
5.
C) have
integrated – Present Perfect
("already" = completed past action)
Set 9: Tourism Recovery
Passage:
The tourism industry __________ (1) steadily since travel restrictions eased.
Many destinations __________ (2) new sustainable practices to attract visitors.
Currently, hotel bookings __________ (3) pre-pandemic levels in most regions.
By next summer, international arrivals __________ (4) to 80% of 2019 numbers.
Local economies __________ (5) heavily on tourism revenue for years.
Options:
1.
A) recovers / B) recovered / C) has
recovered / D) is recovering
2.
A) adopt / B) adopted / C) have
adopted / D) are adopting
3.
A) approach / B) approached / C)
have approached / D) are approaching
4.
A) rebound / B) rebounded / C) will
rebound / D) have rebounded
5.
A) depend / B) depended / C) have
depended / D) will depend
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) is
recovering – Present Continuous
(ongoing recovery process)
2.
C) have
adopted – Present Perfect (past
actions with present results)
3.
D) are
approaching – Present Continuous
(current trend/process)
4.
C) will
rebound – Simple Future ("by
next summer" = future)
5.
C) have
depended – Present Perfect ("for
years" = duration up to now)
Set 10: Space Exploration
Passage:
Space agencies __________ (1) ambitious missions to Mars in the coming decade.
NASA __________ (2) its Artemis program since 2017. Private companies
__________ (3) increasingly active in the sector recently. By 2040, humans
__________ (4) permanent bases on the lunar surface. Scientists __________ (5)
for habitable exoplanets continuously now.
Options:
1.
A) plan / B) planned / C) have
planned / D) are planning
2.
A) develops / B) developed / C) has
been developing / D) will develop
3.
A) become / B) became / C) have
become / D) are becoming
4.
A) establish / B) established / C)
will establish / D) have established
5.
A) search / B) searched / C) have
searched / D) are searching
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) are
planning – Present Continuous
(current planning for future)
2.
C) has
been developing – Present Perfect Continuous
("since 2017" = duration)
3.
C) have
become – Present Perfect
("recently" = past to present)
4.
C) will
establish – Simple Future ("by
2040" = future)
5.
D) are
searching – Present Continuous
("now" = ongoing action)
Set 11: Renewable Energy Transition
Passage:
Many countries __________ (1) their dependence on fossil fuels gradually. Last
year, global renewable capacity __________ (2) a record high. However, storage
technologies __________ (3) behind demand in some regions. Governments
__________ (4) subsidies to accelerate the transition over the next five years.
Environmental groups __________ (5) for stricter regulations for a long time.
Options:
1.
A) reduce / B) reduced / C) have reduced
/ D) are reducing
2.
A) reaches / B) reached / C) has
reached / D) was reaching
3.
A) lag / B) lagged / C) have lagged
/ D) are lagging
4.
A) increase / B) increased / C) will
increase / D) have increased
5.
A) campaign / B) campaigned / C)
have campaigned / D) are campaigning
Answers
& Explanations:
1.
D) are
reducing – Present Continuous
(gradual ongoing process)
2.
B) reached – Simple Past ("last year" = finished
time)
3.
D) are
lagging – Present Continuous
(current situation)
4.
C) will
increase – Simple Future ("over
the next five years")
5.
C) have
campaigned – Present Perfect ("for
a long time" = duration)
20
high-difficulty PTE-style Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks sets, each with 4–5 blanks and carefully crafted options
that test subtle tense distinctions, passive voice, conditionals, modals,
and advanced collocations. These are designed to mimic the toughest
questions in the real PTE exam.
Set 12: Cryptocurrency Regulation
Passage:
Global financial regulators __________ (1) a unified framework for digital
assets since 2020. The recent market volatility __________ (2) urgent
legislative action. However, policymakers __________ (3) between innovation and
consumer protection. A comprehensive bill __________ (4) by parliament before the
end of this session. Industry leaders __________ (5) that excessive
restrictions could stifle growth.
Options:
1.
A) debate / B) debated / C) have
debated / D) have been debating
2.
A) demands / B) demanded / C) has
demanded / D) will demand
3.
A) struggle / B) struggled / C) have
struggled / D) are struggling
4.
A) passes / B) passed / C) will be
passed / D) has been passed
5.
A) warn / B) warned / C) have warned
/ D) are warning
Answers:
1.
D) have
been debating – Present Perfect Continuous
(ongoing debate since 2020)
2.
C) has
demanded – Present Perfect (recent
past with present urgency)
3.
D) are
struggling – Present Continuous
(current ongoing difficulty)
4.
C) will be
passed – Future Passive (future
action + passive voice)
5.
A) warn – Simple Present (general current warning)
Set 13: Biodiversity Conservation
Passage:
Ecosystem degradation __________ (1) at an alarming rate despite global
conservation efforts. If current trends __________ (2), one million species
__________ (3) extinct within decades. Protected areas __________ (4)
significantly since the 1992 Earth Summit. Nevertheless, illegal logging
__________ (5) a persistent threat in tropical regions.
Options:
1.
A) accelerates / B) accelerated / C)
has accelerated / D) is accelerating
2.
A) continue / B) continued / C) will
continue / D) have continued
3.
A) go / B) went / C) will go / D)
would go
4.
A) expand / B) expanded / C) have
expanded / D) were expanding
5.
A) remains / B) remained / C) has
remained / D) is remaining
Answers:
1.
D) is
accelerating – Present Continuous
(ongoing process)
2.
A)
continue – Simple Present
(conditional: "If current trends continue")
3.
C) will go – Simple Future (real conditional result)
4.
C) have
expanded – Present Perfect
("since 1992" = from past to now)
5.
A) remains – Simple Present (general fact)
Set 14: Quantum Computing Breakthroughs
Passage:
Researchers at the institute __________ (1) a stable 100-qubit processor last
quarter. This achievement __________ (2) the field closer to practical
applications. However, commercial viability __________ (3) likely until cooling
costs __________ (4) substantially. By 2030, quantum systems __________ (5)
conventional supercomputers in specific tasks.
Options:
1.
A) demonstrate / B) demonstrated /
C) have demonstrated / D) were demonstrating
2.
A) brings / B) brought / C) has
brought / D) is bringing
3.
A) does not become / B) will not
become / C) has not become / D) is not becoming
4.
A) reduce / B) reduced / C) will
reduce / D) are reduced
5.
A) outperform / B) outperformed / C)
will outperform / D) have outperformed
Answers:
1.
B)
demonstrated – Simple Past ("last
quarter" = finished time)
2.
C) has
brought – Present Perfect (past
achievement with present effect)
3.
B) will
not become – Simple Future (future
prediction)
4.
D) are
reduced – Present Passive
(conditional "until" + passive)
5.
C) will
outperform – Simple Future ("by
2030" = future)
Set 15: Mental Health in the Workplace
Passage:
Employee well-being programs __________ (1) a priority for forward-thinking
organizations. Since the pandemic, burnout rates __________ (2) by 40%
globally. Managers __________ (3) new approaches to support their teams
currently. However, stigma __________ (4) many workers from seeking help.
Comprehensive policies __________ (5) if productivity is to be sustained
long-term.
Options:
1.
A) become / B) became / C) have
become / D) are becoming
2.
A) increase / B) increased / C) have
increased / D) are increasing
3.
A) implement / B) implemented / C) have
implemented / D) are implementing
4.
A) prevents / B) prevented / C) has
prevented / D) is preventing
5.
A) need / B) needed / C) are needed
/ D) will be needed
Answers:
1.
C) have
become – Present Perfect (change up
to now)
2.
C) have
increased – Present Perfect ("since
the pandemic" = from past)
3.
D) are
implementing – Present Continuous
("currently" = now)
4.
A)
prevents – Simple Present (general
fact)
5.
D) will be
needed – Future Passive
(conditional + passive)
Set 16: Autonomous Vehicles Adoption
Passage:
Self-driving technology __________ (1) rapidly over the past five years.
Nevertheless, public trust __________ (2) low in many countries. Regulatory
frameworks __________ (3) the pace of deployment significantly. If safety
standards __________ (4), mass adoption __________ (5) delayed by another
decade.
Options:
1.
A) advances / B) advanced / C) has
advanced / D) is advancing
2.
A) remains / B) remained / C) has
remained / D) is remaining
3.
A) affect / B) affected / C) have
affected / D) are affecting
4.
A) are not strengthened / B) were
not strengthened / C) will not be strengthened / D) have not been strengthened
5.
A) is / B) was / C) will be / D) has
been
Answers:
1.
C) has
advanced – Present Perfect
("over the past five years")
2.
C) has
remained – Present Perfect (ongoing
state)
3.
D) are
affecting – Present Continuous
(current ongoing effect)
4.
B) were
not strengthened – Past Subjunctive (second
conditional: "if...were")
5.
C) will be – Future Passive (conditional result)
Set 17: Global Supply Chain Resilience
Passage:
The pandemic __________ (1) severe vulnerabilities in global supply chains.
Since then, companies __________ (2) their sourcing strategies aggressively.
Currently, inventory levels __________ (3) at record highs. However,
geopolitical tensions __________ (4) new risks to the system. Diversification
__________ (5) essential for long-term stability.
Options:
1.
A) exposes / B) exposed / C) has
exposed / D) is exposing
2.
A) diversify / B) diversified / C)
have diversified / D) are diversifying
3.
A) stand / B) stood / C) have stood
/ D) are standing
4.
A) pose / B) posed / C) have posed /
D) are posing
5.
A) is / B) was / C) has been / D)
will be
Answers:
1.
C) has
exposed – Present Perfect (past
event with present relevance)
2.
C) have
diversified – Present Perfect
("since then" = from past to now)
3.
D) are
standing – Present Continuous
("currently" = now)
4.
D) are
posing – Present Continuous
(current emerging threat)
5.
A) is – Simple Present (general timeless truth)
Set 18: Genomic Medicine
Passage:
Personalized treatments based on genetic profiling __________ (1) the future of
healthcare. Clinical trials __________ (2) promising results for cancer
patients recently. However, ethical concerns __________ (3) data privacy and
consent. If these issues __________ (4) properly, wider adoption __________ (5)
significantly.
Options:
1.
A) represent / B) represented / C)
have represented / D) are representing
2.
A) yield / B) yielded / C) have
yielded / D) are yielding
3.
A) surround / B) surrounded / C)
have surrounded / D) are surrounding
4.
A) address / B) addressed / C) are
addressed / D) will address
5.
A) accelerates / B) accelerated / C)
will accelerate / D) has accelerated
Answers:
1.
A)
represent – Simple Present (general
statement)
2.
C) have
yielded – Present Perfect ("recently"
= past to present)
3.
A)
surround – Simple Present (general
concerns)
4.
C) are
addressed – Present Passive
(conditional: "if...are addressed")
5.
C) will
accelerate – Simple Future (conditional
result)
Set 19: Social Media Influence on Politics
Passage:
Digital platforms __________ (1) political discourse in unprecedented ways for
over a decade. Misinformation __________ (2) electoral outcomes in several
recent cases. Regulators __________ (3) new accountability measures currently.
Whether these measures __________ (4) effective __________ (5) to be seen.
Options:
1.
A) shape / B) shaped / C) have
shaped / D) have been shaping
2.
A) influences / B) influenced / C)
has influenced / D) is influencing
3.
A) introduce / B) introduced / C)
have introduced / D) are introducing
4.
A) prove / B) proved / C) will prove
/ D) have proved
5.
A) remains / B) remained / C) has
remained / D) is remaining
Answers:
1.
D) have
been shaping – Present Perfect Continuous
(ongoing influence over time)
2.
C) has influenced – Present Perfect ("in several recent
cases" = past to now)
3.
D) are
introducing – Present Continuous
("currently" = now)
4.
C) will
prove – Simple Future (future
assessment)
5.
A) remains – Simple Present (general statement)
Set 20: Sustainable Architecture
Passage:
Green building materials __________ (1) mainstream adoption due to cost
concerns. However, stringent energy codes __________ (2) innovation in the
sector. The new skyscraper __________ (3) as the world's most sustainable
high-rise when completed. Its designers __________ (4) passive cooling systems
that __________ (5) energy consumption by 60%.
Options:
1.
A) resist / B) resisted / C) have
resisted / D) are resisting
2.
A) drive / B) drove / C) have driven
/ D) are driving
3.
A) is hailed / B) was hailed / C)
has been hailed / D) will be hailed
4.
A) incorporate / B) incorporated /
C) have incorporated / D) are incorporating
5.
A) reduce / B) reduced / C) will
reduce / D) have reduced
Answers:
1.
D) are
resisting – Present Continuous
(current reluctance)
2.
D) are
driving – Present Continuous
(current driving force)
3.
D) will be
hailed – Future Passive ("when
completed" = future)
4.
A)
incorporate – Simple Present (general
design feature)
5.
C) will
reduce – Simple Future (predicted
outcome)
Set 21: Nuclear Fusion Energy
Passage:
Scientists __________ (1) net-positive fusion reactions for the first time last
year. This milestone __________ (2) decades of research. However, commercial
fusion plants __________ (3) before 2050. Massive investments __________ (4) if
this technology __________ (5) viable.
Options:
1.
A) achieve / B) achieved / C) have
achieved / D) were achieving
2.
A) caps / B) capped / C) has capped
/ D) is capping
3.
A) do not emerge / B) did not emerge
/ C) will not emerge / D) have not emerged
4.
A) require / B) required / C) will
be required / D) are required
5.
A) becomes / B) became / C) will
become / D) has become
Answers:
1.
B)
achieved – Simple Past ("last
year" = finished time)
2.
B) capped – Simple Past (past event describing achievement)
3.
C) will
not emerge – Simple Future (future
prediction)
4.
C) will be
required – Future Passive
(conditional + passive)
5.
A) becomes – Simple Present (real conditional:
"if...becomes")
Set 22: Corporate ESG Reporting
Passage:
Environmental, Social, and Governance standards __________ (1) mandatory for
listed companies. Many firms __________ (2) their sustainability disclosures
since 2020. However, greenwashing accusations __________ (3) increasingly
common currently. Independent auditors __________ (4) to verify claims. By next
year, standardized metrics __________ (5) across all sectors.
Options:
1.
A) become / B) became / C) have
become / D) are becoming
2.
A) expand / B) expanded / C) have
expanded / D) are expanding
3.
A) become / B) became / C) have
become / D) are becoming
4.
A) require / B) required / C) will
require / D) are required
5.
A) apply / B) applied / C) will
apply / D) will be applied
Answers:
1.
C) have
become – Present Perfect (change up
to now)
2.
C) have
expanded – Present Perfect
("since 2020" = from past)
3.
D) are
becoming – Present Continuous
("currently" = ongoing trend)
4.
D) are
required – Present Passive (current
necessity)
5.
D) will be
applied – Future Passive ("by
next year" = future)
Set 23: Aging Population Challenges
Passage:
Developed nations __________ (1) unprecedented demographic shifts. If current
trends __________ (2), the elderly dependency ratio __________ (3) double by
2040. Healthcare systems __________ (4) under strain already. Innovative care
models __________ (5) urgently to address this crisis.
Options:
1.
A) face / B) faced / C) have faced /
D) are facing
2.
A) persist / B) persisted / C) will
persist / D) have persisted
3.
A) will / B) will have / C) will be
/ D) would be
4.
A) place / B) placed / C) have
placed / D) are placing
5.
A) need / B) needed / C) are needed
/ D) will be needed
Answers:
1.
D) are
facing – Present Continuous
(current challenge)
2.
A) persist – Simple Present (conditional: "if trends
persist")
3.
A) will – Simple Future (conditional result—"will
double")
4.
D) are
placing – Present Continuous
(ongoing strain)
5.
C) are
needed – Present Passive (urgent
current need)
Set 24: Ocean Plastic Pollution
Passage:
Microplastics __________ (1) in every marine ecosystem tested recently. If no
action __________ (2), ocean plastic __________ (3) fish populations by 2050.
International treaties __________ (4) binding targets so far. However,
grassroots movements __________ (5) significant pressure on policymakers.
Options:
1.
A) detect / B) detected / C) have
been detected / D) are detecting
2.
A) takes / B) is taken / C) will be
taken / D) has been taken
3.
A) decimates / B) decimated / C)
will decimate / D) would decimate
4.
A) lack / B) lacked / C) have lacked
/ D) are lacking
5.
A) exert / B) exerted / C) have
exerted / D) are exerting
Answers:
1.
C) have
been detected – Present Perfect Passive
("recently" + passive)
2.
B) is
taken – Present Passive
(conditional: "if no action is taken")
3.
C) will
decimate – Simple Future (real
conditional result)
4.
C) have
lacked – Present Perfect ("so
far" = up to now)
5.
D) are
exerting – Present Continuous
(current ongoing pressure)
Set 25: Remote Education Efficacy
Passage:
Online learning platforms __________ (1) accessibility for millions. However,
student engagement __________ (2) significantly lower in virtual settings.
Educators __________ (3) hybrid approaches that __________ (4) both flexibility
and interaction. Whether these models __________ (5) as effective remains
debatable.
Options:
1.
A) increase / B) increased / C) have
increased / D) are increasing
2.
A) remains / B) remained / C) has
remained / D) is remaining
3.
A) develop / B) developed / C) have
developed / D) are developing
4.
A) offer / B) offered / C) have
offered / D) are offering
5.
A) prove / B) proved / C) will prove
/ D) have proved
Answers:
1.
C) have
increased – Present Perfect (past
action with present result)
2.
A) remains – Simple Present (general fact)
3.
D) are
developing – Present Continuous
(current development)
4.
A) offer – Simple Present (describing the hybrid models)
5.
C) will
prove – Simple Future (future
assessment)
Set 26: Gig Economy Regulation
Passage:
Platform workers __________ (1) traditional employee benefits for years. Courts
__________ (2) several landmark cases reclassifying workers recently.
Governments __________ (3) new legislation that __________ (4) clear
guidelines. If passed, these laws __________ (5) the entire business model.
Options:
1.
A) lack / B) lacked / C) have lacked
/ D) are lacking
2.
A) rule / B) ruled / C) have ruled /
D) are ruling
3.
A) draft / B) drafted / C) have
drafted / D) are drafting
4.
A) provide / B) provided / C) will
provide / D) would provide
5.
A) transform / B) transformed / C)
will transform / D) have transformed
Answers:
1.
C) have
lacked – Present Perfect ("for
years" = duration)
2.
C) have
ruled – Present Perfect
("recently" = past to present)
3.
D) are
drafting – Present Continuous
(current action)
4.
A) provide – Simple Present (describing the legislation)
5.
C) will
transform – Simple Future (conditional
result)
Set 27: Antibiotic Resistance Crisis
Passage:
Overuse of antimicrobials __________ (1) drug-resistant superbugs. If this
trend __________ (2), routine infections __________ (3) untreatable by 2040.
Pharmaceutical companies __________ (4) new antibiotics due to limited
profitability. Urgent global coordination __________ (5) to avert this crisis.
Options:
1.
A) creates / B) created / C) has
created / D) is creating
2.
A) accelerates / B) accelerated / C)
will accelerate / D) has accelerated
3.
A) become / B) became / C) will
become / D) would become
4.
A) avoid / B) avoided / C) have
avoided / D) are avoiding
5.
A) requires / B) required / C) is
required / D) will be required
Answers:
1.
C) has
created – Present Perfect (past
cause with present crisis)
2.
A)
accelerates – Simple Present
(conditional: "if trend accelerates")
3.
C) will
become – Simple Future (real
conditional result)
4.
D) are
avoiding – Present Continuous
(current behavior)
5.
C) is
required – Present Passive (urgent
current need)
Set 28: Space Tourism Industry
Passage:
Commercial spaceflight __________ (1) significant investment over the past
decade. Several companies __________ (2) suborbital trips to paying customers
already. However, safety concerns __________ (3) broader market growth. If
regulations __________ (4), the industry __________ (5) exponential expansion.
Options:
1.
A) attracts / B) attracted / C) has
attracted / D) is attracting
2.
A) offer / B) offered / C) have
offered / D) are offering
3.
A) hinder / B) hindered / C) have
hindered / D) are hindering
4.
A) ease / B) eased / C) are eased /
D) will ease
5.
A) experiences / B) experienced / C)
will experience / D) has experienced
Answers:
1.
C) has
attracted – Present Perfect
("over the past decade")
2.
C) have
offered – Present Perfect
("already" = completed)
3.
D) are
hindering – Present Continuous
(current obstacle)
4.
C) are
eased – Present Passive
(conditional: "if regulations are eased")
5.
C) will
experience – Simple Future (conditional
result)
Set 29: Digital Currency Adoption
Passage:
Central bank digital currencies __________ (1) by over 100 countries presently.
Their implementation __________ (2) both opportunities and risks. If properly
designed, CBDCs __________ (3) financial inclusion. However, privacy advocates
__________ (4) surveillance concerns repeatedly. A balanced framework
__________ (5) essential for public acceptance.
Options:
1.
A) explore / B) explored / C) are
explored / D) are being explored
2.
A) presents / B) presented / C) has
presented / D) is presenting
3.
A) enhance / B) enhanced / C) will
enhance / D) would enhance
4.
A) raise / B) raised / C) have
raised / D) are raising
5.
A) is / B) was / C) has been / D)
will be
Answers:
1.
D) are
being explored – Present Continuous Passive
(current ongoing exploration)
2.
A)
presents – Simple Present (general
fact)
3.
C) will
enhance – Simple Future (conditional
result)
4.
C) have
raised – Present Perfect
("repeatedly" = past to present)
5.
A) is – Simple Present (general truth)
Set 30: Deepfake Technology
Passage:
Synthetic media generated by AI __________ (1) extremely convincing. Detection
algorithms __________ (2) to keep pace with evolving techniques. Malicious
actors __________ (3) deepfakes for disinformation campaigns already.
Governments __________ (4) criminal penalties to deter misuse currently. Public
awareness __________ (5) the most effective defense.
Options:
1.
A) become / B) became / C) have
become / D) are becoming
2.
A) struggle / B) struggled / C) have
struggled / D) are struggling
3.
A) deploy / B) deployed / C) have
deployed / D) are deploying
4.
A) introduce / B) introduced / C)
have introduced / D) are introducing
5.
A) remains / B) remained / C) has
remained / D) is remaining
Answers:
1.
C) have
become – Present Perfect (change up
to now)
2.
D) are
struggling – Present Continuous
(current difficulty)
3.
C) have
deployed – Present Perfect
("already" = completed)
4.
D) are
introducing – Present Continuous
("currently" = now)
5.
A) remains – Simple Present (general statement)
Set 31: Circular Economy Transition
Passage:
Linear consumption models __________ (1) environmental limits. Manufacturers
__________ (2) circular production methods widely yet. However, consumer demand
__________ (3) sustainable products steadily. If infrastructure __________ (4),
waste reduction __________ (5) dramatically.
Options:
1.
A) reach / B) reached / C) have
reached / D) are reaching
2.
A) do not adopt / B) did not adopt /
C) have not adopted / D) are not adopting
3.
A) drives / B) drove / C) has driven
/ D) is driving
4.
A) improves / B) improved / C) is
improved / D) will improve
5.
A) increases / B) increased / C)
will increase / D) would increase
Answers:
1.
C) have
reached – Present Perfect (current
state)
2.
C) have
not adopted – Present Perfect
("yet" = up to now)
3.
D) is
driving – Present Continuous
(current trend)
4.
C) is
improved – Present Passive
(conditional: "if infrastructure is improved")
5.
C) will
increase – Simple Future (conditional
result)
20
Advanced-Level PTE-Style Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks Sets
Each
set features sophisticated vocabulary, academic
collocations, and nuanced tense/modality distinctions
to challenge high-scoring candidates.
Set 32: Neuroplasticity and Learning
The
human brain's capacity to reorganize itself in response to experience—known as
neuroplasticity—has fundamentally ______ (1) our understanding of cognitive
development. Contrary to earlier assumptions, adult brains retain considerable
malleability. However, this adaptive potential ______ (2) significantly across
individuals. Environmental enrichment, physical exercise, and targeted
cognitive training ______ (3) to promote neurogenesis. Nevertheless, chronic
stress and sleep deprivation ______ (4) these beneficial mechanisms. Recent
longitudinal studies ______ (5) that sustained intellectual engagement
correlates with preserved neural connectivity in later life.
Options:
1.
A) shifted / B) has
shifted / C) was shifting / D) had shifted
2.
A) varies / B)
varied / C) has varied / D) is varying
3.
A) demonstrate /
B) demonstrated / C) have demonstrated / D) are demonstrating
4.
A) undermine / B)
undermined / C) have undermined / D) are undermining
5.
A) indicate / B)
indicated / C) have indicated / D) are indicating
Answers:
1.
B)
has shifted – Present Perfect
(past discovery with current paradigm change)
2.
A)
varies – Simple Present (general
scientific fact)
3.
C)
have demonstrated – Present
Perfect (research findings with present relevance)
4.
A)
undermine – Simple Present
(general counteracting effect)
5.
C)
have indicated – Present Perfect
(recent studies with ongoing implications)
Set 33:
Geopolitical Realignment
The
contemporary international order ______ (1) a profound transformation as
multipolarity gradually ______ (2) unipolar dominance. Emerging economies,
particularly within the BRICS coalition, ______ (3) alternative governance
frameworks that challenge Western-centric institutions. However, these
transitions ______ (4) without considerable friction. Established powers ______
(5) their strategic footholds through enhanced military alliances and economic
statecraft. Whether this restructuring yields greater global stability or
exacerbates existing tensions remains highly contested among diplomatic
analysts.
Options:
1.
A) undergoes / B)
underwent / C) has undergone / D) is undergoing
2.
A) supersedes /
B) superseded / C) has superseded / D) is superseding
3.
A) articulate /
B) articulated / C) have articulated / D) are articulating
4.
A) do not occur /
B) did not occur / C) have not occurred / D) are not occurring
5.
A) consolidate /
B) consolidated / C) have consolidated / D) are consolidating
Answers:
1.
D)
is undergoing – Present
Continuous (current ongoing process)
2.
A)
supersedes – Simple Present
(general trend description)
3.
D)
are articulating – Present
Continuous (current active development)
4.
A)
do not occur – Simple Present
(general statement)
5.
D)
are consolidating – Present
Continuous (current strategic actions)
Set 34: Epigenetics and Inheritance
Epigenetic
modifications—chemical tags that regulate gene expression without altering DNA
sequences—______ (1) substantial attention from the scientific community.
Researchers ______ (2) that environmental factors such as diet, toxin exposure,
and maternal stress can influence gene activity across generations.
Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which these changes ______ (3)
remain incompletely understood. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance ______
(4) a paradigm shift in evolutionary biology. If fully corroborated, these
findings ______ (5) profound implications for our understanding of heredity and
disease susceptibility.
Options:
1.
A) attract / B)
attracted / C) have attracted / D) are attracting
2.
A) demonstrate /
B) demonstrated / C) have demonstrated / D) are demonstrating
3.
A) transmit / B)
transmitted / C) are transmitted / D) have been transmitted
4.
A) represents /
B) represented / C) has represented / D) is representing
5.
A) carry / B)
carried / C) will carry / D) would carry
Answers:
1.
C)
have attracted – Present Perfect
(past attention with ongoing relevance)
2.
C)
have demonstrated – Present
Perfect (research findings)
3.
C)
are transmitted – Present
Passive (general passive description)
4.
A)
represents – Simple Present
(general significance)
5.
C)
will carry – Simple Future
(conditional prediction)
Set 35: Urban Gentrification Dynamics
Gentrification—the
influx of affluent residents into historically marginalized
neighborhoods—______ (1) urban landscapes across major metropolitan areas.
While proponents ______ (2) economic revitalization and reduced crime rates,
critics ______ (3) displacement of long-term residents and cultural erasure.
Municipal governments ______ (4) inclusionary zoning policies to mitigate
adverse effects, yet these measures often ______ (5) insufficient to preserve
affordable housing stocks.
Options:
1.
A) reshapes / B)
reshaped / C) has reshaped / D) is reshaping
2.
A) cite / B)
cited / C) have cited / D) are citing
3.
A) decry / B)
decried / C) have decried / D) are decrying
4.
A) implement / B)
implemented / C) have implemented / D) are implementing
5.
A) prove / B)
proved / C) have proved / D) are proving
Answers:
1.
D)
is reshaping – Present
Continuous (ongoing transformation)
2.
A)
cite – Simple Present (general
argument)
3.
C)
have decried – Present Perfect
(ongoing criticism)
4.
D)
are implementing – Present
Continuous (current policy actions)
5.
A)
prove – Simple Present (general
assessment)
Set 36: Artificial General Intelligence
The
pursuit of artificial general intelligence—machines capable of understanding
and learning any intellectual task—______ (1) both unprecedented opportunities
and existential risks. Leading AI researchers ______ (2) divergent views on
timeline projections, with estimates ranging from decades to centuries. Despite
remarkable advances in narrow AI applications, fundamental breakthroughs in
reasoning and consciousness ______ (3) elusive. The development of robust
safety protocols ______ (4) paramount if AGI ______ (5) realized.
Options:
1.
A) presents / B)
presented / C) has presented / D) is presenting
2.
A) hold / B) held
/ C) have held / D) are holding
3.
A) remain / B)
remained / C) have remained / D) are remaining
4.
A) becomes / B)
became / C) has become / D) is becoming
5.
A) is / B) was /
C) will be / D) would be
Answers:
1.
A)
presents – Simple Present
(general statement)
2.
A)
hold – Simple Present (current
views)
3.
C)
have remained – Present Perfect
(ongoing state)
4.
D)
is becoming – Present Continuous
(increasing importance)
5.
C)
will be – Simple Future
(conditional + passive)
Set 37: Global Water Scarcity
Freshwater
resources ______ (1) at an alarming rate due to climate change, population
growth, and unsustainable agricultural practices. By 2030, global water demand
______ (2) supply by approximately 40%. Innovative desalination and wastewater
recycling technologies ______ (3) promising solutions; however, their
implementation ______ (4) substantial energy consumption. Transboundary water
conflicts ______ (5) increasingly frequent, necessitating cooperative
governance frameworks.
Options:
1.
A) deplete / B)
depleted / C) have depleted / D) are depleting
2.
A) exceeds / B)
exceeded / C) will exceed / D) has exceeded
3.
A) offer / B)
offered / C) have offered / D) are offering
4.
A) entails / B)
entailed / C) has entailed / D) is entailing
5.
A) become / B)
became / C) have become / D) are becoming
Answers:
1.
D)
are depleting – Present
Continuous (ongoing depletion)
2.
C)
will exceed – Simple Future
(future projection)
3.
A)
offer – Simple Present (general
potential)
4.
A)
entails – Simple Present
(general requirement)
5.
D)
are becoming – Present
Continuous (increasing trend)
Set 38: Behavioral Economics Insights
Traditional
economic models ______ (1) rational decision-making, yet empirical evidence
consistently ______ (2) systematic cognitive biases. Prospect theory, developed
by Kahneman and Tversky, ______ (3) that individuals evaluate losses more
heavily than equivalent gains. This loss aversion ______ (4) economic behaviors
ranging from investment choices to consumer purchasing. Policymakers
increasingly ______ (5) these insights into behavioral interventions that nudge
citizens toward optimal outcomes.
Options:
1.
A) assume / B)
assumed / C) have assumed / D) are assuming
2.
A) reveals / B)
revealed / C) has revealed / D) is revealing
3.
A) demonstrates /
B) demonstrated / C) has demonstrated / D) is demonstrating
4.
A) shapes / B)
shaped / C) has shaped / D) is shaping
5.
A) incorporate /
B) incorporated / C) have incorporated / D) are incorporating
Answers:
1.
A)
assume – Simple Present (general
theory)
2.
C)
has revealed – Present Perfect
(cumulative evidence)
3.
A)
demonstrates – Simple Present
(theory statement)
4.
A)
shapes – Simple Present (general
influence)
5.
D)
are incorporating – Present
Continuous (current trend)
Set 39: Renewable Energy Storage
The
intermittent nature of solar and wind power ______ (1) a formidable obstacle to
complete fossil fuel displacement. Battery storage capacity ______ (2)
exponentially, yet current technologies ______ (3) insufficient for seasonal
load balancing. Emerging alternatives such as green hydrogen and pumped hydro
______ (4) potential solutions. However, these systems ______ (5) substantial
infrastructure investments that many developing economies cannot readily
afford.
Options:
1.
A) poses / B)
posed / C) has posed / D) is posing
2.
A) expands / B)
expanded / C) has expanded / D) is expanding
3.
A) prove / B)
proved / C) have proved / D) are proving
4.
A) represent / B)
represented / C) have represented / D) are representing
5.
A) necessitate /
B) necessitated / C) have necessitated / D) are necessitating
Answers:
1.
A)
poses – Simple Present (general
fact)
2.
D)
is expanding – Present
Continuous (ongoing growth)
3.
C)
have proved – Present Perfect
(current assessment)
4.
A)
represent – Simple Present
(general potential)
5.
A)
necessitate – Simple Present
(general requirement)
Set 40: Vaccine
Hesitancy
Passage (125 words):
Despite
overwhelming scientific consensus on vaccine safety, public hesitation ______
(1) global immunization efforts. Misinformation circulating on digital
platforms ______ (2) significantly to declining uptake rates. Public health
authorities ______ (3) targeted communication strategies that address specific
community concerns. Nevertheless, trust in governmental institutions ______ (4)
a critical determinant of compliance. If confidence ______ (5), herd immunity
thresholds will remain unattainable.
Options:
1.
A) undermines /
B) undermined / C) has undermined / D) is undermining
2.
A) contributes /
B) contributed / C) has contributed / D) is contributing
3.
A) develop / B)
developed / C) have developed / D) are developing
4.
A) remains / B)
remained / C) has remained / D) is remaining
5.
A) erodes / B)
eroded / C) is eroded / D) will erode
Answers:
1.
D)
is undermining – Present
Continuous (current active undermining)
2.
C)
has contributed – Present
Perfect (past contribution with present effect)
3.
D)
are developing – Present
Continuous (current action)
4.
A)
remains – Simple Present
(general fact)
5.
C)
is eroded – Present Passive
(conditional: "if confidence is eroded")
Set 41: Dark
Matter Research
Passage (128 words):
Cosmologists
______ (1) the nature of dark matter—invisible matter comprising approximately
85% of the universe's mass—for decades. Experimental detection ______ (2)
extremely challenging because dark matter particles interact weakly with
ordinary matter. Recent astrophysical observations ______ (3) anomalies that
may hint at novel physics beyond the Standard Model. However, conclusive
evidence ______ (4) elusive. The next generation of underground detectors and
space-based telescopes ______ (5) to resolve this fundamental mystery.
Options:
1.
A) investigate /
B) investigated / C) have investigated / D) have been investigating
2.
A) proves / B)
proved / C) has proved / D) is proving
3.
A) reveal / B)
revealed / C) have revealed / D) are revealing
4.
A) remains / B)
remained / C) has remained / D) is remaining
5.
A) promise / B)
promised / C) have promised / D) are promising
Answers:
1.
D)
have been investigating –
Present Perfect Continuous (ongoing research over time)
2.
C)
has proved – Present Perfect
(current assessment)
3.
C)
have revealed – Present Perfect
(recent findings)
4.
A)
remains – Simple Present
(current state)
5.
A)
promise – Simple Present
(general potential)
Set 42: Sovereign
Debt Crises
Passage (127 words):
Developing
nations ______ (1) increasingly vulnerable to sovereign debt distress amid
rising interest rates and currency devaluation. Multilateral institutions
______ (2) restructuring mechanisms to prevent cascading defaults. However,
creditor coordination ______ (3) a persistent challenge, particularly when
private bondholders are involved. Historically, debt forgiveness ______ (4)
conditional upon structural adjustment programs. Whether current reform proposals
______ (5) more equitable outcomes remains uncertain.
Options:
1.
A) become / B)
became / C) have become / D) are becoming
2.
A) design / B)
designed / C) have designed / D) are designing
3.
A) presents / B)
presented / C) has presented / D) is presenting
4.
A) occurs / B)
occurred / C) has occurred / D) is occurring
5.
A) yield / B)
yielded / C) will yield / D) would yield
Answers:
1.
D)
are becoming – Present
Continuous (increasing vulnerability)
2.
D)
are designing – Present
Continuous (current efforts)
3.
A)
presents – Simple Present
(general challenge)
4.
A)
occurs – Simple Present
(historical pattern)
5.
C)
will yield – Simple Future
(future speculation)
Set 43:
Algorithmic Bias
Passage (124 words):
Artificial
intelligence systems ______ (1) training data that often encodes historical
societal biases. Consequently, automated decision-making algorithms ______ (2)
discriminatory outcomes in hiring, lending, and criminal justice. Technical
solutions such as fairness constraints ______ (3) bias but cannot eliminate its
root causes. Ethicists ______ (4) that addressing algorithmic injustice
requires systemic reforms beyond mere statistical adjustments. Regulatory
frameworks ______ (5) accountability standards for developers.
Options:
1.
A) rely on / B)
relied on / C) have relied on / D) are relying on
2.
A) produce / B)
produced / C) have produced / D) are producing
3.
A) mitigate / B)
mitigated / C) have mitigated / D) are mitigating
4.
A) contend / B)
contended / C) have contended / D) are contending
5.
A) establish / B)
established / C) have established / D) are establishing
Answers:
1.
A)
rely on – Simple Present
(general technical reality)
2.
D)
are producing – Present
Continuous (current outcomes)
3.
C)
have mitigated – Present Perfect
(partial past success)
4.
A)
contend – Simple Present
(current scholarly position)
5.
D)
are establishing – Present
Continuous (current regulatory trend)
Set 44: Ocean
Acidification
Passage (126 words):
Ocean
acidification—the absorption of excess atmospheric CO₂—______ (1) marine
ecosystems at unprecedented rates. Calcifying organisms such as corals and
mollusks ______ (2) severe shell dissolution under current pH levels. If
emissions ______ (3) unabated, Arctic waters ______ (4) corrosive to
aragonite-forming species by 2040. Marine biologists ______ (5) for adaptive
management strategies, though the long-term outlook remains grim.
Options:
1.
A) threatens / B)
threatened / C) has threatened / D) is threatening
2.
A) exhibit / B)
exhibited / C) have exhibited / D) are exhibiting
3.
A) continue / B)
continued / C) will continue / D) have continued
4.
A) become / B)
became / C) will become / D) would become
5.
A) advocate / B)
advocated / C) have advocated / D) are advocating
Answers:
1.
D)
is threatening – Present
Continuous (ongoing threat)
2.
D)
are exhibiting – Present
Continuous (current observable effects)
3.
A)
continue – Simple Present
(conditional)
4.
C)
will become – Simple Future
(conditional result)
5.
A)
advocate – Simple Present
(current advocacy)
Set 45: Cultural
Heritage Preservation
Passage (129 words):
Intangible
cultural heritage—traditions, languages, and oral histories—______ (1)
irreplaceable repositories of collective identity. Urbanization and
globalization ______ (2) these knowledge systems at an accelerating pace.
UNESCO ______ (3) safeguarding protocols, yet enforcement remains inconsistent.
Indigenous communities ______ (4) active stewardship through intergenerational
transmission. Without urgent intervention, thousands of linguistic and cultural
practices ______ (5) extinction within this century.
Options:
1.
A) constitutes /
B) constituted / C) has constituted / D) is constituting
2.
A) erode / B)
eroded / C) have eroded / D) are eroding
3.
A) develops / B)
developed / C) has developed / D) is developing
4.
A) maintain / B)
maintained / C) have maintained / D) are maintaining
5.
A) face / B)
faced / C) will face / D) have faced
Answers:
1.
A)
constitutes – Simple Present
(general definition)
2.
D)
are eroding – Present Continuous
(ongoing erosion)
3.
C)
has developed – Present Perfect
(past development with present relevance)
4.
A)
maintain – Simple Present
(current practice)
5.
C)
will face – Simple Future
(future prediction)
Set 46:
Psychedelic Therapy
Passage (123 words):
Psychedelic
compounds ______ (1) renewed scientific interest for treatment-resistant mental
health conditions. Clinical trials ______ (2) remarkable efficacy in treating
PTSD, depression, and addiction disorders. However, integration into mainstream
psychiatry ______ (3) substantial regulatory and cultural obstacles.
Researchers ______ (4) standardized protocols to ensure patient safety. If
de-scheduling ______ (5), access could expand dramatically.
Options:
1.
A) attract / B)
attracted / C) have attracted / D) are attracting
2.
A) demonstrate /
B) demonstrated / C) have demonstrated / D) are demonstrating
3.
A) faces / B)
faced / C) has faced / D) is facing
4.
A) develop / B)
developed / C) have developed / D) are developing
5.
A) occurs / B)
occurred / C) will occur / D) would occur
Answers:
1.
C)
have attracted – Present Perfect
(recent emergence)
2.
C)
have demonstrated – Present
Perfect (trial results)
3.
D)
is facing – Present Continuous
(current obstacles)
4.
D)
are developing – Present
Continuous (current work)
5.
A)
occurs – Simple Present
(conditional)
Set 47: Financial
Market Volatility
Passage (125 words):
Algorithmic
trading and high-frequency strategies ______ (1) market volatility in recent
decades. Flash crashes, once rare, ______ (2) increasingly frequent phenomena.
Regulatory bodies ______ (3) circuit breakers to halt trading during extreme
fluctuations. However, the interconnectedness of global markets ______ (4)
systemic risk assessment extraordinarily complex. Investors ______ (5)
portfolio diversification as a primary risk mitigation tool.
Options:
1.
A) exacerbate /
B) exacerbated / C) have exacerbated / D) are exacerbating
2.
A) become / B)
became / C) have become / D) are becoming
3.
A) implement / B)
implemented / C) have implemented / D) are implementing
4.
A) renders / B)
rendered / C) has rendered / D) is rendering
5.
A) employ / B)
employed / C) have employed / D) are employing
Answers:
1.
C)
have exacerbated – Present
Perfect (past actions with present effect)
2.
C)
have become – Present Perfect
(change up to now)
3.
C)
have implemented – Present
Perfect (past policy actions)
4.
A)
renders – Simple Present
(general complexity)
5.
A)
employ – Simple Present (general
strategy)
Set 48:
Biodiversity Loss Drivers
Passage (128 words):
Habitat
destruction, climate change, and invasive species ______ (1) the primary
drivers of global biodiversity decline. Conservation biologists ______ (2) that
current extinction rates vastly exceed natural background levels. Protected
areas ______ (3) essential refuges, yet many remain poorly enforced. Moreover,
fragmentation ______ (4) gene flow between populations. If ecosystem degradation
______ (5), planetary resilience will critically diminish.
Options:
1.
A) constitute /
B) constituted / C) have constituted / D) are constituting
2.
A) warn / B)
warned / C) have warned / D) are warning
3.
A) provide / B)
provided / C) have provided / D) are providing
4.
A) disrupts / B)
disrupted / C) has disrupted / D) is disrupting
5.
A) continues / B)
continued / C) will continue / D) has continued
Answers:
1.
A)
constitute – Simple Present
(general identification)
2.
A)
warn – Simple Present (current
scientific position)
3.
A)
provide – Simple Present
(general function)
4.
A)
disrupts – Simple Present
(general effect)
5.
A)
continues – Simple Present
(conditional)
Set 49: Universal
Basic Income
Passage (126 words):
Universal
Basic Income proposals ______ (1) both enthusiastic endorsement and vehement
criticism. Proponents ______ (2) that unconditional cash transfers reduce
poverty and bureaucratic inefficiency. Opponents ______ (3) work disincentives
and fiscal unsustainability. Pilot programs in various jurisdictions ______ (4)
mixed results on employment outcomes. Whether UBI ______ (5) viable at national
scale remains an open empirical question.
Options:
1.
A) attract / B)
attracted / C) have attracted / D) are attracting
2.
A) argue / B)
argued / C) have argued / D) are arguing
3.
A) cite / B)
cited / C) have cited / D) are citing
4.
A) yield / B)
yielded / C) have yielded / D) are yielding
5.
A) proves / B)
proved / C) will prove / D) would prove
Answers:
1.
C)
have attracted – Present Perfect
(past debates with present relevance)
2.
A)
argue – Simple Present (general
argument)
3.
A)
cite – Simple Present (general
counterargument)
4.
C)
have yielded – Present Perfect
(results up to now)
5.
C)
will prove – Simple Future
(future determination)
Set 50:
Cybersecurity Threats
Passage (124 words):
Cybercriminals
______ (1) increasingly sophisticated attack vectors, exploiting
vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure. Ransomware attacks ______ (2)
exponentially over the past five years. Organizations ______ (3) zero-trust
architectures to mitigate breach risks. However, human error ______ (4) the
weakest link in security chains. Comprehensive training and simulation
exercises ______ (5) indispensable for organizational resilience.
Options:
1.
A) deploy / B)
deployed / C) have deployed / D) are deploying
2.
A) proliferate /
B) proliferated / C) have proliferated / D) are proliferating
3.
A) adopt / B)
adopted / C) have adopted / D) are adopting
4.
A) remains / B)
remained / C) has remained / D) is remaining
5.
A) prove / B)
proved / C) have proved / D) are proving
Answers:
1.
D)
are deploying – Present
Continuous (current evolving threat)
2.
C)
have proliferated – Present
Perfect (past increase to present)
3.
D)
are adopting – Present
Continuous (current organizational response)
4.
A)
remains – Simple Present
(general vulnerability)
5.
A)
prove – Simple Present (general
necessity)
Set 51:
Neuroaesthetics
Passage (127 words):
Neuroaesthetics—the
neural basis of aesthetic experience—______ (1) art appreciation through the
lens of cognitive science. Researchers ______ (2) distinct neural networks activated
by visual art, music, and literature. However, aesthetic judgments ______ (3)
substantially across cultural contexts. Current studies ______ (4) whether
universal principles govern beauty perception. This interdisciplinary field
______ (5) promising insights into human creativity and emotional well-being.
Options:
1.
A) examines / B)
examined / C) has examined / D) is examining
2.
A) identify / B)
identified / C) have identified / D) are identifying
3.
A) diverge / B)
diverged / C) have diverged / D) are diverging
4.
A) explore / B)
explored / C) have explored / D) are exploring
5.
A) offers / B)
offered / C) has offered / D) is offering
Answers:
1.
A)
examines – Simple Present
(general definition)
2.
C)
have identified – Present
Perfect (research findings)
3.
A)
diverge – Simple Present
(general cultural variation)
4.
D)
are exploring – Present
Continuous (current research)
5.
A)
offers – Simple Present (general
potential)
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